X-Planes: Convair X-12

On 18 December 1958 a Convair X-12 failed to come down, and that was the point. Every other thing the vehicle did in its six and a half months of flying was aimed at coming down in exactly one place, and the machinery built to do that turned out to be the same machinery needed to not come down at all. This article is the thirteenth in the X-Planes series, following the X-1, the X-2, the X-3, the X-4, the X-5, the X-6, the X-7, the X-8, the X-9, the X-10, and the X-11.

The X-12 is the Atlas B, built on the same airframe as the X-11. The pressure-stabilised stainless steel shell, the balloon tank that collapses without nitrogen, the four and a half percent structural mass fraction, and the stage-and-a-half arrangement are all inherited unchanged, and the previous article derived them. This article is about everything the X-11 could not test. The Atlas A flew with only its booster and vernier engines and no sustainer, with no separable booster section, with a nose fairing in place of a reentry vehicle, and with its guidance carried for evaluation outside the flight programme, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205 and Convair X-11. It reached less than half the velocity an intercontinental weapon needs, as its documented maximum range shows below. The Atlas B carried the sustainer, the separable booster section, the guidance and the detachable nose cone, in Convair X-12. The standard inventory entry remains Jenkins Landis and Miller 2003 American X-Vehicles, An Inventory X-1 to X-50, the vehicle compilation is Miller 2001 The X-Planes, X-1 to X-45, and the programme history is Walker 2005 Atlas, The Ultimate Weapon and Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force.

The Research Question

An intercontinental ballistic missile spends about thirty-four minutes in free fall and it cannot be steered during any of them. Everything the weapon will ever do is decided in the instant its engine stops.

The Keystone Is the Terminal Velocity Vector

The previous article established, correctly, that the Atlas is a mass-fraction problem, and mass fraction is the price of velocity. What the velocity has to be worth is the subject here. For a body on a ballistic arc over a spherical non-rotating Earth, the central angle covered is fixed by the burnout speed alone through

\[\sin \frac{\Phi}{2} = \frac{\lambda}{2 - \lambda}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{v_{bo}^{2}}{g R_{e}}, \qquad R = R_{e} \Phi\]

where $\lambda$ is the ratio of kinetic energy at burnout to the energy of a grazing circular orbit, $R_e$ is the Earth radius, and $\Phi$ is the angle subtended at the centre. Ten thousand kilometres of range requires

\[\lambda = 0.8281, \qquad v_{bo} = 7193 \, \text{m/s}\]

The central question is what happens when that number is slightly wrong. Differentiating the range law with respect to $\lambda$ gives

\[\frac{dR}{d\lambda} = \frac{4 R_{e}}{(2 - \lambda)^{2} \sqrt{1 - u^{2}}}, \qquad u = \frac{\lambda}{2 - \lambda}\]

and chaining through $d\lambda / dv = 2\lambda / v$ gives the sensitivity of range to burnout speed,

\[\frac{dR}{dv_{bo}} = \frac{8 R_{e} \lambda}{v_{bo} (2 - \lambda)^{2} \sqrt{1 - u^{2}}} = 6.04 \, \text{km per m/s}\]

In dimensionless form the same result is

\[S = \frac{dR / R}{dv / v} = 4.34\]

so a fractional error in cutoff speed produces a range error four and a third times larger in fraction. Nothing else in the flight has this property. The relation and its consequences for weapon design date from the period and are not a modern reconstruction, in Kelly 1959 on the effect of the thrust termination process on range dispersion, Cooper 1961 on measuring ballistic missile trajectories accurately enough to see it, and Whitcombe 1961 as the tutorial introduction the period wrote for itself.

What That Costs in Metres Per Second

Turning the sensitivity into a requirement is a matter of dividing. A circular error probable of two nautical miles, assumed here for an early Atlas, is 3.704 kilometres, so the error budget in burnout speed is

\[\delta v = \frac{3704}{6040} = 0.613 \, \text{m/s}\]

against a burnout speed of 7193, which is

\[\frac{\delta v}{v_{bo}} = 8.53 \times 10^{-5}\]

One part in eleven thousand seven hundred. That is the number the Atlas B existed to chase. Consider how strange it is. On the Atlas D figures carried forward from the previous article, the missile weighs a hundred and eighteen tonnes at lift-off, burns six hundred and seventy-six kilogrammes of propellant every second, and is required to stop with its speed correct to two thirds of a metre per second, a walking pace. A one-kilometre miss requires

\[\delta v = 0.166 \, \text{m/s}\]

or one part in forty-three thousand. Error analysis at this level appears in Slifka 1960 on field testing a ballistic missile guidance system, MacPherson 1963 on explicit guidance equations, Russell 1964 on unifying guidance with flight control, and, sixty years later, Arthur and Kemp 2025 on where the accuracy of such systems has arrived.

What the Accuracy Was For

A requirement of two thirds of a metre per second needs a justification, because it is expensive and the vehicle was already difficult. The justification is a scaling law that makes accuracy worth more than anything else the designer can buy.

Impact points scatter as a circular normal distribution, so the probability of landing within a radius $r$ of the aim point is

\[P(r) = 1 - \exp\left( -\frac{r^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}} \right)\]

The circular error probable is the median radius, defined by $P = 1/2$, which gives

\[\text{CEP}^{2} = 2 \sigma^{2} \ln 2, \qquad \sigma = \frac{\text{CEP}}{\sqrt{2 \ln 2}} = 3.146 \, \text{km}\]

for a two nautical mile circular error probable. Substituting back, the probability of destroying a target with a lethal radius $L$ is

\[p_{k} = 1 - 2^{-(L / \text{CEP})^{2}}\]

The function is remarkably sharp in the ratio.

Lethal radius over circular error probable	Probability of destruction
0.25	0.042
0.50	0.159
1.00	0.500
1.50	0.790
2.00	0.938
3.00	0.998

Now the decisive step. The lethal radius for a given effect scales as the cube root of yield,

\[L \propto Y^{1/3}\]

so holding the probability of destruction fixed while degrading the accuracy requires

\[Y \propto \text{CEP}^{3}\]

Halving the circular error probable is worth a factor of eight in yield. A factor of three in accuracy is worth twenty-seven, and a factor of four sixty-four. And since the circular error probable is proportional to the cutoff speed error through the sensitivity derived above, the chain closes,

\[Y \propto (\delta v)^{3}\]

Cutoff speed error	Circular error probable	Yield needed for the same effect
0.613 m/s	3.70 km	1.00
1.000 m/s	6.04 km	4.34
2.000 m/s	12.08 km	34.7

Under four tenths of a metre per second of additional cutoff error must be paid for with a weapon four and a third times larger. That is the entire economic argument for the guidance system, for the verniers, and for the propellant utilisation system. The coincidence that the yield factor at one metre per second equals the range sensitivity to three figures is arithmetic accident and carries no meaning. Gonzalez and Denny 1970 computes delivery accuracy in these terms, with terminal effects in Johnson and Mosely 1964 and the defensive mirror image in Fye 1966.

The Angle Is Almost Free

The natural assumption is that pointing the vehicle correctly matters as much as stopping it correctly. It does not, because of a stationarity result that falls out of the range law once flight path angle is admitted as a free variable. For a burnout speed $v$ at flight path angle $\gamma$ the range is

\[\tan \frac{\Phi}{2} = \frac{\lambda \sin \gamma \cos \gamma}{1 - \lambda \cos^{2} \gamma}\]

and the angle that maximises it satisfies

\[\cos 2\gamma_{\text{opt}} = \frac{\lambda}{2 - \lambda}\]

which for $\lambda = 0.8281$ gives $\gamma_{\text{opt}} = 22.52$ degrees. A maximum is stationary, so at that angle the first derivative of range with respect to angle is identically zero,

\[\left. \frac{\partial R}{\partial \gamma} \right|_{\gamma_{\text{opt}}} = 0, \qquad \left. \frac{\partial^{2} R}{\partial \gamma^{2}} \right|_{\gamma_{\text{opt}}} = -5.09 \times 10^{4} \, \text{km/rad}^{2}\]

and errors in angle therefore enter the range only at second order,

\[\Delta R \approx \tfrac{1}{2} \left| \frac{\partial^{2} R}{\partial \gamma^{2}} \right| (\delta \gamma)^{2}\]

Evaluating it settles the design question completely.

Flight path angle error	Range loss, exact	Quadratic estimate
0.1 degrees	0.077 km	0.078 km
0.5 degrees	1.905 km	1.938 km
1.0 degrees	7.492 km	7.754 km

A tenth of a degree of pointing error costs seventy-seven metres of range. The same miss would be produced by a speed error of

\[\delta v = \frac{77}{6040} = 0.0128 \, \text{m/s}\]

or one part in five hundred and sixty thousand. The ratio of the two is not a constant. Setting the second-order angle loss against the first-order speed loss gives

\[\frac{\delta v_{\text{budget}}}{\delta v_{\text{equiv}}(\delta \gamma)} = \frac{\delta v_{\text{budget}} \, (dR/dv)}{\tfrac{1}{2} \left| \partial^{2} R / \partial \gamma^{2} \right| (\delta \gamma)^{2}} \propto \frac{1}{(\delta \gamma)^{2}}\]

which evaluates to

Flight path angle error	Equivalent speed error	Fraction of the budget it consumes
0.05 degrees	0.0032 m/s	1 part in 191
0.10 degrees	0.0128 m/s	1 part in 48
0.50 degrees	0.3209 m/s	1 part in 1.9

Pointing is roughly fifty times more forgiving than speed at a tenth of a degree, and the advantage grows without limit as the errors shrink, because one term is linear and the other quadratic. The inverse-square dependence carries the claim and also sets its limit, since at half a degree the two contributions are comparable and the angle stops being free. An autopilot holding attitude to a tenth of a degree therefore has margin and one holding half a degree does not. The optimum-trajectory literature the result belongs to opens with Fried and Richardson 1956 and continues through the integrals of Edelbaum and Pines 1969, with the Atlas-specific case worked much later in Brusch 1977. For this reason the Atlas guidance system is a speed-measuring instrument with an attitude system attached, not the reverse, and that single structural fact organises the analysis below. Related sensitivity work of the period includes Gretz 1962 on error sensitivities in ascent and orbital transfer and Griner 1967 on reducing dispersion by shaping the thrust-time curve.

Why the X-11 Could Not Address Any of This

The X-11 flew eight times, and the official history gives the series’ maximum range and altitude as 600 and 57.5 nautical miles respectively, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205. Inverting the range law above for 600 nautical miles, which is 1,111.2 kilometres, gives

\[\Phi = \frac{1111.2}{6371}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{2 \sin (\Phi / 2)}{1 + \sin (\Phi / 2)} = 0.160, \qquad v_{bo} = \sqrt{\lambda g R_{e}} = 3164 \, \text{m/s}\]

which is 44 percent of the intercontinental burnout speed. The minimum-energy arc is the least demanding way to reach a given range, so this is a lower bound on the speed the longest flight reached. At that value of $\lambda$ the sensitivity relation above gives

\[\frac{dR}{dv_{bo}} = \frac{8 R_{e} \lambda}{v_{bo} (2 - \lambda)^{2} \sqrt{1 - u^{2}}} = 0.766 \, \text{km per m/s}\]

against 6.04 at intercontinental range, a factor of 7.9 smaller. The Atlas A could not have demonstrated cutoff accuracy even if it had carried the equipment, because there was no long lever arm for an error to act on. It also carried no separable booster section, so the staging transient that perturbs the velocity vector did not exist to be measured, and no guidance in its flight programme, so there was nothing to measure it with. The previous article concluded that the A settled its structural question on flight one and spent seven more flights debugging. The questions that decide whether the weapon works were first asked of the X-12. Rockefeller and Alfred 1960 surrounds those questions at the programme level, with General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961 at the level of the individual missile.

Programme Origin

The Same Programme, One Article Later

The designation is WS 107A-1 and the missile family is SM-65, as for the X-11. The design authority remains Karel Bossart at Convair, the customer remains the Western Development Division under Bernard Schriever, and the contractual and institutional arrangements are unchanged. What changed is the article, not the programme. The official history records that all of the basic subsystems were tested in the B series, naming the MA-1 propulsion system, the Mod 1 radio guidance system and the Mark 2 heat-sink reentry vehicle, and that the series demonstrated booster staging and reentry vehicle separation, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205. Compilations describe the same vehicle as the first Atlas carrying an operational sustainer engine, a separable booster section jettisoned on explosive bolts, a guidance system, an Azusa tracking transponder, and a detachable nose cone, in Convair X-12.

The dates say something about how the programme was run. The last Atlas A flew on 3 June 1958 and the first Atlas B flew on 19 July 1958, an interval of six weeks. The official history closes the A series in June 1958 with three successes in eight flights, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205. The B was not waiting on a verdict from the A. Its articles were in production while the A was still flying, consistent with the previous article’s finding that the A had answered its structural question a year earlier and that the later flights were debugging. Programme-level history is in Rockefeller and Alfred 1960, and the operational context sits in Walker 2005 Atlas, The Ultimate Weapon and Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force.

What October 1957 Did to the Schedule

The Atlas B flew in the year between Sputnik and the founding of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the political environment it flew into is not incidental to what it was asked to do. Sputnik 1 reached orbit on 4 October 1957, Sputnik 2 on 3 November, and the United States responded with Explorer 1 on 1 February 1958 on a Juno I, a Redstone derivative and not an Atlas. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 specifically to prevent a repetition, and the Army programme that had delivered Explorer wrote an account in Satterfield and Akens 1958. An Atlas B that could reach orbit was therefore politically valuable independently of whether it could deliver a warhead, and the programme found a way to demonstrate both with the same vehicle inside six weeks.

That demonstration was Project SCORE, for Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Experiment in the expansion its builders used and Equipment in other accounts. The Advanced Research Projects Agency directed it, and the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth designed, built and operated the satellite package, a delayed repeater carried in a stripped-down Atlas, as two of the laboratory’s engineers record in Brown and Senn 1960, Project SCORE. Secondary accounts name Kenneth Masterman-Smith as the package’s designer. The reported secrecy is extreme even by the standards of the period, with the accessible accounts stating that eighty-eight people knew the project existed. The satellite communications literature the period was writing at the same moment is Handelsman 1959 on a stationary passive relay, Hagan 1960 on polar-orbit relay, Jakes 1961 on the transatlantic experiment through Echo I, Haviland 1963 on relay techniques, and Karrenberg and Lueders 1963 on the orbital aspects of a nonsynchronous system.

Sizing From First Principles

The keystone is terminal velocity control, and it decomposes into three separate problems that the vehicle solves with three separate mechanisms. The speed at cutoff must be right, the cutoff must be commanded at the right moment, and the impulse delivered after the command must be predictable. The third is the hard one.

The Cutoff Command Is Not the Cutoff

At sustainer cutoff the vehicle has a burnout mass near 5,395 kilogrammes and the sustainer produces 86,844 pounds of thrust, the vacuum rating the compilations give in Convair X-12, or in newtons

\[F_{s} = 86{,}844 \times 4.4482 = 386.3 \, \text{kN}\]

so the acceleration in the last instant of powered flight is

\[a = \frac{F_{s}}{m_{bo}} = \frac{386{,}300}{5395} = 71.6 \, \text{m/s}^{2} = 7.30 g\]

The error budget of 0.613 metres per second is consumed in

\[\Delta t = \frac{0.613}{71.6} = 8.6 \, \text{ms}\]

The command must be issued to within about eight milliseconds, and that is the easy part. The difficulty is what happens afterwards. A liquid engine does not stop when told. Valves close in finite time, the injector and the chamber hold propellant that continues to burn, and the resulting tail-off impulse is set by the hardware, whatever the command. Taking a tail-off lasting 0.3 seconds at declining thrust, an uncertainty of only five percent in the delivered impulse gives

\[\delta v_{\text{tail}} = \frac{0.05 \times 0.3 \times 386{,}300}{5395} = 1.07 \, \text{m/s}\]

which is 1.8 times the error budget. A missile that simply commands its sustainer to stop cannot meet the accuracy requirement no matter how good its guidance is, because the last thing it does is the least repeatable thing it does. Kelly 1959 addresses this problem directly, with the transient measured in Rodean 1959, and the model specification for the engine survives as Scott 1963 on the Rocketdyne YLR105-NA-7 sustainer. The solid-motor literature shows that liquid engines are not alone in this, since in a solid motor terminating thrust requires deliberately destroying the chamber pressure and the repeatability of doing so is the subject of Jaroudi and McDonald 1964 and Coates and Horton 1970. Every propulsion system that must stop at a commanded velocity confronts the same last-instant uncertainty.

Why the Vehicle Has Verniers

The Atlas carries two small vernier engines of a thousand pounds of thrust each, the rating given in the Air Force’s description of the Atlas D in Gandy and Hanson 1963, Mercury-Atlas Launch-Vehicle Development and Performance, NASA SP-45 at page 88. They start on propellant from pressurised start tanks and then run from the sustainer turbopump. The same description assigns them roll control throughout flight, pitch and yaw control during staging, and all three axes during a vernier solo phase after sustainer cutoff on the flights that use one. The solo phase is the function the arithmetic shows to be decisive. Two verniers give

\[F_{v} = 2 \times 1000 \times 4.4482 = 8.90 \, \text{kN}, \qquad a_{v} = \frac{8900}{5395} = 1.65 \, \text{m/s}^{2}\]

so trimming the full error budget takes

\[t = \frac{0.613}{1.65} = 0.372 \, \text{s}\]

The authority ratio between the two systems is

\[\frac{a_{s}}{a_{v}} = \frac{71.6}{1.65} = 43.4\]

The verniers convert an eight-millisecond timing problem into a four-hundred-millisecond timing problem, and a factor of forty-three in required precision is the difference between impossible and routine. The sustainer is shut down early by design, deliberately leaving a velocity deficit, and the verniers then add the remainder under closed-loop control until the measured speed reaches the commanded value, at which point they are cut and their tail-off is forty-three times less consequential. The design pattern is general and appears wherever a large impulse must be terminated precisely, with Blaszak and Fahrenholz 1960 on thrust control by gas injection and Platt and Hanner 1965 on the effective specific impulse of a pulsed engine as period treatments of the same idea.

Quadrature Decides What Is Worth Fixing

The 0.613 metre per second figure is a total, and a total assembled from independent contributions combines in quadrature rather than by addition,

\[\delta v_{\text{tot}} = \sqrt{\sum_{i} \delta v_{i}^{2}}\]

An illustrative allocation makes the consequence visible. The values below are chosen to sum to something near the budget and are not taken from a document. They illustrate the arithmetic and are not the Atlas allocation.

Contribution	Equivalent speed error	Share of variance
Cutoff speed measurement	0.30 m/s	26.1 percent
Tail-off impulse after vernier trim	0.25 m/s	18.1 percent
Propellant residual at cutoff	0.20 m/s	11.6 percent
Attitude at cutoff	0.15 m/s	6.5 percent
Position and altitude knowledge	0.20 m/s	11.6 percent
Atmospheric and reentry dispersion	0.30 m/s	26.1 percent
Root sum square	0.59 m/s

The share each term takes of the total is its share of the variance rather than of the sum,

\[s_{i} = \frac{\delta v_{i}^{2}}{\sum_{j} \delta v_{j}^{2}}\]

and improving one term by a factor $k$ moves the total by

\[\frac{\delta v_{\text{new}}}{\delta v_{\text{old}}} = \sqrt{1 - s_{i} \left( 1 - \frac{1}{k^{2}} \right)}\]

Quadrature is unforgiving of effort spent on the wrong term. Halving the largest single contribution moves the total from 0.59 to 0.53, an improvement of 10.3 percent for what would be a major redesign. The relation also fixes a ceiling, because letting $k$ grow without bound gives

\[\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{\delta v_{\text{new}}}{\delta v_{\text{old}}} = \sqrt{1 - s_{i}} = 0.860\]

so removing the largest contribution entirely, at infinite cost, would improve the total by 14.0 percent. Halving it already captures three quarters of the gain perfect elimination could achieve. Nothing short of improving several terms at once moves the answer. For that structural reason, accuracy programmes advance slowly and by increments across many subsystems, not by one decisive step.

It also explains a fact about the Atlas that would otherwise look like poor engineering. The reentry body’s dispersion, from ablation asymmetry and from winds at low altitude, sits in the budget alongside everything the guidance system does, and no improvement to guidance reduces it. A perfect cutoff does not give a perfect weapon, and the guidance engineer’s share of the problem has a floor set by aerodynamics. Error analysis in this form was worked out by Britting 1971 and Nash et al 1972, with the reentry contribution in Platus 1967 and Ammons 1973.

The Orbital Margin

The result at the centre of the article is a single division.

The grazing circular orbital speed is the value of $\lambda = 1$,

\[v_{\text{circ}} = \sqrt{g R_{e}} = \sqrt{9.80665 \times 6.371 \times 10^{6}} = 7904 \, \text{m/s}\]

against the 7193 metres per second that a ten-thousand-kilometre ballistic arc requires. The ratio is

\[\frac{v_{\text{circ}}}{v_{bo}} = 1.0989\]

A weapon of intercontinental range is within ten percent of being a satellite launcher. In terms of the energy parameter the statement is sharper still, because the maximum-range weapon sits at $\lambda = 0.828$ of the way to orbit and at $\lambda / 2 = 0.414$ of the way to escape, so

\[v_{\text{esc}} = \sqrt{2 g R_{e}} = 11{,}178 \, \text{m/s}\]

and the span from the longest-ranged weapon anyone wanted to build to the ability to leave the Earth altogether is a factor of 1.55 in speed. The deficit to be made up is

\[\Delta v = 7904 - 7193 = 711 \, \text{m/s}\]

less than the 1337 metres per second of losses the ascent already absorbs, as the previous article calibrated them. The Atlas B did not need a new vehicle to reach orbit. It needed to give something up. Geckler 1960 carries the staging and performance arithmetic behind that statement on the ideal performance of multistage rockets, Feldman 1953 on competing power plant components for long-range vehicles, and Lowrey 1962 on minimum weight stages, with the launch vehicle the Atlas eventually became specified in Wolfe 1966.

What the Margin Costs

What it had to give up follows from the rocket equation applied to the sustainer alone. The sustainer runs at a specific impulse of 309 seconds, so

\[v_{e} = 309 \times 9.80665 = 3030 \, \text{m/s}\]

and closing a 711 metre per second gap at fixed propellant load requires the burnout mass to shrink by

\[\frac{m_{bo}}{m_{bo}'} = \exp\left( \frac{711}{3030} \right) = 1.2645\]

so

\[m_{bo}' = \frac{5395}{1.2645} = 4266 \, \text{kg}\]

The mass that must be surrendered is

\[\Delta m = 5395 - 4266 = 1129 \, \text{kg}\]

or 20.9 percent of the burnout mass. That is approximately the mass of a period thermonuclear reentry body, and the trade is physical and exact, not rhetorical. An Atlas can carry a warhead to ten thousand kilometres or it can carry itself to orbit, and the difference between the two missions is about a tonne. Ascent and injection error sensitivities of the period are Gretz 1962 and Beardslee 1964, and the staging arithmetic underneath comes from Schurmann 1957, Lubowe 1965, and Geckler 1960.

The Check Against What Orbited

The prediction is testable against the flight, which is unusual for an argument of this kind. Project SCORE placed the entire Atlas B sustainer stage in orbit with an on-orbit mass of 3,980 kilogrammes in NASA’s satellite catalogue, NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE, against the 4,266 kilogrammes the relation above allows,

\[\frac{4266 - 3980}{3980} = +7.2 \, \text{percent}\]

A calculation carried out entirely from the range law, a published specific impulse, and a burnout mass taken from a different variant reproduces the mass of the first communications satellite to within seven percent. The agreement should not be oversold, since the burnout mass is an Atlas D figure and the reported on-orbit mass appears elsewhere as 8,660 pounds, which is 3,928 kilogrammes, so the sources themselves disagree by 1.3 percent. The agreement does establish the article’s central claim, that the orbital mission and the weapon mission are the same mission with the payload changed, and that no capability was added to make the second possible. Trajectory design for the launcher this vehicle became appears in Frazier 1967, and the flight performance evaluations that document the result are Preliminary launch vehicle flight 1967, Atlas-Centaur flight performance for 1968, NASA 1968, Atlas-Centaur AC-12 flight performance, and NASA 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance.

The Orbit SCORE Reached

NASA’s catalogue gives the orbit as 185 by 1,484 kilometres at 32.3 degrees inclination, with a period of 101.40 minutes and an eccentricity of 0.08999, in NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE Trajectory. Taking the apsides as given,

\[r_{p} = 6556 \, \text{km}, \qquad r_{a} = 7855 \, \text{km}, \qquad a = 7205.5 \, \text{km}\]

the eccentricity is

\[e = \frac{r_{a} - r_{p}}{r_{a} + r_{p}} = 0.0901\]

and the period follows from Kepler’s third law,

\[T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{a^{3}}{\mu}} = 6087 \, \text{s} = 101.45 \, \text{min}\]

against the reported 101.4 minutes, which agrees to better than a tenth of a percent and confirms the orbital elements are mutually consistent rather than separately rounded. The perigee and apogee speeds are

\[v_{p} = \sqrt{\mu \left( \frac{2}{r_{p}} - \frac{1}{a} \right)} = 8141 \, \text{m/s}, \qquad v_{a} = 6795 \, \text{m/s}\]

and the specific orbital energy is

\[\varepsilon = -\frac{\mu}{2a} = -27.66 \, \text{MJ/kg}\]

against the ballistic case at

\[\varepsilon_{\text{bal}} = \tfrac{1}{2} v_{bo}^{2} - \frac{\mu}{R_{e}} = -36.69 \, \text{MJ/kg}\]

a difference of 9.03 megajoules per kilogramme. Orbit determination for this class of object was being worked out by Richards 1960 and Richards 1961 using Doppler tracking, Duke 1960 from optical tracking, Siry 1960 on the state of the art, Maxwell and Dorfman 1963 on how accurate it could be made, and the seminar record in NASA 1960.

The Guidance Requirement Does Not Relax in Orbit

It would be reasonable to expect the orbital mission to be the easier one, and the sensitivity says otherwise. Perturbing the perigee speed and recomputing the apogee gives

Perigee speed error	Resulting apogee altitude	Change
1 m/s	1488.2 km	+4.2 km
10 m/s	1526.6 km	+42.6 km
100 m/s	1923.8 km	+439.8 km

so the apogee sensitivity is

\[\frac{d h_{a}}{d v_{p}} = 4.24 \, \text{km per m/s}\]

against 6.04 kilometres per metre per second for ballistic range. The two problems have the same sensitivity to within a factor of one and a half, so the guidance system built to hit a target ten thousand kilometres away is neither more nor less than what is needed to place a satellite in a specified orbit. That equivalence explains why every early space programme flew on a converted weapon. It is a quantitative statement, not a historical observation. Beardslee 1964 gives the formal treatment on orbit injection error analysis and Lange and Parkinson 1965 on the error equations that connect inertial navigation to orbital determination.

The Reserve That Has to Be Carried

A vehicle required to reach a specified velocity must carry propellant to cover the flights on which it performs worse than nominal, and that reserve is dead mass on every flight where it is not needed. Sizing it is a statistical exercise, and the Atlas programme ran that calculation by Monte Carlo, in Ingber 1965.

The arithmetic is short. A reserve covering a dispersion of standard deviation $\sigma_{v}$ at $k$ standard deviations must supply

\[\Delta v_{r} = k \sigma_{v}\]

which at the sustainer exhaust velocity requires a propellant mass of

\[m_{r} = m_{bo} \left( \exp \frac{\Delta v_{r}}{v_{e}} - 1 \right)\]

Dispersion, one standard deviation	Reserve at three standard deviations	Reserve mass	Range forgone
10 m/s	30 m/s	53.7 kg	181 km
20 m/s	60 m/s	107.9 kg	362 km
30 m/s	90 m/s	162.6 kg	544 km

A three-sigma reserve against a ten metre per second dispersion costs 181 kilometres of range on every flight, including the ones that did not need it. The reserve is the price of imperfect knowledge of the vehicle’s performance, and it converts an uncertainty directly into a capability loss in kilometres. It also explains why a programme invests in ground testing that narrows $\sigma_v$, since every metre per second of dispersion removed is six kilometres of range returned. Peters and Hall 1963 reports the engine system test data that narrows it on the Atlas MA-3 engine system, with the propellant loading side in Whitcombe 1961.

Flight Time After Cutoff

The free-fall arc is an ellipse with semi-major axis

\[a_{\text{bal}} = \frac{R_{e}}{2 - \lambda} = 5437 \, \text{km}\]

and eccentricity

\[e_{\text{bal}} = \sqrt{1 - \lambda (2 - \lambda) \cos^{2} \gamma_{\text{opt}}} = 0.4146\]

Solving Kepler’s equation between the two ends of the arc gives a time of flight of

\[t_{f} = 2058 \, \text{s} = 34.3 \, \text{min}\]

with an apogee altitude of

\[h_{\text{apo}} = a_{\text{bal}} (1 + e_{\text{bal}}) - R_{e} = 1319 \, \text{km}\]

The X-10 article gave the ballistic case as about thirty-two minutes against a hundred and seventy-two for the airbreathing Navaho, and the two figures differ because that estimate used a slightly shorter arc. The relevant point is that all thirty-four minutes are uncontrolled. The weapon has no actuators, no communications, and no reason for either. Every outcome is fixed before the first second of it. That is the strongest statement of why cutoff is the keystone and why the X-10’s problem, navigating accurately for nearly three hours, has no counterpart here. Callaway 1963 reduces trajectory computation to what a range could run for the Pacific Missile Range, with the general n-stage simulation in Juarez 1961 and modern reconstructions of the same problem in Xu et al 2020 and Dudush and Snovydovych 2026.

The Earth Is Turning

One term that does not appear in the range law as written is the rotation of the Earth, and for a weapon fired between continents it is not small. The surface speed at the latitude of Cape Canaveral is

\[v_{\text{rot}} = \omega_{e} R_{e} \cos \phi = 7.292 \times 10^{-5} \times 6.371 \times 10^{6} \times \cos 28.5^{\circ} = 408 \, \text{m/s}\]

which is 5.68 percent of the burnout speed. Adding and subtracting it as a bound on the azimuth effect gives a range credit of about 3,195 kilometres for a due-east launch and a penalty of about 2,065 kilometres for a due-west one, an east-to-west swing of some 5,260 kilometres on a nominal ten thousand. Only the component along the launch azimuth $A$ is captured, so to first order the credit is

\[\delta R = \frac{dR}{dv} \, \omega_{e} R_{e} \cos \phi \cos A\]

giving 2,466 kilometres due east, 1,744 at an azimuth of 45 degrees, and nothing due north or south. The first-order estimate of 2,466 kilometres falls 23 percent short of the exact 3,195, a useful warning, since a 408 metre per second perturbation is far outside the range over which the linear sensitivity that governs the article remains valid. This is an upper bound rather than a computed range, because the launch site latitude changes along the arc, but the order is right and it explains why a missile’s stated range is meaningless without a direction. It also makes azimuth a geodetic quantity rather than a navigational one, since the launch heading must be referred to the same figure of the Earth as the target, and the astronomical determination of a geodetic azimuth is a separate discipline, in Bhattacharji 1970. Optimising the heading, as opposed to choosing it, is Frazier 1967 and Brusch 1977. The same geometry explains the SCORE inclination of 32.3 degrees against a launch site latitude of 28.5, since an orbit cannot be less inclined than its launch latitude and the excess measures how far the azimuth was rotated away from due east.

The Earth Is Not a Sphere

Every relation in this article has treated the Earth as a sphere of radius 6371 kilometres, and for a weapon required to land within 3.7 kilometres that approximation is not merely imprecise but disqualifying. The reference ellipsoid has

\[R_{\text{eq}} = 6378.137 \, \text{km}, \qquad R_{\text{pol}} = R_{\text{eq}} (1 - f), \qquad f = \frac{1}{298.257}\]

so the polar radius is 6356.752 kilometres and the difference is

\[\Delta R = 21.4 \, \text{km}\]

against a miss budget of 3.704 kilometres. The flattening of the Earth is 5.8 times the permitted miss. Expressed as fractions, the flattening is one part in 298 while the accuracy requirement is one part in 2,700, so the figure of the Earth is nine times coarser than the tolerance.

Two consequences follow and both are large. The target’s position must be known in the same coordinate frame as the launch site, to a few hundred metres, across an intercontinental baseline, and in 1958 the geodetic connection between continents was itself uncertain at the kilometre level. And the gravity field is not that of a point mass, so the free-fall arc is not the ellipse computed above. The size of the departure follows from the same flattening. The leading zonal harmonic contributes a relative perturbing acceleration of

\[\frac{\Delta a}{g} \approx \frac{3}{2} J_{2} \left( \frac{R_{e}}{r} \right)^{2} = 1.62 \times 10^{-3}, \qquad J_{2} = 1.083 \times 10^{-3}\]

which is 0.162 percent of gravity, and acting over a free-fall arc of 2,058 seconds it displaces the impact point by of order

\[\Delta s \sim \tfrac{1}{2} \, \Delta a \, t_{f}^{2} = 34 \, \text{km}\]

Nine times the miss budget. That figure is an upper bound, since the perturbation is not constant along the arc and part of it acts along-track where the range law absorbs it, but no plausible reduction brings it below the tolerance. A weapon aimed on a point-mass gravity field misses by tens of kilometres. The oblateness term that dominates it was being worked out in the same years, in King-Hele 1958, Blitzer 1959, Message 1960, King-Hele 1962, and Sarychev 1962, and the satellites that measured it were flying on vehicles like this one.

The ballistic missile therefore created a geodetic requirement it could not itself satisfy, and the resolution came from the same orbital capability the X-12 demonstrated. That circularity is the clearest case in this series of a weapon programme generating a scientific programme as a precondition for its accuracy and not as a by-product.

How the Requirement Was Met

The geodesy the weapon needed did not exist in 1958 and was largely built in the decade that followed, using satellites launched on vehicles of this family. The sequence repays tracing, because it is unusually clean and because it shows the numbers this article needs being determined by other people for other reasons.

Before satellites the field was determined from the ground and the ground could not see across an ocean. The classical method computes the shape of the geoid from surface gravity measurements, in Hirvonen 1954, and connects a station’s astronomical position to its geodetic one through the deflection of the vertical, in Tsuboi and Hayatu 1954 and Wolf 1954. The result is a datum that is internally consistent over a continent and arbitrarily offset from the datum of any other continent, and the state of that art on the eve of the satellite era is Fischer 1961. Two continents surveyed separately are two coordinate systems, and a weapon aimed from one at the other is aiming at a number rather than a place. That the Soviet Union was solving the same problem with its own ellipsoid is Izotov 1959.

A satellite sees the whole field at once, because it is inside it. The perturbations in its orbit are a direct measurement of the harmonics of the potential, which is the theory in Batrakov 1963 and Liu 1974, and the determination proceeded rapidly once orbits were being tracked accurately. The even zonal harmonics are worked out in King-hele et al 1963, King-hele et al 1964, Kozai 1964, Kozai 1964, Cook 1965, King-Hele and Cook 1965, and King-Hele et al 1966, the odd ones in King-Hele et al 1965 and King-hele et al 1966, the progress summarised in King-hele 1965, and the expansion pushed to the twenty-fifth order in Felsentreger and Victor 1966. The non-zonal terms, the departures from rotational symmetry, needed Doppler tracking, the subject of Guier 1963, with the error analysis of the Navy Doppler geodetic system in Guier et al 1965.

The geoid and the datum followed. Determining the geoid from satellite observation is Anderle 1966, the equatorial radius and zero-order undulation are Rapp 1967 and Veis 1968, the accuracy attainable is Rapp 1973, and the definitional questions are Rapp 1974 and Moritz 1966 on the boundary-value problem underneath. The purely geometric route, connecting continents by simultaneous observation of a satellite from stations on both, is the triangulation net whose error behaviour is Lortie 1966, with the dedicated instrument in Nichols 1974 and the Soviet equivalent assessed in Wareham 1972. A world datum tying the continents together is the deliverable, and it arrives in Eitschberger and Grafarend 1974, with regional orientations such as Mather and Fryer 1970 and Mather 1971 as the working examples. Combining astronomical and geodetic data statistically is Heitz 1971 and Jordan 1972, and where the field went next, to altimetry and satellite-to-satellite tracking, is Hudson 1971, Comfort 1973, and Fubara and Mourad 1974.

Sixteen years separate the first Atlas B flight from a published world geodetic datum. For most of the period during which the Atlas force stood alert, the coordinates of its targets were less well known than the guidance system’s contribution to the error budget, and this article’s careful accounting of cutoff velocity to two thirds of a metre per second describes only the part of the problem the missile engineers owned. The other part belonged to geodesists and was solved with the missile’s own product. Remmer 1974 is a small reminder that the discipline was still arguing about its foundations while this was going on.

Dependent Systems

Each system below is dimensioned against the cutoff requirement, and the ordering is by dependency. The structure and the tankage are not repeated here, since the previous article derived them and nothing about them changed.

The Booster Section and Its Jettison

The Atlas B carries two booster engines of 341,130 pounds combined thrust and one sustainer of 86,844 pounds, all ignited on the ground. These are the vacuum ratings the compilations give in Convair X-12, consistent with the vacuum specific impulses used below. In newtons,

\[F_{b} = 1517.4 \, \text{kN}, \qquad F_{s} = 386.3 \, \text{kN}, \qquad F_{\text{tot}} = 1903.7 \, \text{kN}\]

At lift-off the engines deliver their sea-level ratings instead. The Air Force’s description of the Atlas D rates the boosters at 154,000 pounds each, the sustainer at 57,000 and each vernier at 1,000, in Gandy and Hanson 1963, Mercury-Atlas Launch-Vehicle Development and Performance, NASA SP-45 at pages 85 and 88, so with the Atlas D lift-off mass used throughout the lift-off thrust-to-weight ratio is

\[\frac{F_{\text{SL}}}{m_{0} g} = \frac{(2 \times 154{,}000 + 57{,}000 + 2 \times 1000) \times 4.4482}{117{,}900 \times 9.80665} = \frac{1{,}632{,}500}{1{,}156{,}200} = 1.41\]

against the 1.65 the vacuum ratings would give. In vacuum the booster provides 79.7 percent of the thrust. At the respective specific impulses of 282 and 309 seconds the mass flows are

\[\dot{m}_{b} = \frac{F_{b}}{282 g} = 548.7 \, \text{kg/s}, \qquad \dot{m}_{s} = \frac{F_{s}}{309 g} = 127.5 \, \text{kg/s}\]

for a combined 676.2 kilogrammes per second. Taking booster cutoff near 135 seconds, the remaining mass is

\[m_{1} = m_{0} - (\dot{m}_{b} + \dot{m}_{s}) t = 117{,}900 - 676.2 \times 135 = 26{,}615 \, \text{kg}\]

and the acceleration immediately before the event is

\[\frac{F_{\text{tot}}}{m_{1}} = 71.5 \, \text{m/s}^{2} = 7.29 g\]

Jettisoning a booster package of about three tonnes leaves 23,615 kilogrammes under sustainer thrust alone, giving

\[\frac{F_{s}}{m_{1} - m_{j}} = 16.4 \, \text{m/s}^{2} = 1.67 g\]

Acceleration falls by a factor of 4.37 in the space of one event. That discontinuity is the largest single transient the airframe sees after lift-off, it arrives while the guidance system is integrating, and it makes the staging event a guidance problem rather than a mechanical one. Reconstructing the ideal velocity in two phases gives

\[\Delta v_{b} = 282 g \ln \frac{117{,}900}{26{,}615} = 4116 \, \text{m/s}\] \[\Delta v_{s} = 309 g \ln \frac{23{,}615}{5395} = 4474 \, \text{m/s}\]

for a total of 8590 metres per second against the 8530 the previous article obtained from a single-phase calculation at the booster specific impulse, an agreement of 0.7 percent from independent inputs. The sustainer propellant remaining is 18,220 kilogrammes, which at 127.5 kilogrammes per second is a burn of

\[t_{s} = \frac{18{,}220}{127.5} = 142.9 \, \text{s}\]

so the sustainer phase is slightly longer than the booster phase and delivers slightly more of the velocity. The half-stage is not a coda. It is more than half the job. Staging optimisation of the period, which decides that split, is Schurmann 1957, Parkyn 1958, Geckler 1960, Lubowe 1965 by dynamic programming, Gray and Alexander 1965 optimising cost against weight, Martin 1973 on the optimum stage weight distribution, and Burghes 1974, with the effect of the choice on the resulting trajectory in Randall 1970 and drag admitted in Adkins 1970.

Separation Clearance

The jettisoned skirt must clear a vehicle that is still accelerating, and the arithmetic shows what does the work. At booster cutoff the dynamic pressure is near a hundred pascals, so with a skirt reference area of

\[A = \pi r^{2} = \pi (1.524)^{2} = 7.30 \, \text{m}^{2}\]

the differential deceleration from drag on the discarded section is

\[a_{d} = \frac{C_{d} q A}{m_{j}} = \frac{1.0 \times 100 \times 7.30}{3000} = 0.243 \, \text{m/s}^{2}\]

which separates the two bodies by only

\[\tfrac{1}{2} a_{d} t^{2} = 0.12 \, \text{m}\]

in a full second. The sustainer, meanwhile, is accelerating at 16.4 metres per second squared, so

\[\tfrac{1}{2} a_{s} t^{2} = 8.18 \, \text{m}\]

in the same second and about two metres in the first half second. Separation is achieved by the sustainer flying away from the skirt rather than by the skirt falling behind, so the sustainer must already be running before the booster section is released, and an arrangement that shut everything down and then restarted would have been far harder. The aerodynamic and jet-interference environment of the event occupies Binion et al 1962 and Binion 1964, and the Atlas record of separation dynamics on later configurations comes from Heath et al 1965 on the retarding rocket and Heath et al 1967 on Atlas-Centaur staging.

The Sustainer

The sustainer is a single Rocketdyne chamber, and the model specification survives in the archive as Scott 1963. Its function follows directly from the acceleration discontinuity above. Running at a fifth of the total thrust on a vehicle that has already shed three quarters of its mass, it delivers a long low-acceleration phase during which the velocity changes slowly enough for the guidance loop to converge. The instantaneous rate of change of speed in the last seconds of sustainer burn is

\[\dot{v} = \frac{F_{s}}{m} \quad \text{rising from} \quad 16.4 \quad \text{to} \quad 71.6 \, \text{m/s}^{2}\]

as the tanks empty. The ratio between the two is not an independent quantity,

\[\frac{a_{\text{end}}}{a_{\text{start}}} = \frac{F_{s} / m_{bo}}{F_{s} / m_{1}} = \frac{m_{1}}{m_{bo}} = \frac{23{,}615}{5395} = 4.38\]

The factor by which the vehicle becomes harder to stop is exactly its sustainer mass ratio, the same quantity the rocket equation rewards, since

\[\Delta v_{s} = v_{e} \ln \frac{m_{1}}{m_{bo}} = 4474 \, \text{m/s}\]

is a logarithm of the identical number. The mass fraction that makes the Atlas an intercontinental weapon is the same mass fraction that makes it hard to stop, and here the previous article’s keystone first conflicts with this one’s. A heavier vehicle would be easier to terminate accurately and could not reach the target.

Locating the engine on that curve requires its specific impulse to better than the accuracy the mission demands. The measurement is harder than it sounds, and the period solved it by inference from the trajectory instead of by instrumenting the engine. Powers 1960 determines vacuum specific impulse precisely from trajectory data, and Dafler 1962 sets out what the quantity does and does not mean for vehicle performance. The thermal instrumentation that a stand test relies on has limits on its response, in Hoff 1967, and spectroscopic monitoring of a running engine is Strauss 1964. A specific impulse quoted to three figures is a trajectory reconstruction, not a measurement, a point that matters because the 309 second figure carries most of the orbital arithmetic here.

Propellant Utilisation

A cutoff commanded on measured velocity is only available if propellant remains when the velocity is reached. If the two tanks do not empty together the engine shuts down on depletion of whichever runs out first, at a velocity nobody chose. The propellant utilisation system exists to prevent that, by trimming the mixture ratio in flight so that both tanks reach depletion simultaneously. The residual mass stranded by a mixture ratio error $\delta r$ on a nominal ratio $r$ is approximately

\[m_{\text{res}} \approx m_{p} \frac{|\delta r|}{(1 + r)^{2}} \cdot (1 + r)\]

and the velocity that residual would have bought is

\[\delta v = v_{e} \ln \left( 1 + \frac{m_{\text{res}}}{m_{bo}} \right)\]

so even a residual of fifty kilogrammes on a burnout mass of 5,395 costs

\[\delta v = 3030 \ln (1.00927) = 28 \, \text{m/s}\]

or forty-five times the error budget. Propellant utilisation is therefore not an efficiency measure but an accuracy measure, and the period wrote about it in those terms in Whitcombe 1961, with the Atlas programme’s own difficulties recorded in General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966 and the control dynamics of the equivalent Centaur system in Ringland and Stubblefield 1965, Magrini 1967, and Berns et al 1968.

The Autopilot and a Moving Bending Mode

Before the guidance system can command a velocity, the vehicle has to be a rigid body that points where it is told, and it is not one. The Atlas is a twenty-three metre tube of about three metres diameter, a fineness ratio near 7.5, with no fins and a centre of pressure ahead of the centre of mass. It is statically unstable in pitch and yaw throughout the atmospheric phase and flies only because the engines are gimballed.

The instability has a rate. Taking a pitch inertia for a uniform rod of

\[I = \frac{m L^{2}}{12} = 2.65 \times 10^{6} \, \text{kg m}^{2}\]

at a representative mass of sixty tonnes, with a normal force coefficient slope near two and the centre of pressure four metres ahead of the centre of mass, the divergence rate at a maximum dynamic pressure of 35 kilopascals is

\[\omega = \sqrt{\frac{q A C_{N\alpha} \Delta x}{I}} = 0.879 \, \text{rad/s}\]

so an attitude disturbance grows by a factor of $e$ in

\[\tau = \frac{1}{\omega} = 1.14 \, \text{s}\]

The control authority available against it is one degree of gimbal producing

\[\dot{\omega} = \frac{F \, \delta \, \ell}{I} = 0.119 \, \text{rad/s}^{2} = 6.84 \, \text{deg/s}^{2}\]

which is ample. The difficulty is not authority but bandwidth, because the loop that stabilises the rigid body must be fast compared with 1.14 seconds and slow compared with the structure.

The structure sets the upper limit. Treating the vehicle as a free-free beam with a thin-shell second moment of area

\[I_{xx} = \pi r^{3} t = 5.6 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m}^{4}\]

the first bending frequency is

\[f_{1} = \frac{\beta_{1}^{2}}{2 \pi L^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{E I_{xx}}{\mu}}, \qquad \beta_{1} L = 4.730\]

which evaluates to

\[f_{1} = 4.32 \, \text{Hz} = 27.2 \, \text{rad/s}\]

The autopilot bandwidth must therefore live inside a window of

\[\frac{2 \pi f_{1}}{\omega} = 31\]

between the rate the vehicle diverges and the rate its structure resonates. Thirty-one to one sounds generous and is not, because a loop must be several times faster than the divergence and several times slower than the mode to avoid exciting it, which consumes most of the interval.

And now the connection to the previous article that this one has otherwise avoided. The bending frequency above assumes a fixed elastic modulus and geometry, and for a pressure-stabilised shell that assumption fails. The X-11 article established that the Atlas structure has no compressive strength without tank pressure, so its effective bending stiffness is a function of a state variable that is being consumed throughout the flight. The bending mode the autopilot filter is designed to reject moves during the ascent, in a direction and by an amount that depends on the pressurisation schedule rather than on the airframe alone. The previous article raised this for pogo, and the same physics applies to the attitude loop with a different consequence. Missile structural dynamics of the period is surveyed in Wood 1961, the launch-phase problem in Gerald and Runyan 1962, optimal control of a flexible vehicle in Rynaski 1967, and automated autopilot design for this class of problem in Hauser 1972. The programme’s own record survives as General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, and a pneumatic alternative the period considered is Griffith and Byrd 1963.

Slosh Through the Sustainer Phase

The propellant is a free surface in a tank a little over three metres across, and its first lateral mode in a cylindrical tank under axial acceleration $a$ is

\[f_{s} = \frac{1}{2\pi} \sqrt{\frac{1.841 \, a}{r}}\]

The Atlas is unusual in that its axial acceleration varies by a factor of 4.4 during the sustainer phase alone, so

\[f_{s} = 0.708 \, \text{Hz at } 1.67 g, \qquad f_{s} = 1.480 \, \text{Hz at } 7.30 g\]

The slosh frequency rises by a factor of 2.09 through the phase in which cutoff accuracy is decided, while the bending frequency falls as propellant leaves the tanks and the effective mass distribution changes. Two frequencies moving toward each other while the vehicle approaches the one instant that must be precise is an unattractive arrangement, and it makes propellant slosh on this vehicle a cutoff-accuracy problem as well as a stability problem. Wilner et al 1960 built an instrument to see it, with baffle damping in Stephens 1965.

Guidance on the Ground

The Atlas B through D used radio guidance, the Mod 1 system on the B and radio-inertial guidance on the operational D, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at pages 205 and 214. The missile carried an inertial reference and a transponder, a ground station tracked it and computed the corrections, and the corrections were sent back up by radio. On the Atlas D the ground station paired a General Electric radar, which tracked position and measured velocity by Doppler techniques, with a Burroughs computer that generated the steering commands, in Gandy and Hanson 1963, Mercury-Atlas Launch-Vehicle Development and Performance, NASA SP-45 at pages 83 and 91. To a modern reader this looks like a compromise forced by immature technology, and it partly was, but the sensitivity analysis above shows it was also the right architecture for the problem as posed.

The quantity that must be measured to one part in eleven thousand is speed, and speed relative to the ground is what a ground-based Doppler measurement produces directly. An inertial platform, by contrast, produces speed by integrating acceleration, so its velocity error accumulates as

\[\delta v(t) = \int_{0}^{t} \varepsilon_{a} \, dt' = \varepsilon_{a} t\]

for an accelerometer bias $\varepsilon_a$, and over a powered flight of about 280 seconds a bias of only

\[\varepsilon_{a} = \frac{0.613}{280} = 2.2 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m/s}^{2} = 2.2 \times 10^{-4} g\]

exhausts the budget. Two hundred and twenty micro-g of accelerometer bias was not achievable in 1958 and is not trivial now.

The gyroscopes carry a companion requirement that is easier to state and harder to intuit. A platform that has tilted by an angle $\theta$ resolves a component of gravity into its horizontal accelerometers, so a static tilt gives a velocity error of $g \theta t$ and the allowance is

\[\theta \leq \frac{\delta v}{g t} = 2.23 \times 10^{-4} \, \text{rad} = 46 \, \text{arcseconds}\]

If instead the tilt accumulates at a constant drift rate $\varepsilon$, then $\theta = \varepsilon t$ and the error integrates twice,

\[\delta v = \tfrac{1}{2} g \varepsilon t^{2}, \qquad \varepsilon \leq \frac{2 \, \delta v}{g t^{2}} = 1.59 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{rad/s}\]

which is

\[\varepsilon \leq 0.329 \, \text{degrees per hour}\]

A third of a degree per hour, and gyroscopes of the period drifted at of order one degree per hour. The gap between the available instrument and the required one is therefore a factor of about three, far short of the orders of magnitude the difficulty of the problem suggests, and the fair reading is that all-inertial guidance was close in 1958. What the ground link provided was a margin and not a capability that did not exist, and the margin mattered because the accelerometer and the gyroscope errors add in quadrature alongside everything else in the budget.

The period instrument literature supports that reading over the one the long wait for the all-inertial E and F suggests. Measuring drift at all required a dedicated instrument, in Byerly 1957, and the mechanisms that produce it were being isolated one at a time, with gimbal-supported vibration effects in Crawley and Maunder 1966, rate-gyroscope response in Gryglaszewski 1963, and low angular momentum designs in Pijoan 1970. Alignment on the pad is a separate problem from drift in flight and is the one a ground-guided missile can avoid entirely, since it needs no absolute azimuth reference of its own, and gyrocompass alignment to arbitrary attitudes is Kouba and Mason 1962. Where the technology eventually went is visible in Harding and Lawson 1968 on a superconducting gyroscope and its drift model, and the design trends that followed are George 1974. The statistical machinery for propagating all of it through a guidance loop arrives with Taylor and Price 1974. Putting the measurement on the ground removes the integration entirely, at the price of a radio link and a vehicle that cannot be fired if the link is jammed or the station is destroyed, which is why the later Atlas E and F went all-inertial once components allowed. The period literature on both sides of that trade includes Whitcombe 1961, Broxmeyer 1962 on damping an inertial system, Britting 1971 on unified error analysis, Wilkinson 1971 on the floated gyroscope error model, and Becker 1973 on command guidance as a control system.

The comparison with the X-10 is instructive and runs the other way. The Navaho needed autonomous navigation because it flew for nearly three hours over hostile territory and a ground link was not available. The Atlas needed accurate velocity for about five minutes over friendly territory and a ground link was. The two vehicles chose opposite architectures for the same reason. Each put the measurement where the physics of its mission allowed.

Azusa

The tracking system that supported this was Azusa, which secondary accounts describe as a radio interferometer developed at Convair and installed at Cape Canaveral by about 1954, able by the end of 1958 to follow a missile some six hundred nautical miles downrange. Its measurement geometry is documented in a Kennedy Space Center description of its error program, which treats it as two intersecting antenna baselines, each yielding a direction cosine, together with a range measurement, and carries the errors in all three and their rates into position and velocity, in Kennedy Space Center 1970, AZUSA GDOPS Program AZGD2. Those accounts also trace its lineage to the same NUL-774 and MX-774 work at Consolidated Vultee that produced the Atlas airframe. The vehicle and the instrument that measured it came out of the same building.

An interferometer measures a direction cosine from the phase difference between two antennas separated by a baseline $B$. For a signal of wavelength $\lambda_r$ the fringe spacing in angle is

\[\Delta \theta_{\text{fringe}} = \frac{\lambda_{r}}{B}\]

At C-band near five gigahertz the wavelength is 6.00 centimetres, so

Baseline	Fringe spacing	One percent of a fringe	Cross-range error at 1111 km
10 m	5.996 mrad	59.96 µrad	66.6 m
50 m	1.199 mrad	11.99 µrad	13.3 m
100 m	0.600 mrad	6.00 µrad	6.7 m

where the one percent figure is an assumed phase-measurement fraction and not a published performance. It shows the scaling and does not characterise the instrument. The velocity measurement is the more important one and is easier. A Doppler shift $f_d$ corresponds to a range rate

\[\dot{r} = \frac{f_{d} \lambda_{r}}{2}\]

so at six centimetres a one-hertz frequency resolution resolves

\[\dot{r} = 0.030 \, \text{m/s}\]

and the 0.613 metre per second budget corresponds to about twenty hertz, which is undemanding. The physics favours the ground station, which explains quantitatively why radio guidance was good enough to build an operational weapon around. The technique was borrowed, not invented. Radio interferometry was developed for astronomy, and the instrument that established it is Ryle 1952, with the tracking variant appearing in Rowson 1962 and the multiple-baseline arrangement that resolves the fringe ambiguity in Gerharz 1963. A missile tracker and a radio telescope are the same instrument pointed at different things, and the ambiguity problem is identical in both, since a single baseline gives a direction cosine only to within an integer number of fringes. Vickers and Dyer 1971 measures radio interferometer noise in this application, with Doppler position and velocity determination in Hix 1968 and radar-derived velocity in Saunders 1965.

Where the Loop’s Latency Comes From

A ground-based guidance loop invites an obvious objection, which is that the signal has to travel. It does not survive arithmetic. At a slant range of five hundred kilometres the round trip is

\[t_{\text{prop}} = \frac{2d}{c} = 3.34 \, \text{ms}\]

against a cutoff window of 8.6 milliseconds. Propagation is a third of the window, which is significant but not disqualifying, although it grows with range and is therefore largest near cutoff, when the vehicle is farthest from the station and accuracy matters most. The binding latency was computation, not distance, and the ground station accordingly carried a computer too large to have been flown.

The sample rate matters more. At cutoff the vehicle gains speed at 71.6 metres per second squared, so between successive updates at rate $f$ the speed changes by

\[\Delta v = \frac{a}{f}\]

giving 71.6 metres per second at one hertz, 7.16 at ten, and 1.43 at fifty. Even a fifty hertz loop cannot resolve the error budget from samples alone, so the cutoff command has to be predicted forward from a fitted trajectory instead of triggered on a measurement, and the guidance equations do their work in that prediction. MacPherson 1963 formulates explicit guidance for this purpose, with the flight control integration in Russell 1964 and the command guidance formulation in Becker 1973.

The Nose Cone

The Atlas B carried a detachable nose cone, which the Atlas A did not. The official history identifies it as the Mark 2, a heat-sink reentry vehicle, and records the ablative Mark 3 as first shown to be operationally sound on the Atlas D, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at pages 205 and 206. The heating estimate below therefore describes a problem the Mark 2 met by absorbing heat in its own mass and the Mark 3 later met by ablation. Its design problem is set by the reentry velocity, which for a minimum-energy intercontinental trajectory is the burnout velocity returned. Using the classical Allen and Eggers result for a ballistic entry into an exponential atmosphere of scale height $H$ at inertial flight path angle $\gamma_e$, the peak deceleration is

\[a_{\max} = \frac{v_{e}^{2} \sin \gamma_{e}}{2 e H}\]

which for 7193 metres per second at 22.5 degrees and a scale height of 7.2 kilometres gives

\[a_{\max} = 506 \, \text{m/s}^{2} = 52 g\]

and is independent of the ballistic coefficient, a result the previous article also used. The ballistic coefficient sets where it happens rather than how large it is,

\[h_{\max} = H \ln \frac{\rho_{0} H}{\beta \sin \gamma_{e}}, \qquad \beta = \frac{m}{C_{d} A}\]

so a body of 1,400 kilogrammes on a one-metre base has

\[\beta = \frac{1400}{1.0 \times 0.785} = 1783 \, \text{kg/m}^{2}, \qquad h_{\max} = 18.4 \, \text{km}\]

with the speed there reduced to

\[v = v_{e} e^{-1/2} = 4363 \, \text{m/s}\]

The stagnation-point heating at that condition, from the Sutton and Graves correlation, is

\[\dot{q} = 1.83 \times 10^{-4} \sqrt{\frac{\rho}{R_{n}}} \, v^{3} = 6.62 \times 10^{6} \, \text{W/m}^{2} = 662 \, \text{W/cm}^{2}\]

where the constant is the value in the International System of Units and the correlation returns watts per square metre, so the conversion is stated rather than folded in.

A heavy body arrives low and fast, which minimises the time available for heat to soak into the structure and maximises the rate at which it arrives. That is the ablation problem. A high ballistic coefficient is chosen for accuracy and paid for in heat shield. The period record on this begins with Scherberg and Rubin 1953 on decelerations of a ballistic missile on reentry, Roberts 1960 on ablation shield requirements, Stetson 1964 on cone ablation results, Dolton and Reed 1966 on char-layer response in high-performance ballistic reentry, and Thomas and Perlbachs 1967 on applying ground test data to reentry vehicle design.

Telemetry Through the Plasma

A reentering body ionises the air ahead of it, and an ionised sheath reflects radio waves below its plasma frequency

\[f_{p} = \frac{1}{2\pi} \sqrt{\frac{n_{e} e^{2}}{\varepsilon_{0} m_{e}}} \approx 8.98 \sqrt{n_{e}} \, \text{Hz}\]

with the electron density in reciprocal cubic metres. Inverting it gives the density at which a given link fails.

Link	Frequency	Electron density at cutoff
Telemetry, very high frequency	250 MHz	$7.75 \times 10^{14}$ per cubic metre
Telemetry, S-band	2.2 GHz	$6.00 \times 10^{16}$ per cubic metre
Azusa, C-band	5.0 GHz	$3.10 \times 10^{17}$ per cubic metre

Inverting the plasma frequency relation gives the critical density directly,

\[n_{e} = \left( \frac{f}{8.98} \right)^{2}\]

so the ratio between any two links is the square of their frequency ratio,

\[\frac{n_{e,2}}{n_{e,1}} = \left( \frac{f_{2}}{f_{1}} \right)^{2} = \left( \frac{2200}{250} \right)^{2} = 77.4\]

S-band tolerates seventy-seven times the ionisation that very high frequency does, and that ratio is the reason telemetry moved up in frequency. The gain is a square-law consequence, far larger than an incremental improvement. The problem is not confined to reentry either, since the exhaust plume of a large liquid engine is conducting and can break down an antenna during powered flight, as Poehler 1961 examines. Reentry attenuation for S-band telemetry specifically was measured by Golden 1969, the diagnostic instruments flown to measure the sheath are Frankenthal 1964 and Fuhs et al 1966, and telemetry hardware built to survive the environment comes from Wright and Ruscus 1959 and Mermagen 1964.

Here the ground-based guidance architecture stops being free. A missile that depends on a radio link for its velocity measurement has an interval, at the end of powered flight and again at reentry, in which the link degrades for reasons that have nothing to do with the equipment. The Atlas cut off before the worst of it, one more reason to predict the cutoff forward instead of commanding it on a live measurement.

Instrumentation, Telemetry, and the Range

A development flight is an instrument, and the accuracy question above cannot be answered without measuring the trajectory more accurately than the missile flies it. That is a hard requirement and the period took it seriously, in Cooper 1961 on the accuracy of measuring ballistic missile trajectories and Gerlach 1965 on high-accuracy instrumentation for non-steady flight measurement. Schweppe 1964 estimates a reentry body’s state and ballistic coefficient in real time from tracking data, and the Kalman techniques that later made it routine are Aldrich and Krabill 1972. Simulation support for the vehicle as a whole comes from Juarez 1961, whose general n-stage missile dynamics program is the kind of tool that made a ten-flight programme interpretable. The physical instrumentation behind it is Bonney 1960 on radar ballistic instrumentation, Matson 1963 on the airborne transponder that closes the tracking loop, and Belsterling 1965 on the analog computer driving the range safety display. The bottleneck was rarely the sensor and usually the reduction, because a flight produces more data in five minutes than a period computing installation could process in a day, and Lee Kingsley 1967 treats that reduction problem.

The Flight Test Record

Ten Atlas B vehicles flew from Cape Canaveral between 19 July 1958 and 4 February 1959, from Launch Complexes 11, 13, and 14. Six are recorded as successes. The official history counts nine B series flight tests over the same months and records that the series reached 5,500 nautical miles of range and 500 nautical miles of altitude, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205. It does not list the flights, so the difference of one cannot be resolved from it.

Date	Serial	Pad	Result	Note
1958-07-19	3B	LC-11	failure	flight control failure at T plus 43 s
1958-08-02	4B	LC-13	success	first booster separation
1958-08-29	5B	LC-11	success
1958-09-14	8B	LC-14	success
1958-09-18	6B	LC-13	failure	turbopump failure at T plus 82 s
1958-11-18	9B	LC-11	partial	upgraded turbopumps, premature shutdown
1958-11-29	12B	LC-14	success	full range, 6,325 statute miles
1958-12-18	10B	LC-11	success	orbited SCORE
1959-01-16	13B	LC-14	failure	loss of thrust at T plus 121 s
1959-02-04	11B	LC-11	success

Two entries carry the weight of the programme and the rest are the programme earning the right to have them. The flight test reporting apparatus that produced these entries survives as General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961, with range trajectory practice in Callaway 1963 and the measurement accuracy question in Cooper 1961.

The Full-Range Flight

On 28 or 29 November 1958, depending on the source, missile 12B flew 6,325 statute miles down the Atlantic Missile Range. Converting,

\[6325 \times 1.609344 = 10{,}179 \, \text{km} = 5496 \, \text{nautical miles}\]

which requires

\[v_{bo} = 7222 \, \text{m/s}\]

or 29 metres per second more than the ten-thousand-kilometre case used throughout this article. With that flight the vehicle became an intercontinental ballistic missile in fact rather than in intention, and the United States demonstrated a full-range delivery for the first time. The date disagreement between sources is minor and is recorded here, not resolved, since one account gives 28 November while the flight-by-flight compilation gives 29 November.

Reaching 10,179 kilometres instead of 10,000 required four tenths of one percent more speed, and the sensitivity relation gives the same answer from the other direction,

\[\frac{\delta R}{R} = S \frac{\delta v}{v} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \frac{179}{10000} = 4.34 \times \frac{29}{7193} = 0.0175\]

which reproduces the 1.79 percent range increment to within the rounding of the inputs. The relation that governs the weapon’s accuracy is the same relation that governs its reach, and there is no way to have one without the other. Minimum-energy trajectory work of the period underlying both includes Stancil 1963 and Ostner 1962, with the closed-form treatment in Punga and Campbell 1962.

SCORE

Three weeks later, on 18 December 1958, missile 10B did not shut down at a ballistic velocity. The entire sustainer stage entered orbit carrying a communications package, with four antennas mounted flush on the vehicle body. NASA’s satellite catalogue gives the communications equipment a mass of 45 kilogrammes, against the 68 that secondary accounts state, and describes two redundant sets, each with an 8 watt transmitter on 132 megahertz, a receiver on 150 megahertz, and a recorder of four minutes capacity covering 300 to 1,500 hertz, in NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE. It broadcast a pre-recorded Christmas message from President Eisenhower, completed eight hours of communication operations before its batteries ran out on 30 December 1958, twelve days after launch, and reentered on 21 January 1959 after thirty-four days in orbit, according to the same record and to Butrica 1997, Beyond the Ionosphere, NASA SP-4217 at page 66.

Converting the mission duration into revolutions,

\[N = \frac{34 \times 86400}{6087} = 483 \, \text{orbits}\]

of which the batteries supported

\[N_{\text{active}} = \frac{12 \times 86400}{6087} = 170\]

The ratio of the orbital period to the recorder capacity is

\[\frac{T}{t_{\text{tape}}} = \frac{6087}{240} = 25.4\]

so the satellite could store four minutes of the ninety-nine and a half it spent out of contact on each revolution. SCORE was a store-and-forward relay with a duty cycle of four percent, and the architecture of every later communications satellite is a response to that number. A four-minute tape with an upper band edge of 1,500 hertz carries, by the Nyquist criterion,

\[n = 2 B t = 2 \times 1500 \times 240 = 7.20 \times 10^{5} \, \text{samples}\]

which at an assumed six bits per sample is 4.32 megabits, or about half a megabyte, and all the information in the first voice broadcast from space fits comfortably in a modern text message attachment. The communications satellite literature being written around it includes Handelsman 1959, Hagan 1960, Jakes 1961, Haviland 1963, Karrenberg and Lueders 1963, and Gruenberg and Johnson 1964, and the orbit determination that made a satellite findable comes from Denham 1965 and Townsend 1966.

What the Downlink Managed

The record describes the broadcast as weak, a claim the physics can check. At 132 megahertz the wavelength is 2.27 metres, and the free-space loss at the 1,484 kilometre apogee is

\[L = \left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda_{r}} \right)^{2} = 138.3 \, \text{dB}\]

With the catalogued transmit power of eight watts, and assuming a body-mounted antenna of unity gain and a ground antenna of ten decibels, the received power is

\[P_{r} = \frac{P_{t} G_{t} G_{r}}{L} = 1.19 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{W} = -89.3 \, \text{dBm}\]

against a noise floor at a system temperature of 2,000 kelvin and a six kilohertz bandwidth of

\[N = k T_{\text{sys}} B = -127.8 \, \text{dBm}\]

for a signal-to-noise ratio of 38.6 decibels. The link was comfortable for a tracking station and unavailable to the public, which resolves the apparent contradiction, since the reported weakness refers to what a listener without a directional antenna at 132 megahertz could receive and not to the link the project flew. That is also why the message reached most Americans as a rebroadcast on commercial news rather than directly. The antenna gains, the system temperature and the bandwidth are estimates and are flagged as such in the Epistemic State. Diversity reception and the error behaviour of links of this class are treated in Daly 1967, with Doppler-based observer positioning from the same kind of signal in Hix 1968.

Orbital Lifetime

The thirty-four day lifetime is consistent with the orbit and the vehicle. The area-to-mass ratio of a three-metre diameter stage at 3,980 kilogrammes is

\[\frac{A}{m} = \frac{\pi (1.524)^{2}}{3980} = 1.83 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m}^{2}/\text{kg}\]

giving a ballistic coefficient of

\[\beta = \frac{m}{C_{d} A} = \frac{3980}{2.2 \times 7.30} = 248 \, \text{kg/m}^{2}\]

That is heavy for a satellite and explains how an object with a 185 kilometre perigee survived as long as it did. The mean specific energy shed per revolution is

\[\frac{\Delta \varepsilon}{N} = \frac{1}{483} \left( \frac{\mu}{2 a} - \frac{\mu}{2 R_{e}} \right) = 7.5 \, \text{kJ/kg}\]

Atmospheric drag on satellites was under active study at the time, in Jastrow and Pearse 1957, Parkyn 1958, Wildhack 1958, Brouwer and Hori 1961, Westerman 1963, and Geyling 1964, with the oblateness terms that dominate the orbit’s other secular behaviour in King-Hele 1958, Blitzer 1959, and Message 1960. Oblateness and drag are not independent, since the flattening changes the density a satellite meets at a given altitude and therefore its lifetime, which is Johnston 1966, and it torques the body as well, in Schlegel 1966. Locating an object of this kind remained hard enough to sustain a separate literature, in Moriarty 1966 and Lubowe 1969.

What the Ten Flights Support Statistically

Six of ten is a success rate of 0.6, and the standard error is

\[\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}} = \sqrt{\frac{0.24}{10}} = 0.155\]

against the Atlas A at 0.50 plus or minus 0.177, taking four successes in eight as the previous article does. The improvement is 0.10, and pooling the two programmes gives a pooled proportion of 0.556 and a standard error on the difference of

\[\sigma_{\Delta} = \sqrt{p(1-p) \left( \frac{1}{n_{A}} + \frac{1}{n_{B}} \right)} = 0.236\]

so

\[z = \frac{0.10}{0.236} = 0.42\]

The official history credits the A series with three successes rather than four, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 205. On that count the Atlas A rate is 0.375, the improvement is 0.225, the pooled proportion is 0.500, and

\[z = \frac{0.225}{\sqrt{0.25 \left( \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{10} \right)}} = \frac{0.225}{0.237} = 0.95\]

which is still short of any conventional threshold of significance.

The Atlas B is not measurably more reliable than the Atlas A even though it carried more systems and did far more. That is not a criticism of either. The limit lies in what eighteen flights can support, and the previous article made the same point about eight. Reaching a five-percentage-point standard error would need

\[n = \frac{p(1-p)}{\sigma^{2}} = 99 \, \text{flights}\]

which is not how a missile programme establishes reliability. The statistical machinery for doing better than counting successes arrived later and is Taylor and Price 1974, whose covariance analysis propagates component errors through a guidance loop without requiring flights at all. A programme that cannot afford a hundred flights must substitute analysis for sampling, and that substitution is the intellectual content of the reliability discipline that followed. Reliability came from the Difficulties Review process instead, and the five surviving volumes of General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, and General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966 are what that looked like written down. The flight test reports for individual missiles are General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961.

Placing the failures on the mass and acceleration history makes the pattern sharper. At the combined mass flow of 676.2 kilogrammes per second computed above, the first failure at T plus 43 seconds occurred with

\[m = 117{,}900 - 676.2 \times 43 = 88{,}823 \, \text{kg}\]

still aboard, which is before maximum dynamic pressure and during the phase where the vehicle is least controllable, so a flight control failure there is the least surprising of the four. The turbopump failure at T plus 82 seconds came after

\[676.2 \times 82 = 55{,}448 \, \text{kg}\]

or 49.3 percent of the propellant load had passed through the machinery, which is a plausible point for a wear or thermal failure rather than a start transient. The loss of thrust at T plus 121 seconds is the most informative, since nominal booster cutoff is near 135 seconds and the vehicle at that moment has

\[m = 36{,}080 \, \text{kg}, \qquad \frac{F_{\text{tot}}}{mg} = 5.38\]

so it failed fourteen seconds short of staging at more than five times its own weight. Three of the four failures are in the booster phase and none is in a system the Atlas B introduced.

The failure causes point away from the new systems. Flight control on the first, a turbopump on the fifth, a premature shutdown on the sixth, and a loss of thrust on the ninth are all propulsion and control faults rather than guidance, separation, or nose cone faults. The systems the Atlas B was built to prove are not the systems that broke, which repeats the pattern the Atlas A showed when its structure survived and its plumbing did not.

Comparison With Ground Prediction

What Could Be Tested on the Ground

The engine could be tested, and was, on stands that ran full-duration burns. The specification in Scott 1963 is a document produced by that process. The guidance computation could be tested against simulated trajectories, in the manner of Juarez 1961. The nose cone could be tested in shock tunnels and on sounding rockets, as Stetson 1964 and Thomas and Perlbachs 1967 describe.

What Could Not

The separation event could not be reproduced at all. It occurs at about a hundred pascals of dynamic pressure, which is a vacuum by any ground standard, with two bodies of very different mass separating under thrust while a plume expands into the gap between them. Jet interference at that altitude was measured by Binion et al 1962 and Binion 1964, and those papers exist because no ground facility of the period could do it. A wind tunnel can produce the Mach number or the pressure altitude but not both at scale with a running engine.

The ground wind loads on the pad could be measured and were, and they were a genuine problem. A slender pressure-stabilised vehicle standing on a launcher in a crosswind sheds vortices and responds to them, and the Atlas is the vehicle the extreme-value analysis of that problem was written about, in Miller 1967. The general treatment spans Buell 1964, Bohne 1964, and the meeting record in Meeting on Ground Wind 1966, with buffet pressures for the Mercury and Atlas configuration collated in Shelton 1966 and the launch-vehicle buffeting problem surveyed in Rainey 1964. This is the one part of the flight environment the ground could reproduce well, because the vehicle is stationary and the wind is real.

The cutoff transient could not be reproduced in the flight configuration. A static test measures thrust decay against a rigid stand. In flight the same decay acts on a vehicle whose structure is a pressurised membrane, whose propellant is sloshing, and whose acceleration is falling through the transient. The measurement that matters, the total impulse delivered after the command, is the one the stand cannot reproduce, so the article’s error budget rests on flight data.

The accuracy could not be measured better than the range could measure it. This deserves a relation rather than an assertion, because it sets a hard requirement on the ground segment. An imperfect instrument inflates the measured scatter in quadrature,

\[\sigma_{\text{meas}}^{2} = \sigma_{\text{true}}^{2} + \sigma_{\text{inst}}^{2}\]

so holding the apparent inflation below a fraction $\eta$ requires

\[\frac{\sigma_{\text{inst}}}{\sigma_{\text{true}}} \leq \sqrt{(1 + \eta)^{2} - 1}\]

which for a five percent ceiling gives 0.320, or an instrument 3.1 times better than the missile it is certifying. In the units used throughout that is 0.196 metres per second of range measurement error against a 0.613 metre per second budget. A ground station accurate to a few metres per second cannot certify a missile required to be accurate to two thirds of one, so the instrumentation had to be improved alongside the weapon. That is a recurring shape in this series and appeared already in the X-7 and X-10 articles.

What the Data Changed

Into the Operational Force

The Atlas B fed directly into the C, D, E, and F variants and into the first American operational intercontinental ballistic missile force. The radio guidance the B flew stayed through the D and was replaced by all-inertial guidance in the E and F, as the force-structure chart in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 214 records. The drift budget derived above says that transition was nearer than it looks, since the requirement is a third of a degree per hour against period instruments at of order one, so

\[\frac{\varepsilon_{\text{period}}}{\varepsilon_{\text{required}}} \approx \frac{1.0}{0.329} = 3.0\]

A factor of three, not the orders of magnitude the gap between the B and the F might suggest. What took the time was not the gyroscope but everything around it, namely the calibration, the alignment on the pad, the thermal control, and the confidence that a system with no external reference could be trusted with the mission, and none of those appears in the error budget. The Atlas force was short-lived as a weapon. After the November 1964 election Secretary McNamara announced the retirement of all first-generation missiles in 1965, and the last Atlas squadron came off alert on 12 April 1965, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at pages 233 to 235. The reason is that a cryogenic missile requiring lengthy fuelling was overtaken by storable and solid-fuelled weapons that could be launched in minutes. The inertial systems that replaced radio guidance in the E and F are treated in Whitcombe 1961, Broxmeyer 1962, Larson 1965 for the contemporary Titan III, Amacker and Graff 1965 on how such systems were tested, and Widnall et al 1974 on improving the observability of their error sources, with the precise-timing dependency in Ehrsam et al 1978. The manned application the launcher inherited appears in Boynton 1967.

Into the Launch Vehicle Line

The more consequential inheritance is the one SCORE announced. The Atlas became a launch vehicle and stayed one for decades, flying Mercury, the Agena upper stage, Centaur, and a long series of planetary missions. The transition required no new capability, only a different payload, which is the quantitative content of the twenty-one percent burnout mass trade computed above. Atlas-Centaur staging and separation are documented in Heath et al 1965 and Heath et al 1967, the interstage structural behaviour in Lall 1965, and the propellant utilisation lineage in Ringland and Stubblefield 1965 and Berns et al 1968.

Why the Atlas Lost the Weapon Role

This article has spent its length on accuracy, yet accuracy is not what decided the Atlas force’s fate. The vehicle was retired from the weapon role by 1965, less than seven years after the X-12 first flew, and the cause is arithmetic of a different kind.

An intercontinental ballistic missile arrives in 34.3 minutes, as computed above from the range law. Warning of a launch arrives strictly later than the launch, so the time available to respond is less than that. The Atlas burns liquid oxygen, which cannot be stored aboard indefinitely, so a round held on alert must be fuelled before it can be fired. The Air Force required a reaction time of fifteen minutes, and the official history records that the caution needed in fuelling the missile immediately before launch prevented the Atlas from meeting it, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 214. Even the requirement it missed is a large fraction of the flight time,

\[\frac{t_{\text{req}}}{t_{\text{flight}}} = \frac{15}{34.3} = 0.44\]

and the documented countdown loaded fuel from T minus 12 minutes 15 seconds and liquid oxygen until T minus 1 minute 10 seconds, at page 203 of the same history, so loading alone began

\[\frac{t_{\text{load}}}{t_{\text{flight}}} = \frac{12.25}{34.3} = 0.36\]

of the adversary’s flight time before launch. A missile whose required reaction time is forty-four percent of the adversary’s flight time, and which could not meet even that, is not a second-strike weapon, and no improvement in accuracy repairs that. The problem is worse than the ratio suggests, because boil-off means a loaded vehicle cannot simply be held loaded. Against an ullage margin $\mu$ the holding time before a top-up is required is

\[t_{\text{hold}} = \frac{\mu}{\dot{m} / m}\]

so a five percent margin against a one percent per day loss gives

\[t_{\text{hold}} = \frac{0.05}{0.01} = 5 \, \text{days}\]

Readiness therefore has a clock on it even when nothing is wrong, which makes indefinite alert impossible in principle rather than merely inconvenient, and every top-up is a maintenance action on a fuelled weapon.

The cryogenic literature of the period is unusually direct about how hard this was. Storage vessel design is Hallett et al 1960, the measurement of boil-off itself is Jacobs 1964 and Flack et al 1969, and subcritical storage under varying acceleration is Polk 1962. Transferring the fluid without warming or contaminating it is Humphrey 1961 and Greenfield 1960, with contamination as a distinct hazard in Foster et al 1960 and Foster 1961, and the overpressure behaviour of a liquid oxygen and kerosene combination in Smalley 1961. Discharging a large tank without collapsing its pressure is a further problem, and pressure collapse is what a balloon tank cannot tolerate, in Nein and Head 1962, with the pressurisation systems that answer it in Morey and Koshar 1961, Coxe and Tatom 1962, and Kaplan 1961. Every one of those documents is a reason the storable and solid-fuelled competitors won, and none of them is about accuracy.

Minuteman, which replaced it, loads nothing. A solid motor is ready when it is built, and a propellant choice made the Atlas’s careful accuracy engineering irrelevant. The keystone this article identified is real and was decisive for whether the weapon worked, and it was not decisive for whether the weapon was kept, and the distinction needs drawing explicitly because an article organised around a keystone will tend to blur it. Alert-rate economics is treated in Kravitsky 2007, the post-Cold-War role to O’Rourke 2010, and silo deployment survivability as an optimisation is Dai et al 2019.

The consolation is that the launch vehicle role had no such requirement. A satellite launch can wait for its propellant, and every property that made the Atlas a poor weapon after 1962 was irrelevant to the mission it then performed for forty years.

Into the Communications Satellite

SCORE established three things that were not obvious in 1958. A satellite could carry a useful payload rather than a beacon, a spacecraft could be commanded from the ground to record and replay, and the entire upper stage could serve as the spacecraft. The store-and-forward duty cycle of four percent computed above is the constraint that drove the next decade toward higher orbits, and the geostationary answer was already being written down in Handelsman 1959 before SCORE flew. SCORE made the argument about orbits practical instead of theoretical.

Its immediate successor makes the lineage explicit. Project Courier took the store-and-forward architecture SCORE had flown and built a purpose-designed satellite around it, in Maresca 1960 and Mottley et al 1960, and the tape recorder that had been the weak component became a research subject, in Clement 1965 on qualifying one for launch vibration and Bahm and Hoffman 1971 on making one last in orbit. The four percent duty cycle was attacked from both ends at once, by raising the orbit so the satellite was visible for longer and by making the relay active so that nothing needed storing at all, and the active-repeater line runs through Aein 1964, Blum 1966, and Horvath and Blum 1966. The system studies that followed are Whelan 1968 and Sundstrom and Brown 1969. Within a decade the store-and-forward satellite had become a special case rather than the only case, the ordinary fate of a first demonstration.

The Contemporary Literature

Cluster	Records
Geodesy, the gravity field and the figure of the Earth	1,666
Communications satellites, store and forward and constellations	947
Inertial instruments and navigation	952
Reentry vehicles, nose cones and thermal protection	921
Liquid rocket engines, turbopumps and combustion	804
Launch vehicle design, cost and reusability	647
Missile defence, interception and target tracking	526
Orbits, drag and orbital lifetime	514
Flexible vehicle dynamics, slosh, pogo and the autopilot	470
Guidance, accuracy and the error budget	442
Space debris, spent stages and reentry risk	406
Nuclear strategy, deterrence and arms control	313
Missile systems and their engineering	309
Cryogenic propellant, boil-off and readiness	281
Onboard trajectory optimisation, ascent and powered descent	270
Ground radio guidance, tracking and range instrumentation	256
Staging, separation and the separation shock	220
Telemetry blackout and the reentry plasma	205
Satellite navigation denial, jamming and spoofing	194
Propellant utilisation, shutdown, throttling and the verniers	168
The Atlas and its programme	147
Rocket engine health monitoring and fault detection	117
Other spaceflight and missile literature	61
Total	10,836

The relations this article derives are settled, and the thin-subject counts in The Source Base show that the relations themselves are rarely the subject of a title. The subjects they serve are another matter. Each is still an active research field, and in several cases the modern work is a direct continuation of the period problem rather than a distant relative.

What the Same Chain Requires Today

The most useful way into the modern literature is to run this arithmetic forward. The range law has not changed, so the accuracy chain can be recomputed against a modern requirement by substituting a smaller circular error probable.

\[\delta v = \frac{\text{CEP}}{dR/dv}, \qquad \varepsilon_{a} \leq \frac{\delta v}{t}, \qquad \varepsilon_{g} \leq \frac{2 \, \delta v}{g t^{2}}\]

Circular error probable	Speed budget	Fractional	Accelerometer bias	Gyroscope drift
3,704 m, the Atlas assumption	0.613 m/s	1 in 11,729	223 micro-g	0.329 deg/hr
500 m	0.083 m/s	1 in 86,887	30.2 micro-g	0.0444 deg/hr
120 m	0.0199 m/s	1 in 362,029	7.24 micro-g	0.0107 deg/hr
90 m	0.0149 m/s	1 in 482,705	5.43 micro-g	0.0080 deg/hr

A hundred-metre weapon requires its burnout speed correct to one part in three hundred and sixty thousand, which is two centimetres per second, and instruments about thirty-one times better than the Atlas needed in both bias and drift. Neither number is exotic today and both were unreachable in 1958.

The consequence for warhead design is what shaped the arsenals. Carrying the cube-root yield scaling through the same improvement,

\[\frac{Y_{1}}{Y_{2}} = \left( \frac{\text{CEP}_{1}}{\text{CEP}_{2}} \right)^{3} = \left( \frac{3704}{120} \right)^{3} = 2.94 \times 10^{4}\]

A warhead delivered to a hundred and twenty metres does the work of one nearly thirty thousand times larger delivered to two nautical miles. That single ratio is why megaton-class weapons gave way to sub-megaton ones, why accuracy rather than yield became the currency of the arsenals, and why the guidance engineering this article describes mattered more than any other line of work in the programme. The trade was first posed quantitatively on the Atlas B, and the subsections below follow what happened to each term in it. Arthur and Kemp 2025 assess where the accuracy of such systems now stands, and Acton 2025 and Ashraf and Haq 2023 take up the strategic consequence of the yield ratio.

Geodesy and the Largest Uncertainty

The flattening of the Earth is 5.8 times the miss budget, and the oblate field displaces the impact point by of order 34 kilometres. Both are now solved problems, and the discipline that solved them is unrecognisably larger than the one the primary references describe.

Satellite gravimetry became a dedicated mission class, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE, and its follow-on, GRACE-FO, with processing methods in Zhao and Li 2025 and the technique now being flown on small satellites in Paul et al 2026 and applied to other bodies in Yan et al 2025. Airborne gravimetry fills the gaps, in Timilsina 2025, Dransfield and Miller 2025, and Dandan et al 2026, and marine recovery from altimetry is Han et al 2026.

Global geopotential models are now evaluated rather than derived, a mark of a mature field, and the evaluation literature is regional and continuous, in Bako 2026, Abdulmumin et al 2026, Mohamed Issa and Mohammad Abboud 2026, Dawod et al 2026, Mphuthi 2025, Othman et al 2025, and Dawod and Hussien 2025. The deflection of the vertical, which the primary references treat as the central obstacle, now supports datasets combining modern and historical observation, in Schreutelkamp and Hirt 2026.

The datum problem, that two continents surveyed separately are two coordinate systems, has become a routine adjustment. National frames are realigned to international ones in Mamdouh et al 2026, Akresh 2026, Lee and Yun 2025, Diouf et al 2026, and Kresnawan and Panuntun 2025, the reference frame itself is maintained through Li et al 2026 and Goudarzi 2025, and satellite laser ranging contributes in Ren et al 2026 and Wilkinson 2026. Vertical datums are being unified globally in Inoue and Guimarães 2025, Kekunamullage et al 2026, and Mphuthi 2026. A targeting organisation in 1958 could not know a target’s coordinates to the tolerance its own guidance system met. That is no longer the binding term anywhere.

Inertial Navigation Moves Back Aboard

The Atlas put its velocity measurement on the ground because integrating an accelerometer was marginal. The instruments improved, the measurement moved aboard, and then satellite navigation moved it outside the vehicle altogether. The current literature is about it moving back, because a signal from outside can be denied.

Instrument performance is characterised in Kariminejad et al 2026 on error propagation in static microelectromechanical system units, Kozlov et al 2026 on long-term calibration stability, Zhang et al 2026 on temperature drift compensation in a fibre-optic gyroscope, and Yang and Ni 2026 on online drift compensation. Gravity-aided inertial navigation closes the loop with the previous subsection, since it navigates by the same field the geodesists mapped, in Ahmadian 2026. Other aiding sources are Abdollahi and Pourtakdoust 2026 and Praczyk and Zalewski 2026.

The denial problem is Zmyslowski and Kelner 2026 on situational awareness of jamming and spoofing, Zeng et al 2026 on countermeasures, Vince et al 2026 on collaborative integrity monitoring, and Karlitepe 2026 on antenna-level interference mitigation. The Atlas depended on a radio link and could be denied by attacking the ground station. A modern vehicle depends on a radio link and can be denied by attacking the signal. The architectural question the Atlas posed remains open, and in the same terms.

Ascent Guidance Solved Onboard

The Atlas computed corrections on the ground because it could not compute them in the air. Modern vehicles solve a constrained optimal control problem in flight, and the enabling result is that the problem can be posed convexly. The line runs through Hwang 2019 and Miao et al 2022 for ascent and, more actively, through the powered-descent literature that shares the mathematics, in Wang and Chen 2026, Su et al 2026, Su et al 2026, Gao et al 2026, Zhang et al 2025, and Li et al 2025. Ascent for a Mars vehicle, the closest modern analogue to the Atlas problem because it is a small vehicle with no margin, is Li et al 2025 and Guo et al 2026. The chance-constrained formulations are the direct descendants of the flight performance reserve computed above, since both answer the question of how much margin a dispersion requires, and the modern version optimises the reserve instead of allocating it at three standard deviations.

Staging, Separation, and the Shock the Atlas Accepted

Separation is now a multibody simulation problem, in Pamadi et al 2016, Albertson et al 2012, Zhang et al 2022, Yan et al 2025, Kumar et al 2023, and Nasiri et al 2025. Interstage structural design is De Luca et al 2026 for hot staging, Nair et al 2023, and Raouf et al 2020.

The most telling thread is the effort to get rid of the explosive bolts the Atlas B introduced. A pyrotechnic separation delivers a shock the payload must survive, characterised in Xie et al 2026, Yang et al 2023, Xiong et al 2021, and Boliubash 2025, with the aeroelastic behaviour of the separating plate in Yao and Liu 2022. Low-shock and non-pyrotechnic alternatives are surveyed in Yue et al 2022 and pursued in Ermakov et al 2025. A mechanism chosen in 1958 for absolute reliability is now the component the field most wants to replace, a fair summary of what changes when a technology stops being marginal.

The Transient That Forced the Verniers

The sharpest propulsion result above is that the tail-off impulse uncertainty is 1.8 times the budget. The modern literature attacks that uncertainty directly rather than working around it. Start and shutdown transients are simulated in detail, deep throttling is Fiore et al 2026 and Zhou et al 2026, turbopump cavitation is reviewed in Wan et al 2026 with supersonic turbine design in Wei et al 2026, and film cooling is Yang et al 2025.

Health monitoring is the capability that would have changed the Atlas B flight record most. Three of its four failures were propulsion faults, and Cha and Ko 2025 and Zhang et al 2024 detect that class of fault from sensor data. The propellant utilisation function shown above to be worth forty-five error budgets is now a sensing problem, in Anisha Selva Kala et al 2025. A vehicle that knows its own mixture ratio in flight does not need to reserve propellant against not knowing it.

Structural Dynamics and the Balloon Tank

The autopilot bandwidth must sit in a window of 31, and the first bending mode moves during the ascent because the shell is pressure-stabilised. Pogo suppression under model reduction is Zhao and Tan 2026, Raji et al 2019, and Nikolayev et al 2026, slosh coupled to control is Pei 2021 and Feng et al 2020, and load relief against wind is Song et al 2022 and Ivanco et al 2020.

Reentry From the Other Side

The Allen and Eggers relations this article uses remain the first cut, and the refinement is now computational and material. Ablation-resistant materials are Kim et al 2026 and Hou et al 2022, boundary layer transition is Chen et al 2026 and Zeng et al 2026, and trajectory optimisation for a constrained reentry body is Byczkowski and Rao 2026, Dai et al 2026, and Webb et al 2026.

The estimation problem of the test range has become somebody else’s targeting problem. Schweppe 1964 estimated a reentry body’s ballistic coefficient from tracking data to reconstruct a test flight. Andaristiyan et al 2026 and Liu et al 2026 do the same estimation to predict where an object will arrive, and Asad et al 2020 and Li et al 2023 do it to intercept one. The same relation serves the programme that built the weapon and the programme that exists to defeat it, an arrangement unusual even in this field.

Communication Blackout

S-band tolerates seventy-seven times the ionisation that very high frequency does. That square law is still the governing constraint and the mitigation literature is active, in Maria.M. Abustia and Marwa Ali Alzwam 2026 on millimetre-wave links, Maicke et al 2026 on magnetic thin films that alter the sheath, and Luc et al 2026 on oblique propagation through an inhomogeneous plasma. Raising the frequency remains the primary answer sixty years later, because the physics offers no other free parameter.

The First Communications Satellite Was Also the First Deliberate Debris

SCORE placed an entire stage in orbit and left it there. The modern literature treats that as a hazard, in Trushlyakov et al 2024 on passivating propellant residues, Aslanov and Sizov 2020 and Ingram 2026 on removing spent stages, and Pang et al 2026 and Borelli and Colombo 2026 on capture and removal mission design. Environment modelling and mitigation practice are Dhinakaran et al 2025, Bennett 2025, and Navaz and Ntantis 2026.

The reentry that ended a thirty-four day orbital lifetime is now a risk calculation. Casualty criteria are Yuricich 2026 and Öztürk et al 2026, survivability is Stern 2008 and Liu et al 2026, and uncontrolled reentries are now tracked seismically in Fernando and Charalambous 2026. SCORE reentered over an empty world with nothing below it worth insuring. That assumption expired.

Store and Forward Became a Constellation

SCORE’s duty cycle was four percent, meaning it could store four minutes of the ninety-nine and a half it spent out of contact each revolution. The modern answer is not a better recorder but more satellites. Constellation design and capacity are Hu et al 2026, Cai et al 2026, Meegama 2026, Qin et al 2025, and Shao et al 2025, inter-satellite links that remove the store entirely are Ren et al 2025, and the store-and-forward idea survives where the economics still favour it, in Yermolenko and Ferguson 2025 on Arctic sensor traffic and Wang and Wang 2025 on delay-tolerant networking. Link budgets of the kind computed here for SCORE are routine in Tishkov and Fokin 2026 and Benabdellah 2026. A four percent duty cycle is acceptable when there are enough satellites that some other one is always overhead, a solution by quantity, not by design, and was unavailable to a programme that could fly ten vehicles.

Boil-Off, the Atlas’s Actual Cause of Death

On the argument above, the Atlas lost its role because a cryogenic missile cannot be held ready, with a five day holding time against a five percent ullage margin. That constraint is now the subject of a substantial research programme, because a mission to Mars faces the same physics over years rather than days. A systematic review is Eko et al 2026 and an account of the physics and the zero boil-off strategies for chemical and nuclear propulsion is Chung 2026, zero boil-off demonstration is Zhang et al 2026, insulation approaches are Lee et al 2026 and Yu et al 2026, stratification and transient behaviour is Jusko et al 2026, and loading operations are Wang et al 2026. What killed the Atlas as a weapon is being solved for reasons that have nothing to do with weapons, and a modern vehicle with zero boil-off storage would not have had the problem that retired it.

Accuracy, Deterrence, and the Argument the Article Started

The yield-versus-accuracy scaling derived above is the quantitative core of the counterforce debate, which is active and unresolved. Acton 2025 and Rehman 2025 argue over whether accuracy has made counterforce attractive, Korea Research Institute for Strategy et al 2026 adds drones to the same question, Uzzaman and Rana 2025 treats the resulting modernisation pressures, and Bowers and Hiim 2021 and Ashraf and Haq 2023 examine regional cases. Deterrence credibility as a separate question is Kabaoğlu 2026, Traore 2026, Banevičienė 2026, and Hunter 2026. The defensive side prices the same arithmetic in reverse, in Moric and Kadyshev 2025 on the cost of defending against a major strike, Sanbad 2025, and Kumar 2022, while manoeuvring vehicles that defeat prediction are Zhang et al 2026 and Huang et al 2024. The Atlas B’s contribution to all of it is that it demonstrated the delivery, and every argument since has been about what the delivery is worth.

The Objective Function Inverted

The Atlas was designed to minimise mass because mass was the binding constraint. Jo and Ahn 2021 optimises staging against velocity losses, the calibration inherited here, and Jo and Ahn 2022 replaces minimum mass with minimum lifecycle cost. Sabaghzadeh and Khansari 2022 treats it as multi-objective, and Jo et al 2021 analyses staging and injection performance together in the way the orbital margin section above does. Reusability economics is Du et al 2025, Lee et al 2026, and Khamlak 2026, the control problems it creates are Li et al 2026, Tariq et al 2026, Xu et al 2025, and Ren et al 2025, and the endpoint of an argument the Atlas started by making mass fraction the only thing that mattered is Christie 2026 on launch cost deflation as an economic phenomenon in its own right.

Geodesy, the gravity field and the figure of the Earth

The largest cluster, and the discipline the accuracy requirement exposed. The geoid, gravity anomalies and the deflection of the vertical, zonal and tesseral harmonics determined from satellite orbits, satellite laser ranging, airborne and satellite gravimetry, global geopotential models and their regional evaluation, geodetic datums and their unification, and the terrestrial reference frame. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer, GRACE and GOCE, are named in 93 titles, and a datum in 231, which is the modern literature continuing both halves of the problem the article identifies, the shape of the field and the tie between separately surveyed coordinate systems.

1,666 records. [A discrete downward continuation] [A study of the 1970] [A.H. et al 2014] [Abbak and Seitz 2026] [Abbasi et al 2006] [Abbondanza et al 2020] [Abbondanza et al 2026] [Abd Rahman and Md Din 2020] [Abd-Elmotaal and Kühtreiber 2020] [Abdalla and Tenzer 2012] [Abdel Aziz 2023] [Abdelmoula 1999] [Abdulmumin et al 2026] [Abidin 2018] [Abidin et al 2005] [Abou-Beih and Al-Garni 1996] [Achilli et al 1983] [Achtermann 1984] [Aduol 1993] [Aduol 1997] [Agajelu and Moka 1989] [Ahmadian 2026] [Ahmadian and Zakeri gatabi 2025] [Ahmed 2019] [Akbar Wahyu Nugraha and Dudy Darmawan Wijaya 2024] [Akresh 2026] [Al-Toobi et al 2014] [Albayrak et al 2019] [Albertella and Sacerdote 1995] [Alberts 2009] [Alberts et al] [Alemu 2023] [Alfredsson and Ågren 2025] [Allen 1960] [Altamimi 2009] [Altamimi et al 1993] [Altamimi et al 2002] [Altamimi et al 2002] [Altamimi et al 2005] [Altamimi et al 2005] [Altamimi et al 2011] [Altamimi et al 2016] [Altamimi et al 2017] [Altuntas et al 2024] [Alvito et al 2025] [Amarjargal and Bulgan 2019] [Amin et al 2019] [Amin et al 2020] [Aminah and Anjasmara 2021] [Amjadiparvar et al 2013] [Amjadiparvar et al 2015] [Ammar et al 2018] [Amos and Featherstone 2008] [Amos et al] [Amos et al] [Ampatzidis and Melachroinos 2017] [An Equivalent Propellant Sloshing 2018] [An et al 2021] [An et al 2021] [An et al 2023] [Anderle 1966] [Anderle et al 1977] [Andersen 1995] [Andersen 2012] [Anderson et al 2000] [Andritsanos et al 2022] [Anfiloff 1979] [Angermann et al 2000] [Angermann et al 2000] [Angermann et al 2010] [Angermann et al 2011] [Angermann et al] [Angermann et al] [Angus-Leppan 1984] [Annan et al 2023] [Ansari 2017] [Antoni 2022] [Aparicio and Floría 1999] [Appendix B Functions associated 1998] [Appleby et al 2016] [Arabelos and Tscherning 1988] [Arabelos and Tscherning 1991] [Arabelos and Tziavos 1995] [Ardalan and Grafarend 2001] [Ardalan and Safari 2005] [Ardalan et al 2002] [Ardalan et al 2009] [Argentiero et al 1976] [Arnas and Casanova 2020] [Arndt et al 2011] [Arnold 2013] [Arnold 2013] [Arnold et al 2018] [Arnold et al 1977] [Ashenberg and Broucke 1993] [Ashkenazi et al 1990] [Ashry et al 2022] [Augath et al 1998] [Austen et al 2002] [Avsar et al 2015] [Awad and Hassan 1995] [Ayres-Sampaio et al 2015] [Azhari et al 2020] [Azmin et al 2024] [Azmin et al 2024] [Aït-Lakbir et al 2026] [Baarda and Alberda 1962] [Backus et al 1985] [Badekas and Mueller 1968] [Bagherbandi and Tenzer 2013] [Bajrami Lubishtani et al 2023] [Bako 2026] [Bako and Kusche 2023] [Bako et al 2022] [Bako et al 2024] [Ballay et al 2002] [Balmino 2003] [Balmino et al 1976] [Baltic Sea Chart Datum] [Bangert and Cunningham 1988] [Barthelmes and Dietrich 1991] [Barzaghi et al 2016] [Barzaghi et al 2026] [Basic Observation Concepts and 2003] [Bastos et al 2001] [Batrakov 1963] [Baumann et al 2011] [Bayari and Sadoun 2011] [Bayoud and Sideris 2003] [Becker and Becker 2015] [Becker et al 2015] [Belikov and Petrovskaya 1991] [Bell et al 1991] [Bell et al 1992] [Berg et al 2018] [Berger and Ligier 1978] [Bernstein and Janssen 2021] [Betti and Sansò] [Bhattacharji 1970] [Bhattacharji 1973] [Bhattacharji 1980] [Bhattacharji 1984] [Bhattacharji and Ray 1981] [Bian et al 2025] [Bian et al 2026] [Bidel et al 2020] [Bitharis et al 2017] [Bizouard and Gambis 2009] [Bjerhammar 1969] [Bjerhammar 1969] [Blaha 1983] [Blais and Provins 2003] [Blewitt 2015] [Blewitt et al 1992] [Blewitt et al 2013] [Blick et al 2009] [Blitzer 1957] [Blitzer 1959] [Blitzkow and Fairhead 1995] [Bloßfeld et al 2015] [Blume 1975] [Bláha et al 1996] [Bob 2011] [Boedecker and Stürze] [Boedecker et al 1995] [Bogdanov and Golovan 2017] [Bolotin and Doroshin 2011] [Bolotin and Doroshin 2011] [Bolotin and Vyazmin 2015] [Bolotin and Vyazmin 2017] [Bolotin and Vyazmin 2018] [Bolotin and Vyazmin 2021] [Bonnin et al 2022] [Bosch] [Bosch 2003] [Bosch et al 2000] [Bosy et al 2009] [Botai and Combrinck 2012] [Botai et al 2013] [Botai et al 2016] [Bouchard 1988] [Boucher 1990] [Boucher and Altamimi 1986] [Boucher and Altamimi 1993] [Boucher et al 1990] [Boucher et al 1998] [Bouman 2011] [Bouman and Koop 2001] [Bowie 1917] [Boyarsky et al 2010] [Boyarsky et al 2010] [Brace and Shultz 1980] [Bredlau 2026] [Brennecke and Lelgemann 1983] [Brennecke and Lelgemann 1984] [Brito et al 2015] [Brockmann et al 2021] [Brookes 1994] [Brown et al 1967] [Brown 1975] [Brown et al 1983] [Brozena 1984] [Brozena 1991] [Brozena and Peters 1995] [Brozena et al 1989] [Bruni] [Brunner 1984] [Brunner 1984] [Bruton et al 2002] [Bu et al 2026] [Bucha and Sansò 2021] [Buchar 1958] [Burke et al 1996] [Bury et al 2018] [Bury et al 2019] [Bury et al 2021] [Burša 1974] [Burša 1974] [Burša 1997] [Burša and Pěč 1993] [Burša et al 1990] [Bużantowicz 2015] [Byrns and Morford 1976] [Böckmann et al 2009] [Böhm et al 2025] [Cai 2014] [Cai and Fang 2022] [Cai et al 2013] [Cai et al 2013] [Campbell 1963] [Canuto and Colangelo 2014] [Cao et al 2023] [Carlton-Wippern 1988] [Carman and Gibson 1967] [Carrera-Hernández 2020] [Carrión et al 2023] [Carrión et al 2023] [Carter and Robertson 1990] [Castro et al 2014] [Cavallari and Pucacco 2022] [Cazenave and Ferestier 1971] [Celms et al 2017] [Chao 2024] [Chao and Chan 1992] [Chapter IV Gravitational Potential 1967] [Chapter V Determination of 1967] [Chapter VIII Determination of 1967] [Charles and Hipkin 1995] [Chatzinikos and Delva 2026] [Che et al 2021] [Chen 1995] [Chen et al 2019] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen* 2019] [Cheng and Liu 1997] [Cheng and Tapley 1999] [Cheng et al 2013] [Cheng et al 2020] [Cheng et al 2021] [Chidambararaj and Sharma 2016] [Childers et al 1999] [Chin et al 2020] [Chin et al 2023] [Chin et al 2026] [Chirila and Mihalache 2013] [Chiu and Shih 2014] [Chovitz 1974] [Chovitz and Fischer 1959] [Chovitz 1972] [Chunfeng et al 2025] [Chymyrov et al 2020] [Ciufolini 1990] [Clarke 1980] [Clement 1994] [Clemmons 1965] [Clemmons 1965] [Collilieux and Altamimi] [Collilieux and Altamimi 2012] [Collilieux et al 2010] [Collilieux et al 2010] [Colombo 1979] [Colombo 1992] [Combrinck 2010] [Comfort 1973] [Comparison of Modern Global 2019] [Compton and Tolson 1966] [Compton and Tolson 1967] [Construction of mm-Level Terrestrial 2009] [Cook 1953] [Cook 1963] [Cook 1963] [Cook 1965] [Cook 1966] [Costa et al 2000] [Coulot et al] [Crocetto and Russo 1996] [Crocetto and Russo 1996] [Crook et al 2016] [Cubic Corp San Diego Ca 1961] [Cui 1990] [Cui et al 2019] [Basil et al 2021] [Danuskhkodi 2001] [Denker 1989] [Dzhuman 2023] [Edirisinghe et al 2024] [Fang et al 2024] [Fang et al 2025] [Fauzan et al 2023] [Fazilova et al 2018] [Gaposchkin 1983] [Gargula 2025] [Goli et al 2019] [Grafarend 1971] [Guo et al 2021] [Huang et al 1964] [Jia et al 2023] [Jordan 1972] [Kaloop et al 2021] [Kearsley and Holloway 1989] [Kinghele 1974] [Kozai 1963] [Kudas and Wnęk 2022] [Kusuma et al 2022] [Li and Hou 2023] [Li et al 2023] [Lin et al 2024] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2021] [Ma et al 2023] [MacQueen 2010] [D7.1 Satellite laser ranging 2003] [Da Silva and Correia de Freitas 2019] [Da Silva et al 2016] [da Silva Fernandes 1989] [da Silva Fernandes and de Moraes 1989] [Daho 2010] [Dai et al 2015] [Dalazoana et al 2007] [Dale and Cox 1972] [Dandan et al 2026] [Daoudi] [Daras et al 2010] [Darling 1948] [Darmansyah Putra Perdana and Heliani 2017] [Data analysis in connection 1968] [Data analysis in connection 1969] [Datum problems] [Datum Transformations and Projections 2006] [Daugherty 1981] [Davis and Gilbreath 1998] [Dawod and Al-Krargy 2025] [Dawod and Haggag 2025] [Dawod and Hussien 2025] [Dawod et al 2010] [Dawod et al 2019] [Dawod et al 2026] [Dayoub 2026] [Dayoub 2026] [de Campos 1993] [de França et al 2022] [de Freitas et al 2002] [Deccia et al 2020] [Defense Mapping Agency Washington Dc 1975] [Degnan] [Degnan 1993] [Degnan 1997] [Degnan 1998] [Degnan 1999] [Degnan 2024] [Degnan and McGarry 1997] [Dehls et al 2022] [Delgado and Rodrigues 2022] [Delhaise 1991] [Delhaise 1994] [Demianov et al 2000] [Demir 2017] [Deng 2015] [Denker et al] [Denker et al 1995] [Dequal et al 2021] [Dermanis 1985] [Dermanis 1998] [Design of FIR Lowpass 2000] [Despotakis 1987] [Determination of Earth Gravity 2008] [Determination of Moving-Base Acceleration 2003] [Deurloo et al 2011] [Development of the geodetic 2012] [Devote and Hart 2025] [Dickman 1990] [Dimitrov 2019] [Dimitrov et al 2020] [Din et al 2016] [Diouf et al 2026] [Dirkx et al 2014] [Ditmar et al] [Ditmar et al 2011] [Dobaczewska 1968] [Doerflinger et al 1997] [Doganalp 2016] [Dong et al 2003] [Dong et al 2014] [Dorman and Lewis 1974] [Doğanalp 2022] [Dransfield and Miller 2025] [Drewes 2011] [Drewes et al] [Drewes et al 2012] [Drewes] [Drewes] [Drożdżewski and Sośnica 2018] [Drożdżewski and Sośnica 2021] [Drożdżewski et al 2019] [Dufour 1966] [Dumrongchai et al 2021] [Duquenne et al 1995] [Duxbury 1979] [Dzhuman et al 2026] [Eanes and Bettadpur 1996] [Earth oblateness in terms 1959] [Edwards 1980] [Effect of Earth’s oblateness 2015] [Ehigiator and Oladosu 2018] [Eitschberger and Grafarend 1974] [El Habiby and Sideris 2007] [El Hassan 2020] [El-Enna 2003] [El-Enna 2004] [Elger 2023] [Elger 2025] [Ellmann 2004] [Elshambaky 2018] [Elshambaky et al 2018] [Elwan et al 2021] [Emel’yantsev et al 2015] [Emmons et al 1967] [Equations Of Motion In 1997] [Equations Of Motion With 1997] [Erina Ariff et al 2021] [Erkoç and Doğan 2022] [Erol et al 2020] [Eshagh 2021] [Eshagh 2021] [Eshagh 2021] [Eshagh 2021] [Eshagh 2021] [Eshagh and Abdollahzadeh 2012] [Evaluation Of Gravity Model 1997] [Examples of measuring marks 2018] [Exertier et al 1993] [Exertier et al 2017] [Ezeigbo 1978] [Ezeigbo 1990] [Fang 2014] [Fang et al 2025] [Fanming Liu et al 2010] [Fantino and Casotto 2008] [Fateev and Davlatov 2019] [Fašková et al 2012] [Featherstone 2002] [Featherstone 2003] [Featherstone 2003] [Featherstone 2007] [Featherstone and Kirby 2000] [Featherstone and Rüeger 2000] [Fell 1997] [Felsentreger and Victor 1966] [Ferreira et al 2011] [Ferrándiz et al 2020] [Filmer and Featherstone 2012] [Filmer et al 2014] [Filmer et al 2018] [First-order perturbations in the 1961] [Fischer 1954] [Fischer 1961] [Fischer 1962] [Fischer 1966] [Flechtner 2026] [Floberghagen 2002] [Floberghagen 2002] [Floberghagen 2002] [Flury and Rummel 2005] [Flury et al 2008] [Flury et al 2022] [Fok 2009] [Formulas and tables for 1938] [Foroughi et al 2017] [Foroughi et al 2018] [Foroughi et al 2025] [Foroughi et al 2025] [Foroughi et al 2026] [Forsberg et al 1997] [Forsberg et al 2007] [Forsberg et al 2015] [Forsbergbi et al 2012] [Fotiou et al 2010] [Fraiture 1989] [França et al 2021] [Freeden 2021] [Freeden 2021] [Freeden et al 1999] [Freymueller 2009] [Frommknecht and Schlicht 2010] [Fubara and Mourad 1974] [Fubara and Mourad 1972] [Future Satellite Gravimetry and 2005] [Gandugade et al 2025] [Ganeko 1976] [Ganeko 1977] [Gao and Montenbruck 2026] [Geisler and McVittie 1966] [Geisser et al 2026] [Gendt et al 2011] [General solution of the 1962] [Geodesy satellite] [Geodetic Application 2001] [Geodetic Application 2023] [Geodetic Connection Between Mexico 1916] [Geodetic ground positioning] [Geodetic leveling] [Geodetic reference systems] [Geodetic refraction] [Geodetic satellite altimeter study 1969] [Geodetic Survey Division, Strategic 2012] [Geodetic Survey Division, Strategy 2012] [Geographic information � Geodetic] [Geographic information � Geodetic] [Geographic information. Geodetic codes] [Geoid Determination, Theory and] [Georgiadou et al 1993] [Gerlach and Fecher 2012] [Gerlach et al 2010] [Gerstbach 1986] [Gerstl] [Giacaglia 1964] [Gil et al 1993] [Gilliland 1985] [Gilthorpe and Moore 1991] [Giménez et al] [Gitlein et al] [Glaser et al 2018] [Glaser et al 2020] [Glennie and Schwarz 1999] [Global Geodetic Observing System 2009] [Global Gravity Field Modeling 2017] [Glomsda et al 2022] [GOCE Gravitational Gradiometry in] [GOCE Satellite Determines Gravitational 2011] [Godah 2013] [Godah et al 2018] [Goli et al 2025] [Golovan and Vyazmin 2023] [González-Matesanz et al 2006] [Gooding 1990] [Gooding 1990] [Goos et al 2003] [Goudarzi 2020] [Goudarzi 2022] [Goudarzi 2025] [Goyal et al 2018] [Grafarend and Ardalan 1999] [Grafarend and Ardalan 2000] [Grafarend and Ardalan 2002] [Grafarend and Krumm 1995] [Grafarend and Okeke 1995] [Grafarend and Okeke 2007] [Gravimetric vertical deflection determination 1979] [Gravity and Geoid 1995] [Gravity anomalies Statistical analysis] [Gravity Field Missions 2003] [Gravity Gradient Stabilization of 1966] [Gross et al 2022] [Gross et al 2023] [Groten 1975] [Groten 2013] [Groten and Keller 1987] [Gruber et al 2012] [Grubin 1975] [Gu Kang 2016] [Guaitiao et al 2010] [Guier 1963] [Guier et al 1965] [Guier 1966] [Guimarães et al 2012] [Guimarães et al 2024] [Guo and Xue 2020] [Guo and Xue 2023] [Guo et al 2015] [Guo et al 2026] [Guoqing 2026] [Gurria and López 2013] [Götze and Anikiev 2026] [Götze and Li 1996] [Hackstein et al 2025] [Hagiwara 1972] [Haines et al 2025] [Hajela 1978] [Hall 1886] [Hamayun et al 2010] [Hammer 1971] [Hammer 1976] [Hampf et al 2024] [Han et al 2026] [Hannah and Maseyk 1989] [Hao et al 2022] [Harlan 1968] [Harris 1914] [Harris and James 2000] [Harrison and Swinerd 1995] [Hauck and Herzberger 1990] [Hauk et al 2026] [Hayden et al 2012] [He and Xu 2018] [He et al 2017] [He et al 2021] [Heck] [Heck and Rummel 1990] [Hehl 1995] [Hein 1995] [Heitz 1971] [Heliani and Hidayat 2016] [Henrard 1982] [Henriksen 1977] [Henriksen 1977] [Herring et al 2009] [Hibben and Rowell 1974] [Hillig and Schilling 2026] [Hilton et al 1962] [Hipkin 1995] [Hipkin 2002] [Hirt and Claessens 2011] [Hirt and Seeber 2007] [Hirt and Wildermann 2018] [Hirt et al] [Hirvonen 1954] [Hj Sulaiman et al 2012] [Holota 1995] [Holota 1997] [Holota and Kern] [Holota] [Hopkins 1981] [Hoss et al 2020] [Hsiao and Hwang 2010] [Hu 2004] [Hu 2009] [Hu 2025] [Hu et al 2012] [Hu et al 2025] [Huang et al 1996] [Huang et al 1999] [Huckfeldt et al 2024] [Huddle 1992] [Hudson 1971] [Hulley et al] [Humphrey 1999] [Hunter and Bomforö 1931] [Hwang et al 2006] [Hájková 2011] [Ihde 1995] [Ihde et al 1998] [Ikehara 2003] [Iliff and Hadgigeorge 1969] [Ilk et al] [Inoue and Guimarães 2025] [International Great Lakes Datum 1993] [Inzhevatov 2021] [Ioane and Radu 1995] [Iorio 2007] [Iqbal et al 2021] [Ishihara 1983] [Isik et al 2022] [Marsh et al 1989] [Matsuo and Kuroishi 2020] [Melvin 1985] [Meng et al 2025] [Meyer et al 2019] [Middel and Schaffrin 1989] [Milkutat 1952] [Mohamed et al 2023] [Moritz 1979] [Mueller 1966] [Iyer and Bufton 1977] [Izotov 1959] [Izsak 1966] [Jaemyeong et al 2019] [Jaita Sharma 2023] [Jaita Sharma 2023] [Jee et al 2014] [Jeffreys 1938] [Jekeli 1991] [Jekeli 1994] [Jekeli 1998] [Jekeli 2011] [Jekeli 2011] [Jekeli 2021] [Jekeli and Dumrongchai 2003] [Jekeli and Garcia 2001] [Jekeli and Kwon 1999] [Jekeli et al 2009] [Jekeli et al 2012] [Jensen and Forsberg 2018] [Jensen et al 2019] [Jensen et al 2024] [Jensen et al 2025] [Jensen et al 2025] [Jensen et al 2026] [Jha and Jha 2021] [Jiang 1997] [Jiang et al 2026] [Jilian Li et al 2010] [Johann et al 2020] [Johnston 1966] [Johnston et al 2021] [Jones 1969] [Jones 1966] [Jordan 1972] [Jordan 1978] [Jordan and Center 1986] [Joseph et al 2003] [Jung and Rabinowitz 2019] [Jäggi et al 2010] [Kahar et al 1997] [Kahle et al 1978] [Kahler and Roy 1965] [Kahn et al 1979] [Kalil and Martikan 1963] [Kaminskis and Forsberg 1997] [Kao and Bethel 1992] [Karbon and Nothnagel 2019] [Karbon et al 2019] [Kasenda and Kearsley 2002] [Kashani 2006] [Kato 2017] [Kaula 1961] [Kaula 1963] [Kaula 1966] [Kaula 1966] [Kaula 1967] [Kaula 1961] [Kaula 1963] [Kaula 1963] [Kaula 1963] [Kaula 1963] [Kaula 1966] [Kaula 1967] [Kaula et al 1963] [Kc 2019] [Ke et al 2020] [Kearsley et al 1998] [Kechichian 1997] [Kechichian and Kelly 1989] [Kehm et al 2017] [Kekunamullage et al 2026] [Keller and Hirsch 1993] [Kelly et al 2019] [Kelly et al 2026] [Kennedy et al 2002] [Kenyon 1998] [Kenyon and Pavlis 1996] [Kenyon and Pavlis 1997] [Kern and Haagmans] [Kern et al 2025] [Ketelaar et al 2007] [Kiamehr and Eshagh 2008] [Kim 2014] [Kim 2020] [Kim and Bae 2017] [Kim et al 2016] [Kim et al 2018] [Kim et al 2020] [Kindel 1993] [King et al 2017] [King-Hele 1958] [King-Hele 1962] [King-hele 1965] [King-Hele 1972] [King-Hele and Cook 1965] [King-Hele and Cook 1966] [King-Hele and Cook 1974] [King-Hele and Walker 1987] [King-Hele and Walker 1989] [King-hele et al 1963] [King-hele et al 1964] [King-Hele et al 1965] [King-hele et al 1966] [King-Hele et al 1966] [King-Hele et al 1967] [King-Hele et al 1967] [King-Hele et al 1968] [King-Hele et al 1969] [King-Hele et al 1974] [King-Hele et al 1979] [King-Hele et al 1981] [Kinneen and Featherstone 2004] [Kirby 2003] [Kislik 1961] [Kivioja and Lewis 2013] [Kleusberg] [Kleusberg et al] [Knabe et al 2026] [Knudsen et al 2001] [Kodet et al 2022] [Kodet et al 2024] [Koehnlein 1967] [Koenig 2018] [Kohnlein 1966] [Kollo and Ellmann 2023] [Koneshov and Mikhailov 2024] [Kornev et al 2022] [Kosek and Kołaczek 1991] [Kotsakis and Katsambalos 2010] [Kotsakis et al 2002] [Kovalevsky 1971] [Kozai 1961] [Kozai 1961] [Kozai 1964] [Kozai 1964] [Kozai 1966] [Kozai 1970] [Kral et al 2004] [Krdžalić et al 2023] [Kreemer et al 2006] [Kresnawan and Panuntun 2025] [Kreye et al] [Kreye et al] [Krivykh et al 2008] [Krivykh et al 2010] [Krynski et al 2023] [Kubo 1982] [Kucharski et al 2015] [Kudryavtsev 1999] [Kuhar et al 2010] [Kuhn 2001] [Kulakova et al 2004] [Kulakova et al 2005] [Kulakova, et al 2006] [Kumar 1988] [Kumar 2014] [Kumar and Dwivedi 2026] [Kumar and Kumari 2014] [Kuroishi 2000] [Kuroishi 2001] [Kuroishi 2009] [Kusche and Springer 2017] [Kushwaha et al 2025] [Kwak et al 2018] [Kwiecien 2017] [Kwon and Jekeli 2001] [Kwon and Jekeli 2002] [Kwon and Jekeli 2005] [Kwon et al 2005] [König et al 1999] [Kühtreiber and Abd-Elmotaal] [Lambeck 1971] [Lambeck 1970] [Lambert and Bizouard 2002] [Lambeva 2021] [Laskowski 1983] [Lasser et al 2024] [Laura and Virginia 2012] [Lavreau 2016] [Leberl et al 1988] [Lee and Lee 2010] [Lee and Lee 2011] [Lee and Yun 2025] [Lee and Yun 2025] [Lehmann 1995] [Lehmann 1996] [Lehmann 1999] [Lehmann 2000] [Lehr 1969] [Levy 1962] [Li 1999] [Li 2011] [Li 2011] [Li 2013] [Li 2017] [Li 2018] [Li 2025] [Li 2026] [Li and Sideris 1997] [Li et al 2005] [Li et al 2005] [Li et al 2009] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2015] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Li et al 2026] [Liang et al 2020] [Liang et al 2020] [Liang et al 2021] [Liepins and Kalinka 2017] [Lippold 1980] [Liu 1974] [Liu 2008] [Liu and Chang 2015] [Liu and Cheng 1995] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2023] [Logsdon 1992] [Lohmar] [Long 1990] [Longman 1972] [Loomis et al 2020] [Lowrey et al 1984] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2017] [Lu et al 2020] [Lucchesi et al 2015] [Lundquist 1967] [Lundquist 1967] [Luo et al 2016] [Luo et al 2022] [Luthcke et al 2006] [Luyện 2014] [Lwangasi 1991] [Lwangasi 1993] [Lynn 1968] [Lyszkowicz 2011] [Löcher and Kusche 2020] [Ma 1990] [Ma et al 2012] [Mackern et al 2009] [Macomber 1984] [Mahapatra et al 2016] [Mahapatra et al 2017] [Mainville et al 1995] [Malys and Jensen 1989] [Mamdouh et al 2026] [Manandhar 2010] [Manandhar 2011] [Manandhar 2017] [Manandhar 2018] [Mancini and Schow 1966] [Mandel et al 2019] [Manoussakis and Korakitis 2020] [Mao et al 2024] [Marchenko and Abrikosov 1995] [Marchenko et al 2002] [Marjetič 2013] [Marjetič and Kregar 2016] [Marsh et al 1985] [Marsh and Chang 1976] [Marsh and Vincent 1973] [Marsh et al 1987] [Marti 1995] [Martine 1983] [Martinec and Pěč 1987] [Martinuşi and Gurfil 2011] [Martín et al 2011] [Martínez and Sánchez 2009] [Marussi 1952] [Mather 1971] [Mather 2007] [Mather and Fryer 1970] [Matyszewski et al 2023] [Mavromatidou and Vergos 2026] [May et al] [Mayfield and Rogers 1964] [Mazurova et al 2017] [McCarthy 1980] [McCarthy 1981] [McCubbine] [McCubbine et al 2017] [Meadows 1983] [Meiping Wu 2015] [Meisel et al 2005] [Meisel et al 2009] [Meng et al 2017] [Merry 2007] [Merson 1937] [Merson 1961] [Mesick et al 2002] [Message 1960] [Metzger and Jircitano 1975] [Mielke et al 2025] [Milani and Melchioni] [Milani et al 1995] [Minimum-Time Constant Acceleration Orbit] [Mitrovica and Peltier 1993] [Miyahara 2020] [Miyahara et al 2021] [Miyahara et al 2022] [Miyahara et al 2023] [Miyamoto et al 2024] [Miyamoto et al 2026] [Moatimid et al 2021] [Modeling the Recovery of 2024] [Moe 1963] [Mohamed Issa and Mohammad Abboud 2026] [Mondal et al 2021] [Montag et al 1996] [Montenbruck et al 2022] [Moonier 1986] [Moore et al 2005] [Moreaux et al 2016] [Moritz 1966] [Moritz 1978] [Moritz 1980] [Moritz 1983] [Moritz 1984] [Moritz 1988] [Moritz 1992] [Moritz 2000] [Morozova 2022] [Morozova et al 2019] [Mosayebzadeh et al 2019] [Mourad 1974] [Mourad and Fubara 1974] [Mourad et al 1975] [Mourad et al 1977] [Mphuthi 2025] [Mphuthi 2026] [Mphuthi and Odera 2025] [Mueller 1993] [Mueller 2013] [Mueller and Mayer-Guerr] [Mueller and Wilkins 1986] [Mueller et al] [Mueller 1967] [Mueller 1976] [Mueller 1977] [Mulić et al 2015] [Murshan et al 2026] [Musen 1959] [Musen 1960] [Mustafin et al 2027] [Mäkinen 2023] [Müller et al] [Müller et al 2008] [Na and Cho 2015] [Nagy 1978] [Nagy 1990] [Nagy 1989] [Nahavandchi 2004] [Nahavandchi and Sjöberg 1998] [Nair 2015] [Najder et al 2023] [Najder et al 2025] [Najder et al 2025] [Narayan and Pandey 2015] [Nassar and Elhosseny 1987] [National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1966] [National Geodetic Satellite Program 1977] [Naumova et al 2013] [Nazan 2023] [Needham and Braasch 2020] [Needham and Braasch 2022] [Nerem et al 1993] [Nerem 1994] [Neumeyer and Hehl 1995] [Newton et al 1961] [Ngoua Ndong Avele and Orlov 2026] [Nguyen 2008] [Nicacio et al 2018] [Nichols 1974] [Niell 1988] [Nielsen et al 1998] [Nigam 1964] [Noll and Pearlman 2016] [Norman and Gardner 1986] [Norman and Gardner 1988] [North American Datum 1971] [Nothnagel et al 2010] [Novák 2003] [Novák and Heck 2002] [Novák et al 2003] [Novák et al 2009] [Novák et al 2021] [Nowak et al 2024] [Nurçe 2023] [Nyoka et al 2022] [Nyoka et al 2022] [Nyoka et al 2024] [O’Keefe 1959] [Obenson 1974] [Oblateness perturbations 2012] [Odalovic 2013] [Odalovic 2016] [Odalovic et al 2015] [Odalović et al 2018] [Odalović et al 2019] [Odera and Fukuda 2017] [Oduyebo et al 2022] [Ogi and Murakami 2000] [Okeefe 1964] [Okeefe 1961] [Olesen et al 2002] [Olgiati et al 1995] [On the adoption of 2011] [Osada et al 2017] [Osman et al 2024] [Ostonen et al 1995] [Othman et al 2025] [Otsubo et al 2026] [Ouellette and Sconzo 1968] [Ouellette and Sconzo 1968] [Ovchinnikov and Zaramenskikh 2011] [Oznamets and Do 2026] [Pail 2023] [Pail et al] [Palmeiro et al 2013] [Pan and Sjöberg 1996] [Pan et al 2004] [Pan et al 2021] [Paraskevas et al 2023] [Park and Park 2015] [Partyka et al 2023] [Paul et al 2026] [Pavlis 2002] [Pavlis et al 2000] [Pavlis et al 2015] [Pavlov 2019] [Pearlman 1972] [Pearson and Manandhar 2016] [Pearson et al 2017] [Peidou et al 2025] [Peidou et al 2026] [Peiliang and Rummel 1991] [Peiyuan et al 2013] [Peiyuan et al 2013] [Peng et al 2024] [Penna et al 2013] [Penzo 1970] [Pepe et al 2014] [Pereira and Pacino 2010] [Perosanz et al 1997] [Peshekhonov 2020] [Peters et al 2004] [Petrovic et al 2015] [Petrovskaya 1995] [Petrovskaya 1997] [Petrovskaya and Vershkov 2011] [Petrovskaya and Vershkov 2014] [Pfaffenzeller and Pail 2022] [Phalosa et al 2023] [Pham et al 2023] [Pick 1985] [Piretzidis and Sideris 2020] [Pitoňák et al 2023] [Piña et al 2002] [Plag 2000] [Postek and Pachelski 2017] [Price 1997] [Prochazka and Hamal 2002] [Prochazka et al 2002] [Prokhorenko 1996] [Proskurin and Batrakov 1961] [Putney et al 1992] [Pâquet et al 1997] [Qi et al 2024] [Qualitative analysis of the 1964] [Rabah et al 2016] [Radomski et al 1988] [Radovanovic et al 2004] [Radwan 2013] [Radwan 2014] [Raděj 1996] [Ramdani et al 2024] [Ramillien et al 2016] [Rangelova et al 2010] [Rangelova et al 2012] [Rangelova et al 2015] [Rapp 1967] [Rapp 1968] [Rapp 1973] [Rapp 1974] [Rapp 1979] [Rapp 1981] [Rapp 1983] [Rapp 2020] [Rapp] [Rapp] [Rapp 1973] [Rapp 1981] [Rapp 1993] [Raufu and Tata 2021] [Ray 2000] [Ray et al 2003] [Reigber] [Reigber et al 1988] [Reilly 1971] [Reilly et al 1973] [Reit 1998] [Remmer 1974] [Remote Sensing of Earth’s] [ren et al 2022] [Ren et al 2026] [Resch 1984] [Reubelt et al] [Reubelt et al 2003] [Reudink et al 2020] [Rexer et al 2014] [Rhainds et al 1967] [Rietbroek and Karimi 2026] [Rizos and Coleman 1990] [Roberson 1958] [Roberson 1968] [Robin et al 2025] [Rodríguez and Appleby 2021] [Rodríguez et al 2019] [Roithmayr 1991] [Roman et al 2009] [Roman 1965] [Romeshkani et al 2026] [Roth 1981] [Rothacher 2000] [Rothacher et al 2009] [Rothacher et al 2010] [Rouxel et al 2023] [Rudenko et al 2018] [Rudenko et al 2018] [Rudenko et al 2019] [Rudenko et al 2026] [Ruffhead 2019] [Ruffhead 2022] [Rummel 1980] [Rummel 2000] [Rummel 2005] [Rummel and Teunissen 1988] [Russell and Arora 2012] [Rydlund and Densmore 2012] [Rülke et al 2008] [S.O. et al 2019] [Sabri Akresh 2013] [Sabri et al 2019] [Sabri et al 2023] [Sacerdote and Sanso’ 2004] [Sacerdote and Sansò 2010] [Sadiq and Ahmad 2009] [Sadovnikov et al 2016] [Saleh et al 2025] [Salmins et al 2026] [Sampietro et al 2018] [Sansò and Sideris 2012] [Sansò and Sideris 2012] [Sansò and Sideris 2012] [Sansò and Venuti 2002] [Sansò et al 2019] [Sansò et al 2019] [Sarathchandra] [Sarid et al 2023] [Sarychev 1962] [Sasaki 1984] [Satellite geodesy and geodynamics] [Satellite Gravimetry 2009] [Satellite Laser Ranging] [Schanner and Soffel 2018] [Scheinert] [Scheinert et al 2007] [Schlegel 1966] [Schlüter et al 1993] [Schmid 1977] [Schoewe 1948] [Schrama 2003] [Schrama et al 2005] [Schreiber and Kodet 2017] [Schreiber et al 2020] [Schreutelkamp and Hirt 2026] [Schwane and Hänel 1991] [Schwartz 1990] [Schwarz and Glennie 1998] [Schwarz and Li] [Schwarz and Li 1996] [Schwarz and Li 2000] [Schwarz and Wei 1995] [Schwarz et al 1992] [Schwarz et al 2002] [Schwarz 1969] [Schwintzer et al 1991] [Sedighi et al 2008] [See 1921] [Seeber 2003] [Selim 2014] [Sengoku and Sasaki 1989] [Senobari 2010] [Seo 2021] [Seppelin 1974] [Serpas and Jekeli 2005] [Shao et al 2025] [Sharaf et al 1989] [Sharma 1989] [Sharma and James Raj 1988] [Sharpe and Galyean 1977] [Shaw et al 1969] [Shaw et al 1995] [Shen et al 2006] [Shen et al 2020] [Shi et al 2022] [Shibuya et al 2014] [Shoganbekova et al 2024] [Shum et al 1990] [Sideris 2012] [Sideris 2015] [Sideris 2020] [Sideris 2021] [Sillard and Boucher 2001] [Simav 2020] [Simav 2020] [Simav et al 2020] [Singh and Kumar 2025] [Siphiwe Mphuthi and Achola Odera 2021] [Sjoeberg 1978] [Sjöberg 1979] [Sjöberg 1989] [Sjöberg 1992] [Sjöberg 2009] [Sjöberg 2011] [Sjöberg 2011] [Sjöberg 2020] [Sjöberg and Bagherbandi 2017] [Slobbe et al 2019] [Smith 1962] [Smith et al 2000] [Smith et al 2012] [Smith et al 2013] [Smith et al 1976] [Snay 1990] [Snyder et al 1965] [Soja et al 2016] [Soler and Snay 2004] [Soler and Snay 2011] [Soler et al 2014] [Soler et al 2016] [Soleymani and Bakhtiari 2026] [Soltanpour et al 2007] [Song et al 2024] [Sosnica et al 2023] [Sośnica et al 2015] [Sośnica et al 2018] [Srivastava 1984] [Srivastava et al 2016] [Srivastava et al 2017] [Staas and Philip C. 1963] [Stamenkovich and Carvil] [Stanaway and Roberts 2015] [Stanaway et al 2013] [Stanković et al 2022] [Steigenberger et al 2022] [Stelkens-Kobsch] [Stepanov et al 2015] [Stephens et al 2007] [Sterle and Koler 2019] [Stiros and Pirazzoli 2005] [Stockwell 1880] [Stockwell 1886] [Stockwell 1886] [Strange et al 1971] [Strange et al 1972] [Strugarek and Zajdel 2025] [Study of a passive 1965] [Suenkel 1980] [Suesser- Rechberger et al 2023] [Sugaipova and Neyman 2022] [Sulaiman et al 2013] [Sun et al 2023] [Sun et al 2026] [Sun et al 2026] [Sun et al 2026] [Sun et al 2026] [Sun et al 2026] [Susilo et al 2018] [Svehla 2018] [Svehla 2018] [Svehla 2018] [Swain 1996] [Swanson and Yeager 1971] [Swenson and Wahr 2011] [Szabo 1962] [Szabo 1962] [Sánchez 2012] [Sánchez and Freitas 2016] [Sánchez and Sideris 2017] [Sánchez et al 2018] [Sánchez et al 2022] [Sünkel 1985] [Taletović and Krdžalić 2017] [Tangdamrongsub and Hwang 2016] [Tapley 1997] [Tapley et al 1986] [Tapley et al 1990] [Tapley et al 1991] [Tapley et al 1993] [Tarrío et al 2024] [Tekawy et al 1996] [Tenzer 2001] [Tenzer et al 2006] [Terry et al 2025] [Teskey 1982] [Testbed-18 Reference Frame Transformation 2023] [Testoyedov et al 2017] [Teunissen 1985] [Teunissen 1985] [The Determination of the 1982] [The Development of Geodetic 2011] [The least-squares solution to] [The organization of the 1965] [The path of an 1961] [The stokes two-boundary-value problem] [The Treatment of the] [Theory and reference frame] [Theory of Satellite Geodesy 1989] [Thirumullaivoyal Santhana Kumar and Ghobadi-Far 2026] [Timilsina 2025] [Titov 2000] [Tiwary and Kushvah 2015] [Tocho et al 2010] [Tocho et al 2014] [Towards the new Croatian 2016] [True] [Truszynski 1965] [Tschernig and Arabelos] [Tscherning 1991] [Tse and Bâki Iz 2006] [Tsuboi 1979] [Tsuboi and Hayatu 1954] [Tsuei et al 1995] [Tsukahara 1997] [Tukka et al 2026] [Tuno et al 2019] [Tziavos and Sideris 2012] [Tóth and Földvári 2006] [Tóth and Földváry] [Tütüncü and Yılmaz 2026] [Ulrich Schreiber 2025] [Uotila 1978] [Uotila 1981] [Urban 1984] [Ustun 2011] [Ustun and Abbak 2010] [v a and Vishwakarma 2026] [Vajda and Vaníček 1997] [Valles-Valverde et al 2026] [Valov et al 2025] [van der Wal et al 2010] [van Olsen and van Gelderen 1998] [Varna et al 2023] [Varna et al 2023] [Varna et al 2023] [Vatrt 1999] [Veis 1965] [Veis 1965] [Veis 1968] [Veis 1967] [Verdun and Klingelé 2004] [Vergos et al] [Vergos et al 2014] [Verma 1985] [Vermeersen 2005] [Vincent and Bender 1990] [Vincent and Marsh 1973] [Vincent and Marsh 1974] [Vincent and Strange 1972] [Vincent et al 1972] [Visser and Schrama] [Vittuari et al 2016] [Vonbun 1971] [Vonbun et al 1975] [Vrbik 2005] [Vyaz’min 2013] [Vyazmin and Bolotin 2019] [Vyazmin and Bolotin 2020] [Vyazmin and Golovan 2023] [Vyazmin and Golovan 2023] [Vyazmin et al 2021] [Véronneau 1997] [Véronneau and Huang 2016] [Völgyesi 2001] [Völgyesi et al] [Wagner 1975] [Wagner 1987] [Wagner 1966] [Wagner 1966] [Wagner 1970] [Wagner 1977] [Wagner 1978] [Wagner 1979] [Wang and Wu 2014] [Wang and Wu 2019] [Wang et al 2012] [Wang et al 2012] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Wareham 1972] [Warner 2002] [Washburn 1993] [Watkins and Eanes 1993] [Watkins et al 1994] [Watson] [Watts et al 1984] [Watts and Leeds 1977] [Wavelets in Airborne Gravimetry 2004] [Weber and Wenzel 1983] [Weber and Zomorrodian 1988] [Wei 1993] [Wei 2011] [Wei and Schwarz 1997] [Wei and Tennant 2001] [Wei et al 2014] [Weigelt et al 2024] [Wells et al 1976] [White 1987] [Wichiencharoen 1982] [Wilkins 1980] [Wilkinson 2026] [Wilkinson et al 2018] [Willberg et al 2019] [Willberg et al 2020] [Williams et al 1993] [Willis et al 2004] [Willis et al 2007] [Wilms et al 2023] [Wilms et al 2026] [Wilson 1988] [Witcher 2020] [Wolf 1954] [Wolf et al 2026] [Wu and Sideris 1997] [Wu et al 2011] [Wu et al 2015] [Wu et al 2017] [Wu et al 2019] [Wu et al 2020] [Wu et al 2020] [Wu et al 2020] [Wu et al 2021] [Wu et al 2021] [Wu et al 2025] [Xia et al 2009] [Xiang et al 2026] [Xiong et al 2014] [Xu 1992] [Xu 1992] [Xu et al 1995] [Xu] [Yadav et al 2023] [Yakubu et al 2017] [Yakubu et al 2018] [Yan et al 2009] [Yan et al 2025] [Yang 1990] [Yang 1999] [Yang 2003] [Yang 2009] [Yang et al 2001] [Yang et al 2014] [Yang et al 2015] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2025] [Yanyu et al 2012] [Yazid et al 2021] [Yee et al 1991] [Yi et al 2013] [Yilmaz and Çakir 2025] [Yilmaz et al 2016] [Yoshino et al 1986] [You et al 2026] [Young and Murakami 1989] [Young 1970] [Yousef and Jasim 2019] [Yu et al 2020] [Yu et al 2025] [Yu et al 2026] [Yuan et al 1989] [Yuan et al 2025] [Yun 1995] [Yurkina 1996] [Zafiropoulos 1987] [Zajdel et al 2019] [Zajdel et al 2022] [Zee 1971] [Zeigler 1988] [Zelin and Yecai 1991] [Zendell et al 1975] [Zeng 2014] [Zeng and Yi 2010] [Zenner et al 2014] [Zeyuan et al 2009] [Zhan et al 2025] [Zhang 1997] [Zhang and Featherstone 1997] [Zhang and Lu] [Zhang et al 2002] [Zhang et al 2005] [Zhang et al 2008] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao and Li 2025] [Zhao et al 2019] [Zhao et al 2021] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhao Wen-Bo et al 2016] [Zharov 2025] [Zharov et al 2025] [Zheng and Chen 2021] [Zheng and Xu 2015] [Zheng et al 2014] [Zheng et al 2026] [Zhong-Miao et al 2013] [Zhou et al 2006] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2026] [Zhu and Mueller 1983] [Zhu et al 2010] [Zhu et al 2011] [Zhu et al 2019] [Zhu et al 2022] [Ziggah et al 2024] [Zingerle et al 2023] [Zingerle et al 2024] [Ziqing and Wenhai 2003] [Zotov et al 2022] [Zubinaitė 2012] [Zund 1989] [Zund 1989] [Zund 1992] [Zund 1994] [Zund and Moore 1987] [Ádám et al 1995] [Çevikalp et al 2021] [Öhlinger and Mayer-Gürr 2026] [Öhlinger et al 2026] [Čolić et al 1995] [Čunderlík et al 2011] [Ďuríčková and Janák 2016] [Łyszkowicz 1995] [Łyszkowicz et al 2015] [Šprlák et al 2020] [�gren 2004]

Communications satellites, store and forward and constellations

SCORE’s descendants. Communications satellite systems, repeaters and transponders, delayed repeaters and the Courier satellite, satellite links and their propagation, inter-satellite links, and the design and networking of low Earth orbit constellations. 34 titles name store and forward, a delayed repeater, Courier or SCORE itself, and 205 name a constellation, which is the arithmetic of the article’s four percent duty cycle answered by quantity rather than by recording.

947 records. [A Communication Satellite System 1966] [A Multiple-Access World-Wide Satellite 1966] [A test approach for 1977] [A test approach for 1978] [Abdulwahid and Kurnaz 2023] [Abolits] [Aboul-Dahab 2025] [Abramson 1975] [Abramson et al 1975] [Acampora 1978] [Adami et al] [Addaim et al 2007] [Addaim et al 2007] [Addaim et al 2008] [Addaim et al 2008] [Addanki] [Aein 1964] [Aeronautical Communication Satellites 1966] [Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1962] [Ahmed 2025] [Ahmed et al 2008] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013] [Akan 2021] [Al-Sawad et al 2022] [Albertengo and Petroianni 2002] [Alivokhin et al] [Allen and Singleton 1968] [Almár et al 1970] [Alnahdi and Toka 2024] [Alper and Arnbak 1980] [AlSamman and Stern] [Alsenwi et al 2024] [Alsenwi et al 2025] [Amozegay et al 2025] [An 11-13 GHz Satellite 1974] [Anand 2021] [Anderson and Wintz 1968] [Andi et al 2025] [André 2026] [Angeletti et al 2014] [Anogianakis 1997] [Anselmo and Pardini 2000] [Antokhin 2025] [Antonyan and Volchkova] [Aorpimai and Navakitkanok 2014] [Apoorva et al 2020] [Appendix A Satellite Constellation 2001] [Application of MMICs in 1994] [Araki and Suzuki] [Armantrout and Hafen 1997] [Arnaud 1968] [Arora and Goyal 2017] [Artitthang et al 2010] [Arı et al 2025] [Asciolla 2026] [Audah et al 2010] [Bacsardi and Imre 2010] [Bahm and Hoffman 1971] [Bai et al 2020] [Bakırcı 2024] [Baltaci and Shortt 2023] [Bang et al 2024] [Bao et al 2023] [Baozhong Cheng et al] [Barrios and Brown 1966] [Bartamian et al 2007] [Barthle and Riley 1966] [Bartholomé 1981] [Basic Model of Constellation 2022] [Basic Principles Of Satellite 2002] [Basic Principles of Satellite 2013] [Ben Temim] [Benabdellah 2026] [Bentoutou 2005] [Berioli et al 2003] [Berioli et al 2007] [Bertram 1999] [Beusch 1965] [Bhargavi Yadav Manche and Yadav Manche 2024] [Bhattacharjee et al 2023] [Blachier et al 1972] [Blaney and Thienel 1991] [Bleviss 1976] [Blum 1966] [Boduroğlu and Sakarya 2023] [Bohlouri et al 2020] [Bolandi and Abrehdari 2018] [Boley and Byers 2021] [Bondarenko et al 2024] [Bonin 2013] [Braga-Illa and Snider 1968] [Brandon 1994] [Brashears 2024] [Brathwaite and Saleh 2009] [Brown et al 2023] [Brown 1977] [Bucher 1975] [Buegler 1970] [Burkhart and Smith 1962] [Burkhart and Smith 1964] [Burkholder 1970] [Burks 2026] [Burren 1979] [Business Forecasting for Communication 1966] [Byungje Lee et al 2005] [Cai et al 2026] [Canestorp 2006] [Canuto and Massotti 2008] [Canuto and Massotti 2010] [Cao 2014] [Cao and Li 2016] [Cao and Zhang 2019] [Capece et al] [Capetanakis 1979] [Capitanio and Stavrinidis 1994] [Carrizo et al 2020] [Cartwright 1999] [Casewell 1999] [Casey-Stahmer 1981] [Cass 1988] [Castellani et al 1983] [Cathcart] [Celebiler and Stette 1978] [Cenker et al 1996] [Ceran 2026] [Chachin and Azin] [Chang et al 2023] [Charyk 1966] [Chechin] [chen and chen 2024] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2022] [Chen et al 2024] [Chen and Chakravarthi 1994] [Cheng 2023] [Cheng et al 2024] [Cheng et al 2026] [Chia-Sheng Tsai and Szu-Lin Su] [Choi et al 2024] [Choiriyah and Fadilah 2019] [Chorafas 1997] [Christopher 2010] [Chu and Chen 2017] [Claydon 1999] [Clement 1965] [Cloutier and Swan] [Coirault 1980] [Collins 1990] [Collision Probabilities in Geosynchronous 1989] [Communication Satellites 2006] [Communication Satellites 2014] [Communication satellites for socio-economic 1970] [Communication Services Via Satellite 1992] [Communications Antenna Design for 1977] [Communications Satellite Constellations 2025] [Composition of Laser Inter-Satellite 2022] [Connor and Harrell 1998] [Constellation Multi-Objective Optimization Design 2019] [Cost Effectiveness Comparison of 1966] [Crocker and Swenson 1968] [Cruz-Sanchez et al 2007] [Cruz-Sanchez et al 2008] [Cruz-Sanchez et al 2012] [Cruz-Sánchez et al 2010] [Cui 2012] [Culver et al 2014] [Chakraborty and Millward 1965] [Dai 2024] [Dai et al 2022] [Daly and Tits 1983] [Davarian 1989] [de Weck et al 2004] [Decentralized Control for an 1966] [DeForest 1977] [DeGaudenzi and Giannetti 1995] [Dehart 1974] [del Portillo et al 2019] [Deng et al 2020] [Development History of Laser 2022] [Diersing] [Diersing and Jones] [Diersing and Jones 1993] [Ding et al 2017] [Dion 1967] [Direct Broadcast Satellites 2012] [Direct Broadcast Satellites, Ted 2013] [Do 2026] [Dod and Popovich 1970] [Domestic satellite communications system 1992] [Drury 1999] [Dual-Spin versus Three-Axis Stabilization 1971] [Duan et al 2022] [Dumont 1996] [Dumont et al 1986] [Dwivedi et al 2026] [Early performance of the 1977] [Guo et al 2020] [Harlé et al 2023] [Hook 1999] [Isgrig et al 1969] [Johns 1966] [Karsaev 2020] [Kim et al 2024] [Li 2023] [Luo et al 2024] [McDowell 2020] [Paikrao and Meshram 2024] [Petersen 1998] [Rastinasab and Hu 2019] [Samah and Redzua 2024] [Seaman and Thompson 1965] [Eaker and Ford 1965] [Earley 2021] [Earnshaw 1966] [Kim] [Ehrlich and Liebetreu] [ElHalawany et al 2025] [Ellis and Lenske 1966] [Endo et al 2025] [Ermakov et al 2002] [Ersoy et al 1987] [Establishment and Maintenance of 1966] [European Perspectives on Satellite 1966] [Evans 1999] [Evans 1999] [Eves 2008] [Expendable Launch Vehicles for 1977] [Exploring Monopulse Feed Antennas 2022] [Falcone et al 2023] [Fan et al 2024] [Faria et al 2024] [Fay 1981] [Feldman 1964] [Feldman 1964] [Feldman 1965] [Feldman 1965] [Feng and Yue 2026] [Feng et al 2024] [Fernandez et al 2024] [Ferreira et al 2025] [Ferrer et al 2024] [Fowler 1983] [Franck] [Franck and Maral 2002] [Franck and Maral 2002] [Franke and Sommer 2024] [Franke et al 2023] [Freeman and Robie 2021] [From launch to transmission 2012] [Fromm et al 1992] [Future Pattern of Communication 1966] [Gain Limits of Electronically 1966] [Gam et al 2009] [Garah et al 2017] [Garrett 1977] [Garrett et al 1978] [Garrity and Husar 2021] [Gavish 1997] [Geng et al 2023] [Geng et al 2024] [Ghedia 1999] [Gibson 1978] [Giget 1992] [Gillespie 1965] [Gioulis et al 2025] [Goel et al 2018] [Gong et al 2025] [Gou et al 2024] [Gou et al 2025] [Grangé 1983] [Grant 2015] [Grant et al 1981] [Ground-Based Antennas for Satellite 1966] [Gruenberg and Johnson 1964] [Gu et al 2014] [Gubin et al 1971] [Guo et al 2021] [Guo et al 2023] [Guo et al 2024] [Guo et al 2025] [Guo et al 2026] [Guo et al 2026] [Gupta and Nagpal 2016] [Guskov et al] [Gwon and Ahn 2026] [Gündoǧan et al 2024] [Hagan 1960] [Hagen and Kelliher 1967] [Hagn et al 1965] [Hamadamen 2024] [Hamamoto et al] [Han et al 2021] [Handelsman 1959] [Hanford 1980] [Hao et al 2018] [Hara] [Hara 1994] [Harris and Pocha 1999] [Harwell and Edelstein 1984] [Hasan et al 2021] [Hasegawa 1988] [Hatsuda et al] [Hattori 1980] [Haviland 1963] [Havlicek et al 1995] [He et al 2016] [He et al 2021] [He et al 2022] [He et al 2024] [Heine 1987] [Helgert 1992] [Hendrick 1977] [Hesselbacher and Huffman 1975] [Higgins 2007] [Hild et al 2022] [Hoder and Bergamo 1996] [Hoeber 2010] [Horvath and Blum 1966] [Howard 1996] [Hoyhtyä et al 2019] [Hoyhtyä et al 2021] [Hu] [Hu et al 2005] [Hu et al 2021] [Hu et al 2022] [Hu et al 2022] [Hu et al 2025] [Hu et al 2026] [Huang et al 2014] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang et al 2025] [Huang 1993] [Hudson 2008] [Hudson 2014] [Huyan et al 2020] [Igarashi et al 1998] [Igor et al] [Iida et al 1998] [Ikawa 1992] [Imoto et al 2025] [Inglis and Luther 1997] [Inglis and Luther 1997] [Intelligent Communication Satellite System 2023] [Intelligent transport systems. Mobility] [Inter-Satellite Link Laser Modulation 2022] [Introduction to Satellite Communications 2008] [Introduction to Satellite Communications 2017] [Ivancic et al 1992] [Iwai et al 2023] [Jacobi 1966] [Jacoby 1960] [Jaffe 1965] [Jakes 1961] [Jamison 1968] [Jancso and Kraselsky 1999] [Jedrey et al 1992] [Jeng and Lin 1999] [Ji et al 2026] [Jia et al 2007] [Jia et al 2012] [Jiang et al 2018] [Jiang et al 2025] [Jie et al 2011] [Jing Zhu and Roy] [Jiurong 1995] [Johannsen et al 1993] [Jono et al 2007] [Joon-Gyu Ryu et al 2013] [Jorasch et al 1979] [Joshi et al 1994] [Josloff and Peterson 1994] [Juan et al 2015] [Jubba Honnaiah et al 2024] [Judice et al 2022] [Junfeng Wang et al] [Jung and Hwang 2024] [Jung et al 2023] [Jurd 1990] [Alasi et al 2024] [Kaidong et al 2006] [Kaiser et al 1964] [Kalmykov et al 2024] [Kamal] [Kaplan 1993] [Kara-Omar et al 2019] [Karasuwa et al 2017] [Karrenberg and Lueders 1963] [Kasser et al] [Kaul 1980] [Kaur 2019] [Kayhan 2016] [Kayhan and Montorsi 2012] [Kazama et al 1992] [Keigler and Muhlfelder 1986] [Kelly 1963] [Kempton and Riedl 2021] [Kendall 1970] [Kent 1999] [Kerczewski and Fujikawa 1992] [Khalil et al 2025] [Khan et al 2026] [Kharchenko et al 2024] [Kim 2023] [Kim 2025] [Kim and Jung 2024] [Kimura et al 1995] [Kinnersley et al 2003] [Klaver 1974] [Knepp 1977] [Kobayashi et al] [Koelle and Dodel 1988] [Koelle and Kleinau 1980] [Koenig and Merle 1970] [Kohani et al 2021] [Kolawole 2002] [Kolawole 2017] [Kolba 1982] [Kolosov et al] [Komatsu and Takahashi 2025] [Kommunikation über Satelliten / 1981] [Konov and Klimov 2024] [Kopp et al 2019] [Koritza] [Krige et al 2013] [Kuehne 1998] [Kulesza and Akcali Gur 2023] [Kumar et al 2002] [Kumari and Selwal 2016] [Kumazawa et al 1992] [Kuznetsov 2023] [Lagunas et al 2024] [Lai and Chao 2025] [Lambert et al 2011] [Landon and Raymond 1982] [Lang 1996] [Lansard and Palmade 1998] [Lansard et al 1998] [Laser Satellite Communications 2000] [Launch Vehicles as Support 1966] [Lauter 1988] [Lee and Wright 2002] [Lee et al 2015] [Lee et al 2021] [Lee et al 2023] [Lee et al 2024] [Lee et al 2024] [Lee et al 2025] [Lee et al 2025] [Leisgang and Benz 1992] [LeMoyne 2005] [LEO Satellite Ground Station 2022] [Li 2025] [Li 2026] [Li and Huang 2026] [Li and Lei 2025] [Li et al 2011] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Lian et al 2022] [Liang et al 2011] [Liao et al 2024] [Liaw and Abed 1989] [Lichtman and Reed 2015] [Lichtman and Reed 2016] [Life expectancy of communication 1988] [Limón-González et al 2023] [Lisi 1987] [List and Shoup 2011] [Liu 2025] [Liu et al 2011] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2026] [Liu et al 2026] [Lo 1999] [Long 2014] [Long 2018] [Loomis 1974] [Lopatin] [Low Earth Orbit LEO 2014] [Low Thrust Propulsion System 1974] [Low-earth orbit LEO mobile 1994] [Lowry 1996] [Lu 2024] [Lu et al 2016] [Lu et al 2024] [Lu et al 2026] [Lu et al 2026] [Lubowe 1969] [Luini and Capsoni 2013] [Lunar Communication Satellites 1966] [Luo and Tsao 2024] [Lutz 1963] [Lutz 1964] [Lv et al 2026] [Lyons 1974] [Ma 2011] [Ma et al 2014] [Ma et al 2025] [Macgregor 1964] [Mach] [Mahle and Hyde 1992] [Mahon 1982] [Major LEO-MEO MSS Satellite 2000] [Majumdar 2022] [Majus 1983] [Mallet et al] [Malyshev and Bobronnikov 1998] [Manning 1991] [Marconicchio et al 1992] [Marcuccio and Heitkoetter 2018] [Maresca 1960] [Marshalek and Begley 1995] [Marsten 1975] [Martin 1984] [Martin et al] [Mashayekhi and Kuhl 2024] [Mathematical model filtering canonical 2019] [May-Lin Lim et al] [McCoy 1980] [McIlwraith et al 2024] [Meckling 1961] [Meegama 2026] [Megla et al 2002] [Mehmood and Mohamme 2010] [Meister et al 2024] [Meister et al 2025] [Melin et al 2005] [Meng et al 2023] [Mihály and Bacsárdi 2023] [Milliken 1966] [Mitchell 1964] [Mittra et al 1983] [Miyauchi et al 1984] [Mobile Satellite System Services 2002] [Mobile Satellite System Services 2013] [Mobile Satellite Systems 2001] [Mollakhani et al 2026] [Mordachev et al 2024] [Mosely 1980] [Mosier 1992] [Mottley et al 1960] [Mozhaisky] [Muhammad et al 2018] [Mukhopadhyay 1978] [Munson and Jilla 2000] [Mupela] [Murai 2016] [Mursaev and Zinkin 2021] [Musaev 2020] [Nagabhushana et al 2014] [Nagorny] [Nakagawa et al 1988] [NASA Compendium of Satellite 1973] [Newlands 1973] [Nicholas et al 2000] [Nie et al 2021] [Niessen 1975] [Ning et al 2022] [Noble et al 1966] [Nofal] [Noonan et al 1995] [Nordemann and Tonjes 2012] [Nordloh 1997] [Northrip 1975] [Nugrohoi et al 2012] [O’Neill 1963] [Ohern and Rodenberger 1974] [Ohm and Alberty 1982] [Ohm et al] [Ojima et al 1998] [Oland and Kristiansen 2023] [Oleson 1999] [Omran and Bazzocchi 2024] [Oppetit et al 1987] [Optimization of Network Configurations 1966] [Orbit Position Control for 1966] [Orikasa et al 2013] [Osoro and Oughton 2022] [Oughton et al 2023] [Overview Military Satellite Communication 1976] [Owens-Fahrner et al 2025] [Pachler et al 2026] [Padavano et al 1992] [Paing 2023] [Pandey et al 2021] [Panko and Tsimbal 2017] [Pardoe and Steines 1966] [Park and Oh 2024] [Park and Oh 2025] [Pascall 1989] [Pascall 1993] [Passive Device Intermodulation Analysis 1977] [Pelton 2017] [Peng et al 2006] [Petrishchev 2017] [Phillips et al 2007] [Plachta and Kittel 2002] [Poley et al 1988] [Polifko et al 1991] [Political Constraints Influencing Communication 1976] [Pollack 1971] [Post Echo II Passive 1966] [Potts 1970] [Power Sources, Transfer, and 1971] [Praks et al 2024] [Preisner and Kabacik 2006] [Preston 1967] [Qiao et al 2023] [Qin et al 2016] [Qinggui and Wei 2011] [Qu et al 2017] [Qu et al 2019] [Quan and Jian 2026] [Bodkin et al 2023] [Radzik and Maral 1994] [Radzik et al 2010] [Rahim et al 2018] [Raines and Davis] [Raines and Davis 1999] [Raines et al 1997] [Ramírez-Arroyo et al 2026] [Rawlins et al 2023] [Rector 1982] [Reiger 1963] [Relative Merits of Three-Axis 1971, Relative Merits of Three-Axis and] [Relative Merits of Three-Axis 1971, Relative Merits of Three-Axis and 2] [Reliability programs for commercial 1984] [Reliford et al 2026] [Ren et al 2019] [Ren et al 2025] [Resource optimisation for geostationary 2023] [Reudink and Yeh 1978] [Riaz et al 2026] [Ricardi et al 1975] [Richharia 1995] [Richharia 1999] [Richharia 1999] [Richharia 1999] [Robinson et al 1998] [Rodriguez 2025] [Rodriguez et al 2019] [Roldan 1992] [Roth 2023] [Rousset et al 1992] [Rowell et al 1964] [Russell 1976] [Rutkowski 1986] [Sachdev 1980] [Saisandeep et al 2017] [Saito et al 2024] [Salah et al 2023] [samy 2022] [Sansone and Francesconi 2025] [Santangelo and Skentzos 2016] [Sarkozy 1976] [Satellite Communication 2007] [Satellite Communication 2008] [Satellite Communication 2017] [Satellite Communication in IPv6 2009] [Satellite Communication Networks 2023] [Satellite Communication System 2020] [Satellite Communications Signal Processing 2017] [Satellite Digital Communication Service 1986] [Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 2014] [Satellite Links 2002] [Satellite Links 2013] [Satellite Multiple Access 2008] [Satellite Multiple Access 2017] [Satellite orbital parameters and 2012] [Satellite Telecommunication Industries 2000] [Satellite Telecommunications 2000] [Saunders 2003] [Sawitz 1982] [Scheduling and Control of 1966] [Schlak 2001] [Schmid 1966] [Schreib 1988] [Schroder et al 2025] [Schug 2000] [Schwartz et al 1966] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Segner 1968] [Senn and Siglin 1960] [Sesena 1997] [Shambaugh 2025] [Shang 2025] [Shanmugan 1984] [Shao et al 2025] [Shao et al 2018] [Sharma and Kaur 2014] [Sharma and Kumar 2013] [Sharma and Kumar 2013] [Shelswell 1999] [Shennum 1964] [Sheppard 1970] [Shi et al 2017] [Shi et al 2024] [Shin 2008] [Siglin and Senn 1961] [Silvi et al 2024] [Simmons 1972] [Simon 1965] [Singh 2017] [Singh and Singh 2016] [Smith 1976] [Smith 1976] [Smith 1976] [Smith 1976] [Smith 2006] [Smith et al 2017] [Smythe 1962] [Sokolov and Pyltsov] [Sokolov et al 1996] [Some Design Considerations for 1966] [Soni 2021] [Sorbello 1988] [Sotom et al 2017] [Sparagna and McClinton 1966] [Spectrum Management in Satellite 2017] [Spicer et al 2025] [Spira 1966] [Stabilization of Future Synchronous 1971] [Stampfl 1965] [Stampfl 1963] [Stanescu and Buzducea 2025] [Stark 1966] [Stockwell 1980] [Stone 2006] [Store-and-forward satellite communications system 1987] [Strauss and Owens 1978] [Subba et al 2022] [Sullivan 1974] [Suman and Mishra 2025] [Summers and Lepkowski 1992] [Sun et al 2025] [Sun et al 2026] [Sundstrom and Brown 1969] [Suriani et al 1995] [Suzuki et al 2002] [Suzuki et al 2003] [Suzuki et al 2004] [Synchronous Satellite Station-Keeping 1966] [Szajnfarber et al 2008] [Talbi et al 2023] [Tang and Wu 2019] [Tao et al 2024] [Tao et al 2024] [Taylor and Shurvinton 1992] [Tebbe 1984] [Tetley and Calcutt 1994] [Thapar and Leon 1977] [The Computation of Ballistic 2025] [The Constellation Leo 2020] [The European Communication Satellite 1974] [The European Communication Satellite 1982] [The Mobile Satellite Channel 2008] [The Mobile Satellite Channel 2017] [The simulation and analysis 2014] [The United Kingdom Program 1974] [Thimothy et al] [Thomas and Carroll 1984] [Thompson 1999] [Thompson 1999] [Thompson et al 1973] [Three-Axis or Dual-Spin T 1971] [Tian et al 2020] [Tishkov and Fokin 2026] [Tissir and Sarir 2026] [Titov et al 2013] [Titov et al 2014] [Toyoshima 2022] [Transmitter MMIC for Satellite] [Tsao 1978] [Tsao et al 1992] [Tsyganok and Dobriakov 2016] [TV Network Satellite Systems 1966] [Ultra-dense LEO Satellite Constellation 2023] [Ultralight Solar Array ULP 1977] [Ulybyshev 2000] [Vairavan and Banda 2020] [Valente et al 2023] [Veastad 1978] [Venanzoni et al 2026] [Verma and Wiswell 2002] [Victor 1962] [Villevieille 1972] [Vitenberg 2007] [Vorona et al 2024] [Wagner 1964] [Wagner 1966] [Wakahara et al 2006] [Wall 1965] [Wang 1998] [Wang 2024] [Wang and Chen 2023] [Wang and Gui 2025] [Wang and Liang 2014] [Wang and Wang 2025] [Wang and Yuan 2023] [Wang et al 2005] [Wang et al 2007] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Ward et al] [Warnock and Cochran 1995] [Warren 1962] [Wei et al 2023] [Wei et al 2025] [Weinberger 1978] [Weinberger and Kanehira 1975] [Weinberger and Kanehira 1977] [Wheelon 1986] [Whelan 1968] [White 1976] [White and Mersereau 1975] [White et al 1992] [Williams 2017] [Wischnia 1966] [Wittwer 1976] [Wood 1994] [Wood 1994] [Wood and Smith 1988] [Woode 1979] [Wu and Wu 2011] [Wu et al 2022] [Wu et al 2024] [Xesspe et al 2026] [Xia 2025] [Xia et al 2023] [Xia et al 2023] [Xie et al 2018] [Xie et al 2019] [Xie et al 2022] [Xu and Zhang 2018] [Xu et al 2019] [Xu et al 2020] [Xu et al 2025] [Xu] [Yadav et al 2022] [Yan et al 2011] [Yan et al 2023] [Yan et al 2026] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang 2025] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2025] [Yao 2004] [Yao et al 2025] [Yao et al 2025] [Yao et al 2025] [Yao et al 2026] [Yao et al 2026] [Yeap] [Yermolenko and Ferguson 2025] [Yi et al 2011] [Yilmaz 2025] [Yiltas and Zaim 2008] [Yiltas and Zaim 2009] [Yin et al 2014] [Yin et al 2015] [Yin et al 2025] [Yin et al 2026] [Ying and Zhenlong 2021] [Ying et al 2026] [Yoo et al 2025] [Yoon et al 2023] [You et al 2020] [Youn 2025] [Yu and Zhou 2025] [Yu et al 2022] [Yu et al 2025] [Yu et al 2026] [Yu et al 2026] [Yue et al 2023] [Yun 2023] [Zaki et al 2020] [Zenel 1960] [Zhang and Li 2021] [Zhang and Tian 2017] [Zhang and Yang 2024] [Zhang and Zhao 2023] [Zhang and Zhu 2006] [Zhang et al 2004] [Zhang et al 2004] [Zhang et al 2007] [Zhang et al 2012] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao and Zhu 2022] [Zhao et al 2010] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhao et al 2022] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhao et al 2025] [Zhe Yuan et al] [Zheng 2023] [Zheng and Long 2022] [Zheng and Wang 2010] [Zheng et al 2015] [Zheng et al 2021] [Zhou] [Zhou 2014] [Zhou and Wu 2014] [Zhou et al 2019] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zhuchkov and Chechin 2025] [Ziemer et al 1998] [Zini et al 2026] [Zinkin 2020] [Zoltan and Arthurs 2020] [Zong and Kohani 2019] [Zong et al 2025] [Zou 2020] [Zyablykov et al 2010]

Inertial instruments and navigation

The measurement that moved aboard. Gyroscopes and accelerometers, their drift, bias and temperature compensation, strapdown and gimballed inertial systems, their calibration and alignment, and inertial navigation aided by satellites, vision, terrain and the gravity field. 182 titles name the fibre-optic gyroscope and 96 name microelectromechanical systems, the two instrument families that made the drift requirement the article derives an ordinary specification.

952 records. [A method for determining 1979] [A Novel Comprehensive Compensation 2013] [A Novel Method Based 2017] [Abdelaziz et al 2024] [Alexander 1969] [Ameer Khan et al 2025] [A zero gyro-zero wheel 1994] [Abdollahi and Pourtakdoust 2026] [Accelerometer and multi-sensor technology 2004] [Adamcík 2011] [Aided INS observability and 2022] [Ailneni et al 2019] [Aktakka and Najafi 2016] [Aktakka et al 2017] [Al Jlailaty et al 2023] [Al-Ashtari 2008] [Alam et al 2015] [Alam et al 2017] [Alekseev and Bazarov 1997] [Alekseev and Bazarov 1997] [Amacker and Graff 1965] [Analysis of Proportional Navigation 2007, Analysis of Proportional Navigati] [Analysis of Proportional Navigation 2007, Analysis of Proportional Navigati 2] [Andrews] [Antonio Dollevedo] [Anzalone et al 2020] [Appendix B Inertial navigation 2004] [Arbabmir and Ebrahimi 2020] [Ariffin and Arsad 2022] [Aritonang et al 2022] [Ariyanto 2015] [Armenise 2010] [Armin et al 2025] [Ash and Weinberg 1983] [Ash et al 1998] [Ashraf and Nafees 2011] [Asnada and Sulistyono 2020] [Attitude Control and Navigation 2025] [Auclair and Wells 1970] [Avrutov 2017] [Avrutov and Pozniak 2023] [Avrutov et al 2017] [Avrutov et al 2022] [Avrutov et al 2022] [Aydemir and Saranlı 2012] [Azier et al 2022] [Bahrami 1977] [Ban et al 2022] [Bar-Itzhack 1981] [Bar-Itzhack and Goshen-Meskin 1988] [Bar-Itzhack and Harman 2004] [Barnwal et al 2024] [Barrios and Motai 2017] [Barun and Ozkazane] [Basic principles of strapdown 2004] [Bayoud and Skaloud 2008] [Becka et al 2008] [Beich and Veth 2010] [Beitia et al 2017] [Belousov and Krivosheev 2023] [Belyaev and Istomin 2010] [Bergh 1990] [Bergh et al 1982] [Berkane and Tayebi 2021] [Bestetti et al 2019] [Bevington and Marttila] [Bezkorovainyi et al 2021] [Bhatia and Geller 2020] [Bingham 2021] [Black 2020] [Blanchard 1978] [Blum and Dambeck 2020] [Bo Zhang et al 2007] [Bogucki et al 2026] [Bohm and Perermann 1987] [Boiko et al 2024] [Bolotin and Savin 2022] [Bondarenko et al 2025] [Bonnabel et al 2006] [Borodacz and Szczepański 2023] [Breckenridge and Treder 1978] [Brink et al 2010] [Britting 1971] [Brodersen 1970] [Brouk and DeMars 2021] [Brown 2013] [Brown et al 2006] [Broxmeyer 1962] [Bu et al 2022] [Burdess 1996] [Burkhart et al 2006] [Burns 2006] [Burns et al 1983] [Byerly 1957] [Bénet, and Guinamard 2026] [Cao et al 2021] [Carlson and Bott 1973] [Cavacece 2024] [Chabbi et al 2024] [Chen et al 2019] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2025] [Chikovani 2022] [Crose 1965] [Ding et al 2025] [Dranitsyna and Sokolov 2023] [Draper et al 1965] [Draper et al 1965] [Cai et al 2016] [Cai et al 2024] [Cairns 1970] [Calibration against orientation drifts 2014] [Canniff and Madigan 1969] [Cao et al 2011] [Cao et al 2023] [Cao et al 2024] [Cao et al 2025] [Cardarelli] [Cardoni et al 2024] [Casewell 1999] [Cechowicz 2017] [Centaur in retrospect 1968] [Cerre et al 1997] [Chakraborty et al 2024] [Chatterjee] [Chatterjee et al 2015] [Chen 2026] [Chen and Cui 2016] [Chen and Park 2005] [Chen and Wang 1988] [Chen et al 2017] [Chen et al 2019] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2023] [Chen et al 2024] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2026] [Chernodarov et al 2022] [Chernodarov et al 2024] [Cheuk et al 2012] [Chheda et al 2006] [Ching and Rugge 1975] [Chyad and Al-Saedi 2018] [Claassen 1975] [Coelho Martins] [Coetsee et al 1995] [Coffee and Maganty 1996] [Coffman and Debra 1975] [Conner and Thompson 1963] [Constancis and Sorine 1992] [Coulter and Meehan 1981] [Counselman 1991] [Crawley and Maunder 1966] [Crocoll et al 2013] [Crombie 1989] [Curey 2013] [Dai et al 2011] [Dai et al 2025] [Dangui et al 2009] [Dankowych et al 1986] [Darmawan et al 2016] [Dasaro 1970] [Daum et al] [Davis et al 2002] [de Vries et al 2023] [DeBra et al 1981] [Delaye 2000] [DeMars et al 2014] [Demkowicz 2017] [Deprez and Giorgi 2021] [Design of Guidance Laws 2007, Design of Guidance Laws Implement] [Design of Guidance Laws 2007, Design of Guidance Laws Implement 2] [Dewar et al 1993] [Deyle 2005] [Dhuyvetter 1974] [Di Corato et al 2013] [Diao et al 2013] [Digonnet 2014] [Digonnet et al 2006] [Ding et al 2005] [Ding et al 2025] [Divakaruni et al 2008] [Dogruyol et al 2021] [Donguk Yang et al 2015] [Du et al 2021] [Duck 1973] [Dudzinski 1981] [Duncan 1967] [Edamana et al 2014] [Efimovskaya et al 2017] [El-Diasty et al 2007] [Eljubrani et al 2022] [Emel’yantsev et al 2012] [Emel’yantsev et al 2017] [Erdem et al 2013] [Erinda et al 2022] [Esipenko et al 2019] [European inertial grade accelerometer 2000] [Ezekiel 1980] [Fall et al 2008] [Fan et al 2025] [Fan et al 2026] [Fang et al 2014] [Farrell et al 2022] [Farrell 1968] [Farrior 1962] [Fazelinia et al 2024] [Fegley et al 1965] [Fegley et al 1967] [Feldman 1967] [Fellerhoff 1988] [Feng et al 2020] [Filipe et al 2021] [Finch] [Finley and Parker 2010] [Fomichev 2025] [Fong et al 2008] [Fontanella et al 2016] [Fontanella et al 2017] [Fontanella et al 2018] [Fowler 1990] [Freitag 1960] [French 1968] [Frick et al] [Frigo 1986] [Frigo 1987] [Froyum et al 2012] [Fu et al 2021] [Fu et al 2021] [Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation 2020] [Gadalla et al 1993] [Galante and Sanner 2012] [Gallo and Barrientos 2022] [Gallo and Barrientos 2023] [Gallo and Barrientos 2023] [Galloway and Barnaba 1983] [Galyagin et al 2017] [Gao et al 2016] [Garrick et al 2010] [Garrido Alzar 2019] [Gates 1970] [Gattere et al 2020] [Ge et al 2020] [Gebre-Egziabher 2007] [Geiger et al 2020] [Gelb and Sutherland 1970] [Gelb and Sutherland 1968] [Geng et al 2026] [George and Sukkarieh 2007] [Gerber 1975] [Gioia] [Glaros] [GNSS-aided INS loose coupling 2022] [GNSS-aided INS tight coupling 2022] [Goldshtein et al 2008] [Golikov et al 2025] [Gordan 1987] [Gordon 1964] [GPS Aided Inertial System 2007] [GPS positioning guide a 1995] [Gray 2014] [Gray 2015] [Greig et al 1987] [Gryglaszewski 1963] [Gryte et al 2017] [Gu 1975] [Gu et al 2023] [Guang-Lin et al 2012] [Gulmammadov 2009] [Guo and Wang 2025] [Guo et al 2012] [Guo et al 2016] [Guo et al 2018] [Guo et al 2020] [Guo et al 2024] [Gurung et al 2023] [Gyro and accelerometer technical 2006] [Haak 1994] [Habibi et al 2008] [Hablani 1994] [HaLevy et al 2021] [Hall and Williams 2000] [Hall et al 2000] [Han 2023] [Han and Sabbagh 2022] [Han et al 2019] [Han et al 2020] [Hand 1968] [Harding and Lawson 1968] [Hardtla 1978] [Harindranath and Arora 2024] [Harriman and Harrison 1984] [Hart et al 2007] [Hartana] [Hawarey 2026] [Haydon et al 2025] [He] [He et al 2015] [He et al 2019] [Heinssen et al 2015] [Heller and Jordan 1975] [Hellings 1973] [Hem 1965] [Herrington et al 2019] [Hoefener and Stone 1981] [Holland] [Holley et al 1976] [Holt 2007] [Hong et al 2026] [Hosseini-Pishrobat and Tatar 2025] [Hotate and Kikuchi 2001] [Hotate and Murakami 1988] [Hotate and Tabe 1986] [Hotate et al 1988] [Hou et al 2014] [Hou et al 2026] [Hsu and Tekippe 1984] [Hu 2019] [Hu et al 2020] [Hu et al 2023] [Hu et al 2023] [Hu et al 2026] [Hu et al 2026] [Hu TS. Selezneva M.S. Proletarskiy A.V. Neusypin K.А. 2021] [hua and yan 2018] [Huang et al 2016] [Huang et al 2018] [Huang et al 2019] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang Wei-quan et al] [Hudeley et al 2022] [Hung et al 1988] [Hunter 1972] [Hysell 2007] [Inagaki et al 2006] [Inertial Navigation 2000] [Inertial Navigation Error Analysis 2020] [Inertial Navigation System 2001] [Inertial Navigation System 2023] [Inertial navigation system alignment 2004] [Inertial Navigation Systems 2006] [Interplanetary guidance system requirements 1967] [Jackson 1973] [Jakimczyk et al 1971] [Janicijevic 2003] [Jaroszewicz and Szustakowski 1995] [Jee et al 2014] [Jekeli 1997] [Jia et al 2024] [Jian-hua et al 2008] [Jiang and Li 2023] [Jiang et al 2007] [Jiang et al 2017] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jiang et al 2025] [Jianping 1995] [Jiao et al 2025] [Jin 1995] [Jin et al 2010] [Johnson 1985] [Johnson and Grimm 1976] [Jones and Moore 1987] [Jopling and Stameris 1970] [Juang and Radharamanan] [Jung and Weiss 2021] [Jung et al 2020] [Kaertner 2006] [Kajioka et al] [Kajioka et al 1992] [Kaku 1990] [Kanagasabapathi Chandirakala 2026] [Kanter 1966] [Karagöz et al 2024] [Kariminejad et al 2026] [Kashima et al 1991] [Kashyap 2025] [Kau 1975] [Kau et al 1983] [Kawase 2003] [Kayton 1964] [Kennel 1967] [Ketterle et al 2008] [Khan et al 2017] [Killian] [Killian et al 1994] [Kim and Golnaraghi] [Kim and Shaw 1984] [Kim et al 2013] [Kim et al 2022] [Kim et al 2023] [Kim et al 2026] [Kinsey et al 1987] [Kizhner et al 1999] [Kleinert and Schleith 2010] [Kleinhesselink 1963] [Kling 1989] [Koh et al 2026] [Koifman et al 1995] [Konin et al 2026] [Kottas and Roumeliotis 2013] [Kou et al 2014] [Kouba and Mason 1962] [Kozlov et al 2026] [Kramberger and McCabe 1969] [Kriegsman 1966] [Krylov 2021] [Krylov and Veremeenko 2020] [Kubena et al 2016] [Kuhn] [Kuncar et al 2018] [Kunpeng He et al 2013] [Kupper et al 2020] [Kwasniak 2018] [Landherr and Klein 1987] [Landherr and Klein 1989] [Lange and Parkinson 1965] [Langford 1965] [Langford 1966] [Larin and Tunik 2012] [Larson 1965] [Laser-driven fiber-optic gyroscope 2025] [Lassak et al 2013] [Lawrence 1993] [Lawrence 1993] [Lawrence 1993] [Lawrence 1993] [Lawrence 1998] [Lawrence 1998] [Lawrence 1998] [Layton 1967] [Leclère et al 2025] [Lee 1974] [Lee 1976] [Lee and Johnson 2020] [Lee and Jung 2018] [Lee et al 2014] [Lee et al 2018] [Lefevre 1988] [Lefevre 1993] [Lefevre 1996] [Lefevre et al 1987] [Lefèvre 1996] [Lefèvre 1997] [Lefèvre 2013] [Lei Wang et al 2011] [Leonardson and Foote] [Li and Mourikis 2012] [Li and Mourikis 2013] [Li et al 2009] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2014] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2018] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Li et al 2026] [Lian et al 2020] [Liang and Kleinbub 1973] [Liang et al 2018] [Liang et al 2026] [Liang Wang and He-Hua Ju 2009] [Liden 1971] [Lin and Zhan 2023] [Lin et al 2012] [Lin et al 2022] [Lin et al 2025] [Lipton 1967] [Liu 2024] [Liu and Zhu 2016] [Liu et al 2012] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2026] [Lloyd et al 2013] [Lovtsov and Karpov 2011] [Lowry 1966] [Lu et al 2017] [Luo and Xu 1991] [Luo et al 2017] [Lv et al 2026] [Léfèvre 1989] [Ma 2014] [Ma and McKitterick 2012] [Ma et al 2014] [Ma et al 2021] [Ma et al 2023] [Ma et al 2026] [Maciuk et al 2023] [Mackinnon and Madden 1971] [Macmillan 1981] [Madigan 1970] [Madigan 1969] [Magree and Johnson 2013] [Magree and Johnson 2014] [Magree and Johnson 2015] [Malvern and Collins 2014] [Mao et al 2012] [Mao et al 2021] [Marinushkin and Podshivalov 2015] [Marra et al 2018] [Martin 2004] [Martin et al 2016] [Masuda 1999] [Mateus et al 2009] [Matthews et al 1981] [Mayank et al 2024] [Maybeck 1973] [McBurney] [McCabe and DeMars 2019] [McCaskill et al 1971] [Mei 1996] [Meng et al 2017] [Meng et al 2018] [Meng et al 2024] [Menzione et al 2016] [Mercker and Akella 2011] [Merhav 1979] [Meyers and Weiderman 1988] [Miani et al 2022] [Micheau and Thiebolt 1998] [Miller and Akella 2025] [Miller 1965] [Miller and Sitomer 1968] [Minford et al 1988] [Minford et al 1990] [Mingli et al 2006] [Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit 2018] [Miniature Integrating Gyro Design 1962] [Minnaar and Smit 2017] [Miranda and Kozuma 2023] [Mitani et al 2021] [Moeller et al 1988] [Mohamed and Mamatas 2012] [Mohammadkarimi and Nobahari 2018] [Mohammadkarimi et al 2025] [Mondshein 1980] [Montgomery 1984] [Moody and Paik] [Moore 1967] [Morine et al 1966] [Morrison 1988] [Morrison and Strang 1976] [Mostafa et al 2018] [Motohara and Ohno] [Motohara and Ohno 1992] [Mou et al 2020] [Mou et al 2021] [Mukhina and Filyashkin 2019] [Muller] [Munghemezulu et al 2018] [Myung Hwangbo and Takeo Kanade 2008] [Müller 1972] [Nadig and Lal 2018] [Nam] [Napolitano et al 2017] [Narasimhappa et al 2016] [Nash et al 1971] [Nash et al 1972] [Navigation Error Analysis in 2021] [Nelson 1965] [Nikiforovskii et al 2022] [Nilsson et al 2012] [Nishiura et al 1985] [Nishiura et al 1986] [Noor et al 2017] [Noyes 1975] [Nunes and Sakamoto 2024] [Nurse et al 1978] [Nurse et al 1978] [O’Toole] [Ogut et al 2018] [Olds 1998] [Oliveira et al 2012] [Olson and Sunkel 1983] [Ompusunggu and Bey-Temsamani 2015] [Oravetz and Sandberg 1969] [Ornedo et al] [Otten 1966] [Ovchinnikov et al 2025] [Peng et al 2025] [Qiu et al 2022] [Ramsey et al 2019] [Razavi et al 2019] [Ruan et al 2023] [Savkin et al 2021] [Shtark and Gurfil 2019] [Sinkiewicz et al 1974] [Sreena and Thomas 2017] [Pan et al 2014] [Pan et al 2017] [Panahandeh and Jansson 2011] [Panahandeh et al 2010] [Pang et al 2024] [Parallel Navigation 2007] [Part I Inertial Navigation 1997] [Pasik et al 1975] [Paternain et al 2013] [Paul et al 1973] [Paul et al 1974] [Pavlath 1992] [Pavlath 1993] [Payne et al 1975] [peijie et al 2025] [Peng et al 1987] [Peng Liu et al 2017] [Perrotta et al 1998] [Pervez et al 2019] [Peters and Foote 1982] [Phadke and Talole 2012] [Pijoan 1970] [Pillon et al 2025] [Ping Lu et al 2014] [Pinrod et al 2017] [Poddar and Kumar 2019] [Podder et al 2024] [Porterfield 2020] [Praczyk and Zalewski 2026] [Prizevoits 1961] [Problems in inertial guidance 1970] [Qayyum and Kim 2021] [Qian et al 2015] [Qin et al 2025] [Qing et al 2025] [Quan et al 2015] [Quinchia et al 2012] [McHenry et al 1979] [Radiation effects analysis for 1964] [Radio/optical/strapdown inertial guidance study 1968] [Radio/optical/strapdown inertial guidance study 1969] [Radioisotopes applied to lubrication 1963] [Ragel and Farooq 2005] [Rahimi and Nikkhah 2020] [Rahimi and Nikkhah 2021] [Ramalingam et al 2008] [Ramalingam et al 2009] [Rashleigh and Burns 1981] [Rasoulzadeh and Shahri 2017] [Rawashedeh and Lumpp 2014] [Remmler and Theobald 1967] [Richardus 2017] [Richeson and Pines 2007] [Ritland 1989] [Roberts and Vallot] [Rockower 1967] [Roman et al 2025] [Rounds and Marmar 1983] [Ru et al 2022] [Ruchanurucks et al 2024] [Ruffin 2002] [Ruffin 2008] [Ruffin 2017] [Rugge and Ching 1975] [Rui et al 2026] [Rupniewski 2025] [Ruth 1968] [Ryan 1981] [Ryan 1984] [Stevens 1958] [Tennstedt et al 2021] [Tennstedt et al 2023] [Trifonova and Ushakov 2021] [Vinoj et al 2022] [Sabater et al 2022] [Sadeghzadeh-Nokhodberiz et al 2021] [Saida and Hotate 1997] [Sanders 1993] [Sanders et al 2021] [Sarfaraz 2015] [Savage 2018] [Schmidt et al 1982] [Schopp et al 2010] [Schulz et al 2025] [Schwarz 1981] [Sciegienny et al 1978] [Scorse and Crassidis 2011] [Scorse et al 2010] [Scott 1963] [Scott 1964] [Seo et al 2022] [Shan et al 2025] [Shang 1990] [Shang et al 2020] [Shangguan et al 2024] [Shankar and E 2023] [Shen et al 2011] [Shengchao Shi et al 2016] [Shi et al 2026] [Shneydor 1998] [Shneydor 1998] [Shneydor 1998] [Shneydor 1998] [Shro 1968] [Shu et al 2023] [shu-zhi et al 2006] [Shuang and Pingyuan 2006] [Silva and Batista 2019] [Simon 1965] [Simulation of Thermal Drift 2015] [Sivalingam and Hagen 2023] [Sivalingam and Hagen 2026] [Slater 1956] [Slifka 1960] [Slivinsky et al] [Slivinsky et al 1999] [Smeltzer 1975] [Smith and Biezad 1986] [Son et al 2023] [Song et al 2013] [Song et al 2019] [Sonmez and Bingol 2008] [Sperry Gyroscope Co Great Neck Ny 1963] [Sperry Gyroscope Co Great Neck Ny 1963] [Sruthi and Nagaraja 2015] [Stefanski 2019] [Stein et al 2016] [Stovner and Johansen 2019] [Stubbs et al 1997] [Sukenik 2004] [Sun et al 2013] [Sun et al 2018] [Sun et al 2022] [Surov and Alekseeva 2024] [Sutherland et al 1968] [Suzuki et al 2019] [Swanson 1963] [Syed et al 2007] [Tabatabaei 2023] [Takahashi et al 1990] [Tang and Najafi 2018] [Tanriverdi and Cavdaroglu 2017] [Tao et al 2001] [Tao et al 2014] [Tao Guo et al 2010] [Tarygin 2020] [Tatar 2026] [Taur 2002] [Taur 2013] [Temperature error compensation for 2015] [Templier] [Terasawa et al 2012] [The fiber-optic gyroscope 1993] [The Global Positioning System 2001] [The Global Positioning System 2023] [The inertial-satellite microelectromechanical gyro-vertical 2010] [The King Inertial Navigation 1962] [Thompson 2000] [Thurman and Pollmeier 1994] [Tikhomirov et al 2019] [Toda and Koike 2021] [Tong et al 2021] [Troiani] [Troiani and Martinelli 2012] [Turenko and Pryhodko 2024] [Udd and Cahill 1984] [Ullah et al 2015] [Ulrich 1982] [Usui 1999] [Van Dierendonck] [Vasconcelos et al 2005] [Venus swingby trajectories, estimation 1967] [Vepa and Zhahir 2010] [Verma et al 2012] [Vodicheva and Parysheva 2019] [Vostrikov et al 2020] [Walker and Engelke 1990] [Wang 1986] [Wang 2017] [Wang and Chen 2016] [Wang and Chen 2018] [Wang and Chen 2021] [Wang and Cheng 2021] [Wang and Han 2020] [Wang and Liu 2013] [Wang and Tayebi 2019] [Wang and Wang 2010] [Wang and Wang 2011] [Wang and Wang 2018] [Wang and Zhao 2024] [Wang et al 2006] [Wang et al 2010] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Weaver 1979] [Wei Wang and Chen 2016] [Weisman and Crassidis 2009] [Welch 1965] [Welker et al 2011] [Welker et al 2013] [Wells 1981] [Wen 2019] [Wen et al 2018] [Wen et al 2019] [Wen et al 2025] [Whitcombe 1961] [White and Hung 1978] [Widnall et al 1974] [Wilkinson 1971] [Williamson et al 2005] [Willis] [Wright et al 2022] [Wu and Wang 2024] [Wu and Yin 2020] [Wu et al 2005] [Wu et al 2015] [Wu et al 2020] [Wu et al 2023] [Wu et al 2026] [Xiao et al 2012] [Xiaojiao Ma et al 2009] [Xiaoxia and Yi 2006] [Xie et al 1998] [Xie et al 2020] [Xie et al 2026] [Xin Ma et al] [Xing et al 2026] [Xiye Guo et al 2016] [Xu et al 2012] [Xu et al 2015] [Xu et al 2016] [Xu et al 2018] [Xudong et al 2021] [Xue et al 2015] [Xue et al 2023] [Xuguo et al 2018] [Yan and Wang 2025] [Yan et al 2022] [Yan et al 2022] [Yan et al 2023] [Yang 2013] [Yang 2014] [Yang and Huang 2018] [Yang and Huang 2019] [Yang and Ni 2026] [Yang et al 2015] [Yang et al 2018] [Yang et al 2018] [Yang et al 2019] [Yang et al 2021] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2025] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yi et al 2025] [Yoo et al 2012] [Yu and Crassidis 2016] [Yu et al 2014] [Yu et al 2017] [Yu et al 2023] [Yu et al 2025] [Yu et al 2025] [Yuan et al 2018] [Yuan et al 2024] [Yuksel and Kaygisiz] [Yun et al 2018] [Zachariah and Jansson 2010] [Zachariah and Jansson 2010] [Zanetti 2016] [Lviv Polytechnic National University et al 2024] [Zardashti and Emami 2021] [Zhang 2017] [Zhang and Gao 2012] [Zhang and Guo 2014] [Zhang and Huang 2024] [Zhang et al 2009] [Zhang et al 2009] [Zhang et al 2012] [Zhang et al 2013] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao 2012] [Zhao 2014] [Zhao et al 1999] [Zhao et al 2012] [Zhao et al 2015] [Zhao et al 2021] [Zhao et al 2022] [Zhao et al 2022] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhao et al 2026] [Zhao et al 2026] [Zhaohui et al 2014] [Zheng et al 2023] [ZhongGuo et al 2018] [Zhou et al 2009] [Zhou et al 2012] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2021] [Zhou et al 2021] [Zhou et al 2021] [Zhou et al 2021] [Zhu and He 2020] [Zhu et al 2020] [Zhu et al 2025] [Zini et al 2024] [Zorn] [Zotov et al 2011] [Çelikbilek et al 2024] [Çelikbilek et al 2025] [Çelikel and Sametoğlu 2012]

Reentry vehicles, nose cones and thermal protection

The other end of the trajectory. Reentry vehicle aerodynamics and heating, nose cones and nosetips, ablation and thermal protection, reentry trajectory design and guidance, lifting and gliding entry vehicles, and the ballistic range facilities that test them. No title dated 1965 or earlier names a gliding vehicle, and 39 later titles do, which is the field’s move from the ballistic body the Atlas carried to the manoeuvring vehicle that defeats prediction.

921 records. [Abe et al 2001] [Abensur 1994] [Adami and Nosratolahi 2009] [Adams 1976] [Aerodynamics Calculation of Reentry 2013] [Aeschliman et al 1975] [Afzal et al 2009] [Agustin et al 1998] [Agustin et al 1999] [Akin 2010] [Alexander 1978] [Allen 1955] [Allen 1966] [Allen and Eggers 1958] [Allen 1957] [Allison 2017] [An Airborne Telescope-Camera System 1974] [Anderson et al 1967] [Anderson et al 2016] [Andiyappan et al 2025] [Andrew et al 1966] [Appar and Kumar 2021] [Appar et al 2022] [Argyris et al 1989] [Argyris et al 1990] [Arora 2002] [Arora and Ananthasayanam 2003] [Asl and Farahani 2013] [Aslanov 2017] [Aslanov and Doroshin 2002] [Babb and Fuller 1962] [Badea et al 2025] [Bairstow and Barton 2007] [Baker 1969] [Baker and Kramer 1979] [Baker and Kramer 1982] [Balakrishnan and Chaussee 1988] [Banerjee and Coppey 1975] [Bao et al 2019] [Barbera 1980] [Bartel et al 1988] [Barzegar Gerdroodbary et al 2014] [Beal et al 1965] [Beier 1988] [Bertelrud et al 1992] [Bettinger 2021] [Bettis and Hosder 2010] [Bhale et al 2006] [Bibeau and Rubinstein 2000] [Bifurcation Analysis for the 2004] [Bishop and Dicristina 1967] [Bityurin and Bocharov 2014] [Blodgett et al 1986] [Bogdanoff et al 2017] [Bolender and Doman 2005] [Bolender and Doman 2006] [Bollino et al 2006] [Bonivert et al 1989] [Borrelli and Pandolfi 1991] [Borrelli et al 2009] [Bouslog et al 1993] [Boutelle et al] [Bowman 2002] [Bowman and Savin 1959] [Breitsamter et al 2001] [Brinich 1958] [Brock et al 2019] [Broglio 1961] [Brown et al 1964] [Brown 1986] [Brummer 1963] [Bull et al 1996] [Burkhardt and Schoettle 1996] [Byczkowski and Rao 2026] [Byrne et al 1996] [Cai et al 2013] [Cain and Snelling 2022] [Calhoun 2000] [Callaghan 1958] [Candy] [Causey and Sohoni 1973] [Celenligil et al 1988] [Chai et al 2020] [Chander and Krishna 2013] [Chander and Krishna 2013] [Chandler 2023] [Chang and Nielsen 1990] [Chang et al 2018] [Chang et al 2022] [Changsheng et al 2006] [Channon and Barry 1967] [Chao et al 2010] [Chaofan et al 2014] [Chapman 1992] [Chapter 12 Methodology of 2013] [Chapter 13 Numerical Modeling 2013] [Chawla et al 2010] [Cheah et al 2025] [Cheatham et al 1960] [Chen 1964] [Chen and Tseng 2011] [Chen et al 1999] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen Liu et al 2016] [Cheng et al 2019] [Cheng et al 2024] [Cheng et al 2025] [Chiccine et al 1959] [Chiesa and Callabresi 1981] [Chin et al 1964] [Ching et al 2019] [Chirayath and Bindu 2014] [Chitwood 1962] [Christoph 1985] [Christopher 2014] [Churchill et al 1969] [Cimmino et al 2023] [Cimmino et al 2025] [Clapp 1965] [Compton et al 1979] [Costa and Sachs 2002] [Cramer et al 1988] [Crenshaw 1983] [Crowe and Carlson 1970] [Cui et al 2024] [Cui et al 2025] [Cvrlje 1999] [da Costa and Sachs 2003] [Dabas et al 2025] [Dai et al 2026] [Dan et al 2022] [Darling et al 2012] [Darnell 1966] [Das et al 2008] [Das et al 2023] [Das et al 2024] [Davami et al 2025] [Dayman 1971] [De Virgilio et al 1973] [Deepak et al 2006] [Demidovich 2017] [Deng et al 2026] [Deng et al 2026] [Deng et al 2027] [Derbidge and Dahm 1976] [Desikan and Srinivasan 2018] [Detra and Hidalgo 1961] [Deyst 1968] [Di Clemente et al 2006] [Dickerson et al 1968] [Dillman et al 2010] [Dillman et al 2013] [Ding et al 2016] [Ding et al 2023] [Dinonno et al 2016] [Dolton and Reed 1966] [Donahue and Farrell 1979] [Dong and Cai 2017] [Dong et al 2021] [Dong et al 2023] [Dongjun et al 2018] [Donselman 1966] [Dorne and Shube 1968] [Drexhage and Matthews 1964] [Duan and Zhong 2010] [Dubois 1983] [Dutta et al 2012] [Dwivedi and Bhargava 2018] [Eastwood 1968] [Eggers 1958] [Ehmsen 1971] [Eickmans 2015] [Eilertson and Wing 1966] [Eliseev et al 2014] [Elliott 1969] [Enoki et al 2019] [Enriquez 2025] [Erb and Kotanchik 1966] [Erickson 1976] [Ericsson 1969] [Ericsson 1970] [Ericsson and Scholnick 1968] [Fang et al 2020] [Fannelop 1967] [Fedele et al 2014] [Filatyev 2000] [Fine 1967] [Finke 1990] [Finseth 1991] [Finson et al 1980] [Fio Rito 1964] [Fletcher and Jaquet 1962] [Fong et al 1970] [Foss and Whitcomb 1960] [Foster 1960] [Frankenthal 1964] [Franze and Barz 2025] [Franze and Basov 2026] [Frayssinet 2019] [Frayssinet et al 2013] [Friedrich 1962] [Fu et al 2019] [Fuhry 1999] [Fujino et al 2008] [Fujita et al 1997] [Gaitonde and Shang 1993] [Gang et al 2006] [Gao and Zhu 2025] [Gao et al 2014] [Gao et al 2019] [Gao et al 2026] [Garland and Hall 1958] [General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1964] [Gerasimov 2025] [Ghanbari et al 2022] [Ghanbari et al 2022] [Gielda et al 1990] [Ginoux 1966] [Giri and Ghose 2010] [Gockel 1993] [Gogineni et al 1980] [Goldberg 1966] [Gong et al 2025] [Grabowsky et al 1981] [Graham and Ryan 1969] [Graves and Gosse 2013] [Gray 1965] [Greene and Williamson 1981] [Grimm 1992] [Grimm 1993] [Groener et al 1980] [Gräßlin et al 2004] [Guarino 1968] [Guida and D’Urso 2025] [Guo et al 2017] [Guo et al 2020] [Guo et al 2022] [Guo et al 2023] [Guodong Ning et al] [Gupta and Anilkumar 2015] [Allen 1962] [Halbe et al 2010] [Halbe et al 2014] [Hamaker 1960] [Han and Cao 2019] [Han et al 2023] [Handler 1989] [Hanna and Stephens 1991] [Hansen et al 1963] [Hanson et al 1998] [Hao et al 2019] [Hargrove and Shalette 1968] [Harris et al 1980] [Harvey 2008] [Hasegawa 2025] [Hassell and Ware 1962] [Hayner et al 2025] [He et al 2018] [He et al 2023] [He et al 2025] [He et al 2026] [He et al 2026] [Heck et al 1983] [Heidrich and Braun 2017] [Hempel and Cartland 1980] [Hermann 1965] [Herrick 1968] [Hicks and Paller 2025] [Hiraki et al 2019] [Hodge et al 1981] [Hongwei Han et al 2016] [Horing et al 2025] [Horneman et al 2010] [Hossain 2025] [Hou et al 2022] [Hough 1980] [Hough 2020] [Hove and Shih 1977] [Howe and Monfort 1973] [Hu and Liu 2025] [Hu and Zhou 2010] [Hu et al 2016] [Huang and Dai 2023] [Huang and Yao 2019] [Huang et al 2022] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang et al 2024] [Huebner et al 1988] [Hui et al 2021] [Hull et al 1981] [Hunt et al 2015] [Hunter et al 1985] [Huo et al 2014] [Hupe et al 2026] [Husson 1963] [Husson and Spiers 1964] [Hwang and Ahn 2022] [Hypervelocity instrumentation aids ICBM 1959] [Imado and Kuroda 1992] [Inatani et al 1992] [Interplanetary guidance system requirements 1966] [Ishida et al 2015] [Isotope reentry vehicle design 1968] [Ivanov et al 1993] [Ivanov et al 2006] [Ivanov et al 2007] [Ivanov et al 2011] [Iwakawa et al 2015] [Iyer 2026] [Jacchia and Slowey 1963] [Jacchia and Slowey 1964] [Jacobs 1965] [Jaensch and Markl 1991] [Grinstead et al 2010] [Jayanthi and Jain 2019] [Jazwinski 1972] [Jeong et al 2007] [Jiang et al 2018] [Jiang et al 2019] [Jiang et al 2021] [Jiang et al 2021] [Jianguo et al 2016] [Jiao et al 2024] [Jie Liang, Zhihui Li, Xuguo Li and Weibo Shi 2020] [Jing and Yuan-pei 2015] [Johannessen 1964] [DiNonno and Cheatwood] [Johnson and Mosely 1964] [Johnson et al 2006] [Johnson et al 2007] [Johnson et al 2020] [Johnson and White 1964] [Joint Conference on Lifting 1960] [Jones and Walters 2007] [Jordan and Buffington 1987] [Jorris 2014] [Joseph et al 2026] [Joshi and Sivan 2005] [Jouhaud et al 2007] [Joyce et al 2005] [Jun-chao and Xiao-kuan 2016] [Kaled Da Cás et al 2012] [Kalirajan and Joshi 2016] [Kamimura et al 2012] [Kang et al 2021] [Kanner et al 2002] [Kara et al 2007] [Kara et al 2007] [Kashkovsky 2014] [Kashkovsky et al 2014] [Katsurayama and Abe 2012] [Kaufman 1970] [Kawato et al 2003] [Ke and Wang 2017] [Kennedy and Fields 1962] [Kim 1987] [Kim et al 2019] [Kim et al 2021] [King 1980] [Kiritani et al 2020] [Klett 1968] [Klett 1968] [Knight and Quinn 1971] [Knoll and Oglebay 1963] [Knott 1969] [Kobayashi and Saperstein 1981] [Koike et al 2018] [Komurasaki and Candler 1998] [Krishnan et al 2016] [Kross and Webb 1979] [Kruzynski et al 2023] [Kryvoruka and Ashurst 1973] [Kumar et al 1980] [Kuntz et al 1987] [Kurihara et al 2020] [Kurita et al 2000] [Kuroda and Imado 1990] [Laganelli 1980] [Laitone 1959] [Lakshminarayana et al 2026] [Lamb and Mayo 1967] [Landers and Auman 2001] [Landers et al 2003] [Lawrence 1991] [Le Bel and Russell 1965] [Le et al 2023] [LeBlanc and Grannemann 1963] [Ledu and Pollak 1968] [Lee and Liu 1999] [Legendre et al 1980] [Lei et al 2017] [Lei et al 2026] [Lemal] [Leonov and Grishko 2019] [Lessing and Coate 1965] [Levin and Smith 1967] [Li 1989] [Li and Gao 2014] [Li and Zhang 2021] [Li et al 2008] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2018] [Li et al 2018] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2025] [Li Ruikang et al 2006] [Lian et al 2004] [Liang and Han 2011] [Liang and Liu 2009] [Liaoni Wu et al 2008] [Lichtenstein 1968] [Lichtenstein 1960] [Lin and Rubin 1979] [Lin et al 1982] [Lin et al 1998] [Lin et al 2000] [Lin et al 2003] [Lin et al 2020] [Lin-lin et al 2015] [Lind and McIlwraith 1965] [Liu 1967] [Liu 2016] [Liu and He 2017] [Liu et al 2005] [Liu et al 2010] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2026] [Liu et al 2026] [Liwei Zheng and Wuxing Jing] [Lobbia 2015] [Low-density phenolic nylon nosecap 1965] [Lu 1997] [Lu 2015] [Lu et al 2024] [Lum and Hines 1972] [Luo and Baysal 1999] [Luo et al 2024] [Lustig and Hayes 1969] [Lv et al 2023] [Cameron 1977] [M.L.Jorlin et al 2026] [Ma et al 2022] [Ma et al 2024] [Machin and Daum 2026] [Mahmoud et al 2017] [Maitra 2000] [Maity et al 2012] [Mall and Taheri 2022] [Mallick et al 2026] [Manna and Deconinck 1992] [Mao et al 2016] [Maorui Zhang et al 2010] [Maorui Zhang et al 2010] [Marcum 2001] [Marcum et al 1965] [Marwege and Gülhan 2023] [Masaki and Yakura 1968] [McAlees 1968] [Mishra and Sushnigdha 2025] [Montgomery 1967] [Morgado et al 2022] [Muthu et al 2020] [Nelson 1967] [Nestler 1977] [Niu and Su 2023] [Oz and Kara 2024] [Park and Shin 2024] [Peng and Wang 2026] [Penner and Olfe 1968] [Piao et al 2019] [Ren 2025] [Rioseco Olave et al 2023] [Rivier et al 2019] [Samotokhin 2021] [Schouler et al 2021] [Schuabb et al] [Mathavaraj et al 2010] [Mathews and Leszkiewicz 1988] [Matsumoto et al 2013] [Matsumoto et al 2015] [Matsunaga et al 2017] [Mayanna et al 2006] [McAnally and Engel 1979] [McDowell and Williamson 1980] [McDowell and Williamson 1982] [Mease et al 1999] [Meckler 1965] [Meginnis et al 2012] [Mehta 2023] [Melo et al 2012] [Menon and Ohlmeyer 2000] [Merlinge et al 2019] [Mermagen 1964] [Metsker et al 2018] [Miki and Fujii 2018] [Ming-Guang et al 2006] [Miyazawa et al 1993] [Miyazawa et al 1999] [Molina et al 1996] [Molki and Ogbozor 2026] [Mongibello and de Luca 2008] [Monti et al 2006] [Moog et al 1979] [Moore 1963] [Moradi et al 2018] [Moreau et al 1994] [Morio et al 2009] [Morrison et al 1981] [Morrison et al 1982] [Morth 1966] [Moss et al 2006] [Mu and Wang 2012] [Mueller and Perotti 1993] [Mugler and Olstad 1960] [Mulanax 1967] [Murakami and Fujiwara 2001] [Murillo] [Murillo and Lu 2010] [Murphy 1961] [Murphy and Rubesin 1965] [Murphy et al 2004] [Murzova et al 2021] [Müller and Petervari 2025] [Nadjafi et al 2025] [Naftel and Powell 1985] [Naftel and Powell 1990] [Nagata et al 2026] [Nair and Joshi 2019] [Nardo and Sadler 1962] [Naresh et al 2025] [Nazarenko et al 1995] [Netterfield 1992] [Nettle 1958] [Nichols 1961] [Niu et al 2020] [Nix 1959] [Nomura et al 2018] [Nomura et al 2019] [Nose cone “bends” to 1960] [O’Hare and Anderson 1993] [Ogasawara and Nishioka 2001] [Oh et al 2021] [Okuno and Watanabe 1992] [Otsu 2008] [Otsu et al 2009] [Page and Rogers 1977] [Page 1970] [Pamadi et al 2004] [Pan et al 2020] [Pan et al 2023] [Pandie et al 2026] [Parsons 1964] [Patel 2016] [Patel and Subbarao 2024] [Patera 2006] [Patera 2008] [Paus and Well 1996] [Pearce 1972] [Pei et al 2021] [Peng and Smith 1996] [Pengxin et al 2015] [Pepper 1977] [Pepper 1984] [Pepper 1979] [Perez-Rivera 2026] [Persen 1969] [Pezzella and Votta 2009] [Phillips and Kryvoruka 1973] [Phillips 1963] [Piacesi et al 1963] [Platus 1967] [Platus 1975] [Platus 1978] [Platus 1979] [Platus 1980] [Platus 1980] [Platus 1983] [Porter 1981] [Potts 1981] [Powell and Cruz 1991] [Prasanna et al 2005] [Precise Reentry Estimation Using 2024] [Priceman and Sama 1966] [Pride et al 1960] [Priyadarshi and Mittal 2010] [Purinton et al 2011] [Puttasuwan et al 2022] [Qaumi 2021] [Qi et al 2014] [Qin and Richards 1992] [Raman et al 2020] [Raman et al 2020] [Rana and Chudoba 2016] [Randall 1970] [Randrianalisoa et al 2011] [Raper 1981] [Rathakrishnan 2023] [Rathakrishnan 2024] [Raza et al 2024] [Reda et al 2004] [Redman and Pasiuk 1957] [Reed 2005] [Reed 2006] [Reentry flight predictions around 1994] [Reentry Maneuvering Vehicle Ascent 2025] [Reentry Trajectory Estimation 2024] [Reentry vehicle nosetip material 1977] [Rhisat and Molki 2024] [Richman 1967] [Rigali et al 1980] [Rindal and Dahm 1967] [Roberts 1960] [Rodighiero] [Roenneke and Cornwell 1992] [Roenneke and Well 1995] [Roland et al 2016] [Romeo et al 2025] [Rosenboom et al 1999] [Runkle and Drobnik 1979] [Runkle and Woodis 1979] [Russel 1966] [Russell et al 2012] [Ryan 1971] [Sachs and Moravszki 2002] [Sagliano and Mooij 2018] [Sai Naga Bharghava et al 2024] [Saltzman et al 1999] [Sambamurthi et al 1987] [Sanai et al 1976] [Santos 2004] [Saran and Tadaki 1982] [Sasoh et al 2010] [Saunders et al 2011] [Scherberg and Rubin 1953] [Schierman and Hull 2005] [Schramm 1969] [Schwartz et al 2025] [Schweppe 1964] [Hancock et al] [Hancock et al] [Seiple 1960] [Shahzad Sana and Hu 2021] [Shan et al 2015] [Shang and Gaitonde 1994] [Shao and Wang 2015] [Shao et al 2015] [Shapland 1964] [Sharenson 1966] [Shariff and Pullin 1998] [Shen et al 2016] [Shengnan et al 2021] [Shenming et al 2018] [Sherman 1978] [Shi et al 2014] [Shi et al 2021] [Shi et al 2023] [Shilav and Khosid 2020] [Shinnick 1966] [Shtessel and Krupp] [Shure 1968] [Silber 2026] [Simons 1975] [Skaggs et al 1967] [Skalandunas 1963] [Smith 1961] [Snodgrass 1955] [Song et al 2011] [Song et al 2012] [Song et al 2022] [Sparrow 1964] [Spearman 1985] [Spiegel 1962] [Spravka and Jorris 2015] [Squire et al 2009] [Sreenivas Rao et al 2018] [Stadler 1993] [Stainback 1965] [Stalony-Dobrzanski 1970] [Starkey et al 2003] [Stephen et al 2019] [Hughes et al] [Stephens and Hanna 1991] [Stern 2004] [Stern and Chu 1963] [Stern et al 2016] [Stetson 1964] [Stetson and Lewis 1977] [Strawa and Cavolowsky 1990] [Strawa et al 1988] [Strippoli et al 2013] [Stubbe 1990] [Study of integral launch 1969, Study of integral launch and reen] [Study of Integral Launch 1969, Study of Integral Launch and Reen 2] [Study of Integral Launch 1969, Study of Integral Launch and Reen 3] [Su and Liu 2025] [Su and Liu 2025] [Su et al 2013] [Su et al 2021] [Su et al 2021] [Su et al 2024] [Su et al 2025] [Sun and Duan 2012] [Sun and Zhang 2011] [Sun et al 1998] [Sun et al 2017] [Sun et al 2023] [Sun et al 2024] [Sun et al 2025] [Sun et al 2025] [Sunken Reentry Vehicle 2013] [Surzhikov 2018] [Suzuki et al 2001] [Suzuki et al 2002] [Swain 1975] [Swain 1977] [Swann 1960] [Szu 2023] [Tahsini and Mousavi 2014] [Takahashi et al 2013] [Takahashi et al 2014] [Tang et al 2020] [Tannas 1966] [Tanno et al 2013] [Tao Guo et al 2010] [Tao Xu et al 2011] [Tatsuta et al 2025] [Tava and Suzuki 2002] [Teofilatto 2024] [Terasaki 1963] [Teschner and Mundt 2023] [Tewell 1984] [Tewell et al 1983] [Thareja and Lewis 1982] [Thomas and Perlbachs 1967] [Thompson et al 1982] [Thompson et al 1982] [Thornton et al 2019] [Tian et al 2015] [Tian et al 2015] [Tian et al 2025] [Ting et al 1986] [Titov and Levin 2011] [Tiwari et al 1992] [Tomljanovich Chuck et al 2010] [Trent et al 2007] [Tsukamoto et al 2003] [Uffelman and Deffenbaugh 1979] [Ukirde and Rathod 2023] [Urazbakhtin et al 2014] [Van Ghele et al 2018] [Vashchenkov et al 2005] [Vashchenkov et al 2008] [Vehicle/payload interface specification for 1991] [Verma and Koppenwallner 2002] [Vibration of a Reentry 1975] [Villanueva 2022] [Viviand 1991] [Viviani and Pezzella 2007] [Viviani et al 2006] [Viviani et al 2008] [Vo et al 1993] [Wachi and Gilmartin 1966] [Wagner 1965] [Wailes and Carlson 1986] [Walker 1967] [Wallner and Well 2002] [Wallner and Well 2003] [Walters 1959] [Wan et al 2020] [Wang and Shih 1991] [Wang and Ting 1961] [Wang et al 1998] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2015] [Wang et al 2015] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2026] [Ware 1961] [Warmbrod 1963] [Watts 2005] [Watts 2005] [Webb et al 2026] [Wei et al 2018] [Weidong et al 2015] [Weiwei et al 2022] [Wells and Thornley 1996] [Wen et al 2021] [Wenming et al 2015] [Wercinski 1988] [Weston 1966] [White 1963] [White 1960] [Whiting 1964] [Whiting 1966] [Whitlock 1965] [Widhopf 1964] [Wilder et al 2007] [Williamson 1977] [Williamson 1978] [Wortman 1969] [Wu et al 1994] [Wu et al 2012] [Wu et al 2015] [Wu et al 2018] [Wu et al 2020] [Wu et al 2021] [Wu et al 2026] [Wuxing et al 2015] [Xiao et al 2013] [Xiao et al 2018] [Xie et al 2015] [Xin et al 2024] [Xin et al 2025] [Xin et al 2025] [Xin et al 2026] [Xingling and Honglun 2014] [Xu 2022] [Xu and Tang 2010] [Xu et al 2012] [Xu et al 2022] [Xu et al 2024] [Xue et al 2018] [Xue et al 2023] [Yamada 2022] [Yamada et al 2011] [Yamada et al 2013] [Yamada et al 2015] [Yamada et al 2016] [Yamada et al 2022] [Yang and Meng 2012] [Yang and Qi 2016] [Yang et al 2014] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2022] [Yang et al 2026] [Yao and Jia 2023] [Yao and Xia 2023] [Yao and Xia 2024] [Yates and Chapman 1996] [Ye et al 2017] [Yongfeng Xie and Shuo Tang 2010] [Yoshinaga et al 1995] [You et al 2020] [Youjian et al 2020] [Yu et al 2026] [Zaehringer et al 2003] [Zahir and Ye 2006] [Zang and Tang 2012] [Zeng et al 2026] [Zhai et al 2019] [Zhang 1992] [Zhang 2015] [Zhang and Chen 2011] [Zhang and Hu 2011] [Zhang and Yan 2025] [Zhang et al 2010] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao 1993] [Zhao and Pan 2025] [Zhao and Zhou 2013] [Zhao et al 2012] [Zhao et al 2014] [Zhao et al 2014] [Zhao et al 2017] [Zhao et al 2019] [Zhao et al 2022] [Zheng and Selezneva 2022] [Zhengchun 2018] [Zhong 2005] [Zhou 2009] [Zhou and Wang 1987] [Zhou et al 2019] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zhou et al 2025] [Zhu 2022] [Zhu et al 2016] [Zhuang and Ridley 2024] [Zimmermann et al 1996]

Liquid rocket engines, turbopumps and combustion

The engines behind the cutoff. Liquid rocket engines and their cycles, turbopumps, injectors and thrust chambers, combustion and its stability, and the propellants. 64 titles concern cavitation in the pump or its inducer and 61 concern instability, the two mechanisms that most often decide whether a liquid engine runs at all.

804 records. [A System Analysis of 2004] [Abbas 2024] [Abbe et al 1967] [Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development 1979] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013] [Akmandor and Nagashima 1999] [Al-Nasser and Wellman 2024] [Ali and Crawford 1988] [Amster et al 1968] [An Experimental Investigation of 1960] [Analysis of the Influence 2023] [Ananoff 1941] [Anderson et al 2019] [Andriievskyi et al 2018] [Ankarsward 1972] [Anthoine et al 2014] [Aoki and Ota 1986] [Appel and Kruger 1980] [Appendix C Data for 2006] [Appendix C Rocket Engine 1992] [Armstrong 1989] [Armstrong and Schlumberger 1990] [Artamanov 1963] [Ash et al 1980] [Ashby 1978] [Atamanchuk 2025] [Athavale and Singhal 2001] [Ayran et al 2026] [Bagautdinov et al 2025] [Bairamov and Bairamov 2022] [Balcomb 1972] [Balepin 2001] [Balepin 2006] [Ballard 1992] [Balling and Batista 1968] [Ballistic Missile Office Norton Afb Ca 1986] [Baran et al 2013] [Barrett 1963] [Bartolome Calvo and Hannemann 2009] [Bazarov 1998] [Beck and Beach 2003] [Begin et al 2012] [Beltran and Kosvic 1966] [Benjamin and McConnaughey 1991] [Bentsman et al 1991] [Berggren et al 1948] [Bermudez 2024] [Bernstein et al 1949] [Berque and Georges 1992] [Bershadskyi et al 2022] [Biagioni 2000] [Biliske and Patel 2024] [Billet 1964] [Bills and Eriksson 1965] [Binder et al 1997] [Bjorklund et al 1979] [Black et al 1967] [Blackmon 2020] [Blake and Esselman 1961] [Bo et al 2024] [Borovik et al 2019] [Bouley et al 2010] [Boury and Filipuzzi 2001] [Bower and Thomas 2018] [Bowman 1967] [Boyd et al 1967] [Boysan et al 2007] [Bradford and Crocker 2002] [Bradley et al 2018] [Brock and Franke 2004] [Broomby and Trifoni 2024] [Brown 2022] [Brown et al 1959] [Brown et al 2000] [Buckmann et al 1989] [Buckmann et al 1992] [Bulat et al 2024] [Burcham and Diamond 1980] [Burnett and Podesta 1965] [Burstein 1967] [Burstein et al 1972] [Bussiere and Prel 1994] [Byrd and Kynard 2007] [C.R. et al 2026] [Cai et al 2018] [Cai et al 2019] [Caledonia 1991] [Campbell 1962] [Carroll 1970] [Cavitation Instabilities and Rotordynamic 2017] [Cervantes et al 2022] [Cervone et al 2005] [Cervone et al 2009] [Chandler 2019] [Chandler 2023] [Chandler 2024] [Chandler and Herrera 2025] [Chandler et al 2026] [Chelouati et al 2021] [Chen et al 1993] [Cheng 1954] [Cheng and Farmer 2002] [Chiu 1987] [Cho et al 2004] [Cho et al 2013] [Cho et al 2022] [Choi and Moon 2022] [Choi et al 2002] [Christensen 1980] [Christison 2024] [Cican et al 2014] [Clark 1967] [Cody et al 1985] [Collins et al 1990] [Conner and Gebhardt 1971] [Contreras et al 2026] [Coogan 2015] [Cooper et al 2024] [Corliss and Schwenk 1971] [Cosens and Newton 1988] [Costanzo and Ransom 2017] [Counter and Brinton 1975] [Cox 1987] [Cox 1988] [Coxe and Tatom 1962] [Craig and Reich 1981] [Critical Speed Analysis of 2005] [Crocco 1951] [Crocco 1952] [Crook and Tarrant 1998] [Culver and Rochow 1993] [Cyran and Quinn 1991] [d’Agostino et al 2017] [Dafler 1962] [Dai and Ray 1996] [Damerval 1970] [Dardare 1966] [Data for Some Liquid-Propellant 2016] [Davidian 1987] [de Iaco Veris 2020] [de Iaco Veris 2021] [De Leo 1963] [DeGeorge and Fletcher 2002] [Deiros et al 2025] [Delcher et al 1989] [DeLong et al 2007] [Demiyanenko et al 2004] [Demjanenko et al 2003] [Desai and Kuzhiveli 2022] [Design criteria monograph on 1975] [Design of Liquid-Propellant Space 1992] [Design of Thrust Chambers 1992] [Difrancesco et al 1989] [Dolgih 2025] [Dolgopolov et al 2025] [Dorosh and Leontiev 2014] [Dotson et al 1998] [Doyle 2000] [Draim and Stalzer 1960] [Dresia et al 2023] [Drobyshev 2026] [Du 2017] [Dubois and Habiballah 1991] [Dubois et al 1995] [Duke and Houghton 1966] [Dzik et al 2024] [Ebrahimi et al 2011] [Effects of Liquid Propellant 1962] [Egorov 2022] [Ehresman 2002] [Ehrlich and Murdock 2015] [Ekimogloy et al 2026] [Eklund 2004] [Ellerbrock and Ziegenhagen 2006] [Emrich 2016] [Emrich 2016] [Emrich 2016] [Emrich 2023] [Emrich 2023] [Emrich 2023] [Erikson 1964] [Escher et al 1999] [Estimation of Ideal Specific 2025] [Etters and Flurchick 1981] [Evaluation on the Regenerative 2004] [Everaldo de Barros et al 2015] [Experimental Investigations of Unstable 1960] [Fashbaugh and Streeter 1965] [Fatuev 2006] [Features of the Development 2023] [Fei et al 2008] [Ferrer and Santos 2023] [Fidler and Hays 2026] [Fidler et al 2025] [Filin and Mkrtchyan 2021] [Fiore et al 2022] [Fischbach 2014] [Fleeman 2012] [Fletcher and Morrell 1960] [Flight engine performance evaluation 1977] [Fong 1964] [Forde et al 2006] [Foster 1989] [France’s Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine 2006] [Franklin and Tinsley 1970] [Friedland 1965] [Friedman 1993] [Froelich et al 1991] [Frut 1989] [Fu et al 2021] [Fujikawa et al 2017] [Fuller 1973] [Funazaki et al 2022] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 2] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 3] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 4] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 6] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 7] [Gabriel and Helms 1970] [Gandhe 2024] [Ganesan et al 2025] [Gangeh et al 2023] [Garcia et al 1998] [Garcia et al 2020] [Garcia et al 2021] [Gaynor and Cervisi 1984] [Gibart] [Gibart et al 2024] [Gibart et al 2025] [Gibson 1985] [Gilbert 1959] [Glatt 1961] [Gloger et al 2021] [Goddard 1936] [Goertz 1995] [Goetz et al 2005] [Gompertz 1950] [Gordon 1950] [Gradl et al 2019] [Greatrix 2012] [Greatrix 2018] [Green 1994] [Greenwald 1971] [Greenwood et al 1970] [Grey 1953] [Grey 1954] [Gribben et al 1998] [Grigoriev and Proskuryakov 2024] [Grondin] [Grosdemange and Schaeffer 1990] [Grubelich et al 1993] [Gu and Liu 1995] [Guangshang and Xiaosha 2006] [Gunn 1989] [Gunn et al 1993] [Guo et al 2022] [Haga 2024] [Halmes et al 1998] [Han et al 2022] [Hardesty 1970] [Harris 1963] [Harrje 1959] [Harrje and Sirignano 1966] [Harvazinski and Houba 2022] [Harvazinski et al 2024] [Haugen 1990] [Heister 2008] [Heister 2011] [Hermance 1961] [Herr and Schoenman 1973] [Herzog et al 1998] [Heterogeneous engineering and the 1994] [Hiraki and Uchiumi 2015] [Hisler 1965] [Hoff 1967] [Hoffman et al 2024] [Holmes et al 1997] [Holmes et al 2001] [Holmes et al 2002] [Hong and Choi 2017] [Hong et al 2005] [Hong et al 2006] [Honkawa and Yoozbashizadeh 2019] [Hooshyar and D’Agostino 2023] [Hopkins 1993] [Horton 1964] [Hosack and Stromsta 1969] [Huang 2000] [Huang and Huzel 1992] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang et al 2024] [Huang et al 2025] [Hulka 2008] [Hulliger et al 2026] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Huzel and Huang 1967] [Hyde and Argueta 2025] [Hydrogen peroxide hybrid rocket 1994] [Hydrostatic bearings for cryogenic 1969] [Ignatowicz and Dąbrowski 2025] [Influence of the Choice 2024] [Ingebo 1961] [Injector Head for RD-170 2007] [Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas] [Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 2] [Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 3] [Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 4] [Introduction to Liquid-Propellant Rocket 1992] [Ivanov 2021] [Ivanov 2021] [Ivanov 2022] [Ivanov and Borisov 2014] [Ivanov et al 2018] [Jacob and George 2024] [Japan’s Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine 2006] [Jeng and Litchford 1991] [Jensen 2001] [Jensen 2005] [Jeon 2023] [Jeon et al 2013] [Jetevator for rocket engine 1998] [Jha 2024] [Jin et al 2013] [Jingdong and Kun 2017] [Jo and Choi 2025] [Jo et al 2021] [Jodei et al] [Jodei et al 2008] [Jortner and Martinez 1964] [Joyner and Sabatella 1990] [Jung 2019] [Jurado et al 1990] [Kachler and Beaurain 2005] [Kacynski et al 1991] [Kakudo et al 2021] [Kakudo et al 2025] [Kalmykov et al 2009] [Kambrath and Thuluvath 2025] [Kamijo 1983] [Kamijo and Nosaka 1988] [Kamijo et al 1981] [Kamijo et al 1982] [Kanda et al 1994] [Kang and Kang 2015] [Kang et al 2019] [Kaplan 1961] [Karpov 1994] [Kawatsu 2019] [Kawatsu et al 2013] [Kayama and Takenaka 1980] [Keast 1961] [Keihl 2025] [Ketner and Hess 1979] [Kikuchi et al 2018] [Kim and Kim 2025] [Kim and Song 2015] [Kim and Song 2017] [Kim and Song 2019] [Kim et al 2013] [Kim et al 2024] [Kimura et al 2005] [Kimura et al 2008] [King and Salvaggi 1975] [Kinoshita et al 2015] [Kiris et al 2000] [Kirschbaum and Sheridan 1966] [Kishimoto et al 2022] [Kita et al 2026] [Kitagawa et al 2004] [Kitsche 2010] [Klem 1990] [Klimovskii 2006] [Kobayashi 2024] [Koelle 1998] [Kokan et al 2014] [Korte 2000] [Kosykh 2025] [Koubek 1963] [Kozlov et al 1996] [Krevor and Wilhite 2007] [Krishnan and Thakur 2024] [Krishnan et al 1992] [Kubicki et al 2020] [Kukushkin and Ivanchenko 1993] [Kunz 1967] [Kuwahara et al 2009] [Kuznetsov 1993] [Lacefield and Sprow 1994] [Landers et al 1991] [Langhenry and Parks 1991] [Langill 1965] [Lanin 2012] [Lanin 2012] [Larson 1973] [Law 1997] [Law 2000] [Lawhead and Combs 1963] [Lawrence 1945] [Leahy and Williams 2007] [Lecourt and Foucaud 1987] [Lederer 2021] [Lee 2026] [Lee and Jang 2019] [Lee and Kim 2015] [Lee and Roh 2013] [Lee et al 2004] [Lee et al 2004] [Lee et al 2009] [Lee et al 2016] [Lee et al 2025] [Lee et al 2026] [Leese 1966] [LeMoyne 2008] [Leonard 1961] [Lestrade et al 2017] [Leto et al 2016] [Lettieri et al 2018] [Li and Guo 2022] [Li et al 2007] [Li et al 2009] [Li et al 2011] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Liang et al 2022] [Lin 1989] [Lin et al 1993] [Liquid Oxygen Test of 2009] [Liquid propellant rocket engines] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 3] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 4] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 5] [Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 6] [Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine Organizations 2006] [Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion 1995] [Liquid Rocket Engine Thrust 2018] [Liquid-Propellant Droplet Vaporization and 2004] [Liu 1992] [Liu and Qizhi 1996] [Liu et al 1995] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2024] [Long 2014] [Lorenzo 1995] [Lorenzo and Musgrave 1992] [Lorenzo et al 1998] [Lorenzo et al 2000] [Lu et al 2024] [Lucci and Hodson 1975] [Lux and Haidn 2009] [Mackle] [Magill et al 2000] [Mahmoodi and Kandelousi 2016] [Majumder 2019] [Mancini et al 2023] [Mao 2023] [Maram 1993] [Marsh and Cowan 1994] [Martin 1961] [Martinez et al 1990] [Mason-Smith 2017] [Matthews 1957] [Matveev et al 2018] [Mayer and Kruelle 1992] [Mayer and Tamura 1996] [McAmis et al 1991] [McAmis et al 1992] [McCaleb 1995] [McConnaughey et al 1995] [McGinnis and Joyner 2005] [McLafferty 1970] [Meisl 1986] [Meisl 1988] [Meisl 1992] [Melcher and Morehead 2014] [Melchior 1990] [Melchior et al 1987] [Mellish 1981] [Meraz and Daniel 1963] [Merits of Liquid Propellant 2006] [Merrill and Lorenzo 1988] [Merryman 1973] [Milleman 1967] [Milleman 1968] [Mishra and Ghosh 2017] [Mitchell 1967] [Mitchell 1969] [Modeling Liquid-Propellant Spray Combustion 2004] [Mohammadi et al 2015] [Mohler 1965] [Moody and Nakai 1965] [Moore and Berman 1956] [Moore et al 2024] [Morash et al 1995] [Morgan et al 2015] [Morris et al 2018] [Moruzzi et al 2018] [Moser 1958] [Mosolov and Sidlerov 2019] [Motomura 2025] [Mouze-Mornettas] [Mozgov et al 2013] [Mueller 1966] [Mulkey and Lineberry 2012] [Mundt et al 2024] [Murashkin et al 2020] [Musgrave 1991] [Musgrave 1992] [Musielak 2025] [Myers et al 2024] [Müller et al 2017] [Nakajima 2024] [Nakajima and Fukatsu 2022] [Nam et al 2019] [Nardi Rezende 2018] [Nave and Coffey 1973] [Nesbitt 1946] [Newell and Rajagopal 1993] [Nicastro et al 2025] [Nilsen et al 2019] [Nonlinear effects in instability 1964] [Norman et al 1990] [Nosaka 1994] [Nosaka et al 1993] [Nuclear rocket engine cycle 1963] [Numerical Method and Simulations 2016] [Numerical Studies on the 2003] [Odom 1972] [Okayasu et al 1983] [Okayasu et al 2002] [Oliphant and Japikse 1999] [Oliver and Stephanou 1963] [Orlin and Orlov 2019] [Ozaki et al 2025] [Ozelsel] [Pages and Achipa 2026] [Palaszewski 1990] [Palaszewski 1999] [Palaszewski and Powell 1991] [Palaszewski and Engelbrecht 1987] [Pan et al 2010] [Pande 1994] [Park and Jeon 2024] [Pastuszko et al 2024] [Patel et al 2025] [Patil 2022] [Pelevin et al 2012] [Pempie and Ruet 2003] [Pempie and Vernin 2001] [Perez et al 2024] [Perlmutter and DePierre 1965] [Pervaiz et al 1994] [Physical Mechanism and Numerical 2016] [Piecewicz 1942] [Pires and Alonso 1990] [Plane 1963] [Plane 1964] [Plane 1964] [Plane 1964] [Platt and Hanner 1965] [Povinelli et al 1984] [Powers 1960] [Pressurization of Liquid Propellant 2019] [Price 1953] [Price 1964] [Price and Flandro 1987] [Princeton Univ Nj 1952] [Prokopenko 2026] [Prudviraj et al 2020] [Pustovyi 2026] [Qi et al 2022] [Radiation Effects on a 1961] [Rafferty 1968] [Raj et al 2023] [Ramesh and Alimohammadi 2009] [Reardon 1997] [Reeves et al 2025] [Rezende 2021] [Ricci et al 2022] [Ricci et al 2023] [Rice et al 1998] [Rocket Engine Nozzle Concepts 2004] [Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1961] [Roda 1959] [Rogers 1953] [Ross and Young 1948] [Rothmund 2006] [Rothmund and Harlow 1999] [Rothschild and Schuster 1999] [Rotordynamic Analysis of a 2008] [Ruderman 2008] [Rudis et al 1995] [Rupert 1965] [Saccone et al 2018] [Sackheim 1994] [Saiki et al 2026] [Sakaki et al 2015] [Sakaki et al 2016] [Sales and Pasini 2021] [Santiago 1996] [Sarotte] [Sasse 1988] [Sato et al 2020] [Scala 1957] [Schallhorn et al 1998] [Schoenman 1988] [Schreiber 1956] [Schuler et al 1972] [Senchev et al 2022] [Senchev et al 2024] [Seo et al 2018] [Sergienko et al 1995] [Sergueievna Zink et al 2020] [Sforza 2017] [Sharma and Shenvi 2026] [Sheer 1961] [Sheiko 2025] [Shimura and Kamijo 1985] [Shindo et al 2019] [Shorikov and Kalev 2019] [Shoyama et al 2024] [Sichler et al 2018] [Sichler et al 2018] [Siebenhaar and Campbell 1987] [Singelmann and Mueller 1948] [Singhal et al 2023] [Sliusariev and Bilotserkovsky 2024] [Small nuclear thermal rocket 1993] [Smith 1983] [Smith et al 1957] [Sohn et al 2002] [Solid propellant rocket motors] [Son et al 2012] [Souverein et al 2019] [Spalding 1979] [Srivastava et al 2010] [Stability Testing Methodology Scaling 1995] [Stechman and Campbell 1973] [Stephen et al 1974] [Stewart] [Stinson and Gross 1972] [Strangeland and Levak 1993] [Strauss 1964] [Streetman and Graves 1963] [Stuber et al 2012] [Studhalter 1964] [Study to adapt solar 1972] [Su et al 2022] [Suchitra et al 2014] [Sukachevskyi 2026] [Sultanov and Glebov 2021] [Summerfield 1951] [Summerfield 1951] [Summerfield 1960] [Summerfield and Krier 1968] [Sutton 1968] [Sutton 1970] [Sutton 2006] [Sutton and Lariviere 1993] [Sutton and Sedano 2019] [Szatkowski 1985] [Tacussis et al 2016] [Takada et al 2009] [Takida et al 2012] [Tamura et al 2023] [Tanaka et al 2022] [Tang and Wen 2011] [Tani et al 2008] [Tani et al 2010] [Tarrant and Crook] [Tarrant and Crook 1996] [Teasley et al 2025] [Techniques for rocket engine 1965] [Tellier 1964] [The Influence of Liquid 2018] [The Research and Design 2025] [The thermal rocket engine] [Thirkill 1975] [Thomas 2022] [Thompson and Day 1974] [Thornburg 2002] [Tiwari et al 2005] [Tizón and Roman 2017] [Tkachenko and Limerick 1993] [Tobey and Bastress 1966] [Tomaru et al 2007] [Tonon et al 2022] [Torres Zanardi et al 2019] [Traudt 2024] [Trevino et al 2003] [Moscow Aviation Institute National Research University et al 2019] [Tripropellant Engine Technology for 2004] [Trumpour 2021] [Truong et al 2018] [Trushlyakov et al 2018] [Tsuchida et al 2026] [Tsujimoto 2007] [Tucker et al 1993] [Tulis and Erikson 1966] [Turushov et al 1995] [Twardy 1975] [Uemura] [Vadera 2019] [Valentine and Gradl 2019] [Vasilevsky 2022] [Velliaris 2021] [Ventrice et al 1979] [Ventura and WErnimont 2001] [Verbovyi et al 2021] [Villanueva 2016] [Villanueva 2018] [Villanueva et al 2014] [Von Eckroth et al 1991] [Wadia and Wilson 1981] [Walsh and Jacoby 1972] [Wan et al 2021] [Wan et al 2026] [Wang 2019] [Wang and Yang 2016] [Wang et al 1959] [Wang et al 2009] [Wang et al 2011] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Watanabe et al 1999] [Watanabe et al 2004] [Watanabe et al 2005] [Wei et al 2020] [Wei et al 2022] [Wei et al 2026] [Weirick 1989] [Weirick 1990] [Welton et al 1963] [Whitney and Hennessey 1992] [Wickman 1994] [Wilcox] [Williams 1968] [Williams 2004] [Williams 2004] [Wilson 1976] [Winstead 1966] [Wiswell and Huggins 1990] [Wong and Brown 1965] [Woods and Chewuk 2001] [Woodward and Summerfield 1966] [Wu et al 2023] [Wu et al 2025] [Wyld 1947] [Xiaowen Dai et al] [Xiong 2018] [Xu et al 2006] [Xu et al 2021] [Xu et al 2025] [Yada et al 2016] [Yada et al 2018] [Yamanishi et al 2003] [Yang 1998] [Yang 2004] [Yang 2025] [Yang and Sun 2012] [Yang et al 2019] [Yang et al 2025] [Yang et al 2025] [Yang et al 2025] [Yoon and Moon 2026] [Yoon and Song 2025] [Yoon and Song 2025] [Yoon et al 2011] [Yoon et al 2012] [Yoon et al 2013] [Yoon et al 2020] [Yoshikawa et al 2018] [Young 1964] [Young 1964] [Yuwei et al 2024] [Zachary Muckler 2022] [Zafar 2013] [Zhang 2026] [Zhang and Li 2017] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhou et al 2026] [Zidane et al 2022] [Zinn 1966] [Zinn 1966] [Zirak and Motaharpour 2023] [Zirak and Motaharpour 2024] [Zoladz 2000] [Zubanov and Shabliy 2014] [Zucrow 1947] [Zuev et al 2020] [Zuev et al 2021] [Ševčík 2025]

Launch vehicle design, cost and reusability

The vehicle as a system. Launch vehicle concepts, sizing and multidisciplinary optimisation, structures, ground operations, cost and reliability, solid boosters, and the recovery and reuse of stages. This is the literature of the objective function the article describes moving from minimum mass to minimum cost.

647 records. [Tharun et al 2025] [Aggarwal 2007] [Akimov et al 2019] [Arritt et al 1973] [B. et al 2019] [Baird and Bergman 1970] [Baldus et al 2013] [Balesdent et al 2022] [Benfriha et al 2026] [Biertümpfel et al 2020] [Bonalli et al 2020] [Byron and Morse 1968] [Carroll 1988] [da Cás et al 2019] [Dalle et al 2024] [Drozdov et al 2020] [Dziubanek 2012] [Earth Observatory Satellite system 1974] [Ensworth 2013] [Gee et al 2025] [Gerard 1966] [Golubek et al 2024] [Gong et al 2022] [Gontarovskyi et al 2023] [Guadagnini et al 2023] [Hilburger 2018] [Hilburger et al 2012] [Huang 2019] [Huber 1964] [Ifenna Okoli et al 2021] [Jayaseelan et al 2022] [Jia et al 2020] [Jo and Yoo 2023] [Kapelyushin et al 2023] [Kaplan et al 1962] [Abraham 1963] [Adams 1989] [Aerojet Strategic Propulsion Co Sacramento Ca 1987] [Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1963] [Ahmad 2001] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2014] [Akhtar and He Linshu 2005] [Akhtar and Linshu 2006] [Akhtar et al 2008] [Albarado et al 2010] [Alexander and Fournier 1963] [Alvord et al 2024] [An analysis of chemical 1965] [Anderson 1979] [Applebaum et al 2011] [Ariane Launch Vehicle A 1977] [Arockiam et al 2012] [Ashok Gandhi et al 2020] [Assessment of candidate-expendable launch 1984] [Astorg and Barreau 1995] [Aswathy et al 2013] [Azevedo and Buonomo 1999] [Bacchus and Hendrix 1965] [Baddour and Quitter 1968] [Bai et al 2018] [Bainum et al 1996] [Bainum and Reiss 1995] [Balaji and Jerry Alexander 2015] [Balas 2012] [Baldesi et al 2008] [Balesdent et al 2010] [Balesdent et al 2010] [Balesdent et al 2011] [Balesdent et al 2012] [Banerjee and Utreja 1975] [Barthelemy et al 1987] [Beers et al 2013] [Benton 1989] [Berglund and Wilkins 2003] [Berglund et al 2005] [Bettella et al 2013] [Bettis et al 2011] [Bialla and Simon 1990] [Bieber 1967] [Biliaiev et al 2024] [Bin 2017] [Blackwell 1966] [Blades and Redgrave 2000] [Blelloch et al 1999] [Blelloch et al 2000] [Bono et al 1964] [Boyd et al 2005] [Branets 2020] [Braun et al 1970] [Braun et al 1995] [Braun et al 1996] [Brevault] [Brevault and Balesdent 2021] [Brevault et al 2016] [Brevault et al 2017] [Brevault et al 2020] [Brevault et al 2020] [Briese et al 2020] [Brinton et al 1994] [Brown and Littlefield 2010] [Brown and Olds 2005] [Brown and Olds 2006] [Brown et al 1970] [Browning 1993] [Brusch and Reed 1972] [Bulirsch and Chudej 1991] [Bureau Of Naval Weapons Washington Dc 1962] [Bureau Of Naval Weapons Washington Dc 1963] [Burrows and Roth 1992] [Buursink 1998] [Cai et al 2024] [Campbell and Thomas 2025] [Caplin] [Carnahan 1970] [Carter and Crusan 1960] [Carter 2011] [Cassell et al 2019] [Castellini et al 2010] [Cato 1964] [Centaur Upper Stage 1989] [Chartres et al 2005] [Chase 1980] [Chase and McKinney 2005] [Chauvin et al 1957] [Chen et al 1977] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2025] [Chiesa et al 2005] [China achieves first reusable 2026] [Clement et al 2005] [Coakley] [Cockrell et al 2006] [Cockrell et al 2007] [Cole et al 2000] [Coleman 2000] [Collected Reports of the 1988] [Colonno and Alonso 2008] [Cook 1995] [Cook 1996] [Cook and Vanhooser 2008] [Corban 1988] [Cox et al 2022] [Crawford 1998] [Crocker and Greene 2017] [Crocker et al 2015] [Curlander and Kiefer 1965] [Cusick and Kontis 2019] [Cusick et al 2020] [Kibbey 2019] [Kim 2019] [Kim et al 2025] [Ko et al 2019] [Kondratiev 2019] [Kozedra et al 2021] [Krishna et al 2019] [Kryuchkov 2020] [Kurela et al 2025] [Layachi et al 2025] [Leadbetter and Raney 1965] [Lee et al 2022] [Lee et al 2024] [Lee et al 2024] [Lewak 1967] [Lim et al 2024] [Martindale 2006] [Martinovic and Cerro 2002] [McGarvey 1973] [Mehta 2022] [Menon et al 2025] [Mohler and Wheatley 1961] [Motta et al 2024] [N.A. et al 2028] [Oakes 2021] [Orbit/launch vehicle tradeoff studies 1974] [Patha et al 1972] [Perkins 1976] [Pinier et al 2015] [Practice of Precise Cost 2025] [R. C. Mehta 2023] [Robert 1996] [Da Cás 2021] [Dai et al 2017] [Dalle et al 2023] [Dasgupta 1998] [Davis and McArthur 2008] [Davis et al 2007] [Davis 1988] [Dawson and Bowles 2004] [Dawson and Bowles 2004] [Degelsmith et al 1993] [Delamata et al 2010] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1994] [Development of a nuclear 1956] [Dhekane et al 1999] [Do et al 2018] [Dorfman 1973] [Dorres 1972] [Dotson and Tiwari 1996] [Douglass 2014] [Dragone 2000] [Drake et al 2004] [Drake et al 2004] [Driscoll 1967] [Du et al 2025] [Dubanchet et al 2012] [Dumbacher and Reuter 2007] [Dupont et al 2017] [Durin et al 2011] [Edmonds et al 1964] [Edmunds 1988] [Ezell and Ezell 1984] [Edwards et al 2015] [Edwards and Foster 1973] [Ehresman 2006] [Elleman and Fitzpatrick 2019] [Endo et al 1995] [Environmental testing of the 1968] [Eriksen et al 1991] [Fishel 1979] [Fishel 1981] [Fishel 1982] [Fisher 1989] [Fitzsimmons 1996] [Flittie and McFarlane 1991] [Flores and Gurkin 1982] [Frei 1991] [French 1987] [French 2010] [Fritz and Sackheim 1982] [Fu et al 2021] [Fukushima et al 1992] [Gallucci et al 2012] [Gambrell 1995] [Garvey and Besnard 2005] [Garvey and Besnard 2006] [Garvey et al 2003] [Gawlik and Riester 1970] [Geckler 1960] [Gely et al 2000] [Gilligan et al 2014] [Gong 2017] [Goodrum and Smolensky 1965] [Graham 1958] [Graham 1958] [Graham 2014] [Graham 2015] [Gray and Alexander 1965] [Greaves 1997] [Greene et al 1990] [Griffin et al 1999] [Griffin et al 2000] [Grishko et al 2025] [Gunn 1991] [Gusman et al 2011] [Hagopian 2002] [Hanson and Beard 2010] [Hanson and Pinson 2011] [Hanson and Pinson 2012] [Hardy et al 1993] [Harry 1992] [Hartfield et al 2011] [Haskins 1999] [Hattis 1981] [Hauer et al 1963] [Hayhurst et al 2016] [Haynes 2008] [Helmy 1981] [Herrmann and Akin 2005] [Hidalgo 2000] [Hilburger et al 2017] [Himpler 1975] [Hinckel 1995] [Holguin and Labbee 1988] [Hosseini et al 2011] [Hou and Gramoll 1998] [Hou and Gramoll 1998] [Howard and Hansen 2006] [Hudson 1987] [Hudson 2005] [Hudson and Hunter 1987] [Hudson et al 1981] [Huebner et al 2009] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Hutchison 2011] [Imamura et al 1994] [Imoto 2016] [Integrated Missile Design 2007] [Iriarte et al 2012] [Irwanto 2016] [ISAS’s New Launch Vehicle 1990] [Jategaonkar et al 2006] [Jayan et al 2024] [Jenab et al 2015] [Jenab et al 2016] [Jensen 2000] [Jiandong et al 2020] [Johnson 1991] [Johnson 1973] [Jonathan 2018] [Jones 2024] [Juarez 1961] [Junaid R and Beebi M 2015] [Justice 1965] [Kabe 1998] [Kabe 2000] [Kanner and Hengel 2001] [Kanner and Reinarts 2001] [Kapp 1978] [Kawabe 1999] [Keith 1995] [Kemp and Clark 2000] [Kemp and Clark 2003] [Kerr et al 2010] [Kessler and Carson 1979] [Kibbey 2015] [Kim et al 1990] [Kim et al 2000] [Kim et al 2026] [Kitsios and Lygeros 2005] [Kloesel and Clark 2013] [Knapp 1999] [Knaur 1966] [Kniffen 1992] [Kniss 1968] [Knoblauch et al 2012] [Ko et al 2007] [Koelle 1981] [Koelle 1984] [Koelle 1986] [Koelle 1990] [Koelle 1992] [Koelle 1992] [Koenigsmann and Shotwell 2006] [Kohrs and Petersen 1998] [Krause 1990] [Kross et al 1983] [Kruse et al 2023] [Kryuchkov 2020] [Kui and Chuan-jin 2009] [Kumar et al 1994] [Kumar V V and Beebi M 2015] [Kurian et al 2025] [Kutter 2006] [Lach 1989] [Launch vehicle dynamics] [Launch Vehicle Manufacturing 2022] [Launch Vehicle Performance 1963] [Launch Vehicle Stress Analysis 2022] [Launch Vehicle Systems] [Launch Vehicle Systems and 2022] [Launch Vehicle Topology Optimization 2017] [Layfield and Carpenter 1995] [Lee et al 1997] [Lee et al 1999] [Lee et al 2026] [Lenihan 1962] [Lessey 1989] [Levine 1964] [Li et al 2024] [Liao et al 2023] [Liffring 2002] [Liu et al 2009] [Liu et al 2011] [Liu et al 2017] [Locke 1981] [Loughrey] [Lowe] [Lowrey 1962] [Luchinsky et al 2008] [Luke 1991] [Luton 1963] [MacCarthy 1954] [Macheske et al 1993] [Maekawa 1996] [Mahon and Wild 1984] [Malik et al 2007] [Mancini et al 2022] [Mancini et al 2025] [Manea et al 2009] [Mao et al 2020] [Martin 1973] [Martin Co Baltimore Md 1963] [Martin et al 2024] [Maryland Univ Baltimore 2000] [Mason et al 1979] [Maynard 1969] [Mayo 1967] [McCaskill 1970] [McCutchen et al 1994] [McDavid et al 2008] [McDermott et al 1994] [McNicholl et al 1988] [Miele and Wang 2003] [Miller 1963] [Miller et al 2015] [Milliken 1963] [Mixon 1973] [Mobley and Jones 1989] [Monroe et al 2002] [Moore and Jenn 1990] [Moore et al 1996] [Moore et al 2011] [Morgenthaler and Montoya 1991] [Morovat et al 2019] [Moser 1965] [Mouri et al 1995] [Mueller 1964] [Muse and Calise 2010] [Nacht and Turk 1966] [Nair and Kukreja 2025] [Nakagawa et al 1999] [Navarro-Tapia et al 2016] [Nemeth and Anderson 1989] [Nemeth and Anderson 1990] [Nevins 1975] [Ngo and Blake 2003] [Nicoud et al 1993] [Nielsen 1982] [Nihal and Priyadarshi 2020] [Birbasov et al] [Nikolayev et al 2026] [Nola and Blue 2008] [Nolte and Stephenson 1973] [Non-Rocket Space Launch and 2005] [Noneman 2002] [Numerical Optimization on Approach 2016] [Oberoi et al] [Oconnor 1966] [Olds 1992] [Olds and Marcus 2002] [Olson and Sunkel 1982] [Orr et al 2014] [Orr and VanZwieten 2012] [Ottinger and Van Nice 1966] [Ottinger and Van Nice 1966] [Pamadi et al 2016] [Pan et al 2014] [Pandya 2008] [Parhi et al 2015] [Parkinson 1991] [Patel 2013] [Pempie 2003] [Peters et al 2006] [Pettey 1956] [Piatak et al 2019] [Piccone 1965] [Pidvysotskyi 2021] [Polynomial Approach for Design 2016] [Portz 2004] [Poubeau et al 2015] [Powell 1962] [Powell et al 1991] [Prabhakar and Quinn 1994] [Prasad 2022] [Priyadarshi et al 2020] [Qazi et al 2006] [Qi et al 2024] [Qiang Wu and Wei Wang 2016] [Quitter and Reiss 1968] [Rafique et al 2009] [Rahn et al 1996] [Ralph 1965] [Rasky et al 2006] [Rawlins et al 2000] [Ray 1965] [Reed et al 2016] [Reisenthel et al 2007] [Reusable Booster System 2012] [Reusable Launch Vehicle 1995] [Reusable launch vehicle development 1995] [Rice 1970] [Rice 1979] [Rivera 1995] [Robertson] [Robinson and Norris 2017] [Robinson and Stanley 1992] [Roch 1981] [Rogers 1965] [Romano et al 2024] [Ross 1969] [Rothschild et al 2005] [Rowell et al 1996] [Runkel 1964] [Runkle and Wolf 1995] [Rush 1973] [Rutledge 1993] [Ryan and Verderaime 1993] [Sabaghzadeh and Khansari 2022] [Sackheim and Gavitt 1999] [Sanford et al 2003] [Scarborough 1964] [Schieb 2006] [Schlosser 1979] [Schmidt and Mann 1996] [Schorr et al 2017] [Schreiner and Roth] [Schriever 1960] [Schutte and Thoreau 2016] [Scippa and Gil 1993] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sedillo 1990] [Seywald and Bless 1993] [Shalmaee et al 2024] [Shaw and Womack 1984] [Shaw et al 2005] [Shearer 1997] [Shen 1970] [Shin and Park 2026] [Shulga and Shcheglov 2021] [Sifer et al] [Singer et al 2016] [Singh et al 2022] [Sivakumar and Palaninathan 2012] [Slotnick et al 1994] [Smeltzer and Bowman 2002] [Smith and Kerr 1992] [Smith et al 1982] [Smitherman and Woodcock 2012] [Snoddy et al 2006] [Song et al 2011] [Soranna et al 2023] [Space Launch Vehicle Structures 2022] [Space systems � Launch-vehicle-to-spacecraft] [Space systems. Interface control] [Space systems. Requirements of] [Space systems. Small-auxiliary-spacecraft SASC] [Space systems. Spacecraft and] [Space systems. Spacecraft interface] [Space systems. Spacecraft-to-launch-vehicle interface] [Spencer 1999] [Springer and Pokora 1994] [Springer and Pokora 1994] [Spurlock 1966] [Staniszewski 2001] [Steffens and Mavris 2015] [Steinmeyer and Frick 2015] [Stern and Tallentire 1985] [Stever and Uman 1989] [Stojkovic and Brown 2024] [Strobl et al 2012] [Sun and Zhao 2013] [Sun et al 2017] [Sundaram et al 2000] [Surender et al 2021] [Surzhikov 1999] [Suttles 1964] [Swaim 1968] [Systems design study of 1973, Systems design study of the Pione] [Systems design study of 1973, Systems design study of the Pione 2] [Szedula 1996] [Tariq et al 2026] [Tarpley and Lewis 1991] [Tarpley and Lewis 1992] [Tarpley and Lewis 1994] [Tewell and Buell 1985] [The effect of mission 1993] [Thomason 1973] [Thompson 1967] [Threet et al 2011] [Tierney 1993] [Tillotson Rudd et al 2024] [Togashi et al 2003] [Toten et al 1991] [Townsend et al 2000] [Traineau et al 1992] [Trevino et al 2012] [Trifa et al 2023] [Troutman and Isakowitz 1987] [Tsourdos et al 2012] [Tsuchiya 2002] [U.S. Access to Space 1990] [Urschel and Cox 2003] [Usmonov and Kretov 2020] [Van Nice and Peterson 1965] [Varga 1973] [Vehko and Ruhland 1966] [Ventura and Heister 1993] [Ventura and Heister 1995] [Vepa 2024] [Verhage 2007] [Villanueva 2022] [Villanueva and Abbas 2015] [Villeneuve et al 2004] [Von Pragenau 1967] [Vonderwell et al 1994] [Vonderwell et al 1995] [Voyager spacecraft system. Volume 1965] [Wadleigh 1965] [Wagner et al 2020] [Walsh and Wartburg 1978] [Walton and Simmons 1962] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2026] [Ward 2015] [Watanabe et al 1991] [Waters 2013] [Watson and Lee 1977] [Watson et al 2014] [Watson et al 2014] [Wente 1982] [Von Braun 1962] [White Sands Missile Range Nm 1997] [Whitehead 1990] [Whitehead 2000] [Wickham 1964] [Wilken 2024] [Wilken 2025] [Williams and Cannon 2006] [Woodward 1961] [Wu and Lepsch 1999] [Wu and Zhang 2023] [Wu et al 2012] [Wuilbercq et al 2014] [Xiang et al 2025] [Xu et al 2009] [Xu et al 2020] [Xu et al 2025] [Yaddala Somasekhar 2024] [Yamazaki et al 1985] [Yang Liu and Wanchun Chen 2016] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Ye et al 2021] [Yildiz 2020] [Yin et al 2020] [York and Biehl 1955] [Young and Rankin 1996] [Yu et al 2021] [Yunis 2005] [Zafar and LinShu 2010] [Zaragoza Prous et al 2025] [Zhang and Zhang 2020] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhao et al 2021] [Zheng et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2018] [Zolla et al 2026] [Zubrin and Clapp 1996]

Missile defence, interception and target tracking

The same arithmetic in reverse. Ballistic missile defence as policy and as engineering, interceptor guidance, early warning, and the tracking, estimation and identification of ballistic and reentry targets. The tracking records estimate the same burnout state and ballistic coefficient that the weapon’s own designers measured, here in order to predict where the object will arrive.

526 records. [Act 1 Anti-Ballistic Missiles 2011] [Act 4 National Missile 2011] [Akimoto 2018] [Ali and Sartuk 2003] [Ann et al 2018] [Antonov 2011] [Apochkina et al 2025] [Armstrong 2010] [Armstrong 2014] [Arrow et al 2003] [Asad et al 2017] [Asad et al 2020] [Augustine 1997] [Auner 2013] [Auton 2019] [Bai et al 2025] [Ballistic missile defence ‘Technology 2009] [Ballistic missile defence 1986] [Ballistic Missile Defense 2020] [Ballistic Missile Defense Abbreviations 2024] [Ballistic Missile Defense and 2013] [Ballistic Missile Defense BMD 2017] [Ballistic missile defense cooperation 2020] [Ballistic missile defense in 2020] [Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies 2014] [Ballistic Missile Defense, Still 2001] [Ballistic Missile Early Warning] [Ballistic Missile Early Warning 2004] [Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1994] [Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1995] [Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1996] [Barasch et al 1981] [Barrett 1997] [Battistini and Menegaz 2017] [Baucom 1995] [Bedford 1995] [Belcher] [Belcher] [Bell 1995] [Bertucchi 2001] [Betar et al 2026] [Bhattacharjee and Mukherjee 2024] [Bilandzic 2019] [Bishop 2013] [Bittle and Plummer] [Blair et al 2011] [Bloomer 1999] [Bollino et al 2006] [Bowen 2010] [Boylan et al 2005] [Bracken 1982] [Bradley 2006] [Brandenburg 2011] [Britain and US National] [Britain and US National 2004] [Brown 2002] [Bruno and Pavlov] [Brykczynski et al 1993] [Brzezinski 2019] [Bucey 2006] [Bullard 1963] [Bunn 2004] [Buontempo 2015] [Burns 2003] [Burrows 1984] [Bülbül and Cetin 2024] [Caffall et al 2005] [Cai and Zhuang 2025] [Campbell] [Can Missile Defenses Overturn 2006] [Carlson 1971] [Carney 2001] [Castel 2019] [Chandan 2024] [Chandler 2015] [Chapter 10. Non-Destructive Countermeasures 1988] [Chapter 3. Ballistic Missile 1986] [Chapter 4. Status and 1988] [Chapter 5. Ballistic Missile 1988] [Chapter 7. Ballistic Missile 1986] [Chasteen 2011] [Chasteen 2012] [Chen and Zhou 2014] [Chen et al 2008] [Chen et al 2010] [Chen et al 2021] [Cheng and Feng 2019] [Cheng et al 2016] [Cheng et al 2017] [Cheng et al 2022] [Cheng et al 2023] [Choi and Kim 2026] [Chunling Wu and Chongzhao Han 2007] [Cimbala 2011] [Cimbala 2012] [Cimbala 2014] [Cimbala 2020] [Cimbala 2026] [Conclusion the future of 2020] [Conze 1993] [Cooke 2006] [Cooper 1961] [Cooperman] [Corey 1999] [Cox 2007] [Coyle 2014] [Crawshaw and Maxey 2023] [Cui et al 2010] [Cutting and Gates 1962] [Cutting and Gates 1963] [Czajkowski 2021] [Dai and Wang 2016] [Dak and Radhakrishnan 2022] [Danis 1993] [Das et al 2014] [Davis and Couch 1980] [Davis 1979] [DeAntona 1997] [Debnath 2016] [DeCesaris et al 1997] [Denoon 2021] [Denoon 2021] [Denoon 2021] [Denoon 2021] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1992] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1998] [Differential Game-Based Interceptor Missile 2016] [Dillman 1996] [Ding et al 2021] [Ding et al 2022] [Disinger 2009] [Dodge and Ziemke 2015] [Dodt 1992] [Dong Gwan Lee et al 2015] [Dougherty and Speyer 1997] [Dubois-Matra and Bishop 2003] [Dubriske 2012] [Dwivedi et al 2013] [Evolution of Radar and 2025] [Falk and Soland 1991] [Falkenrath 1994] [Fallon and Lyles 2011] [Fang et al 2025] [Farrell 2008] [Faulkner 1961] [Faulkner and Ward 1961] [Fennessey 1995] [Ficarrotta 2001] [Fitzgerald 1974] [Fowler] [Fowler 1998] [Frühling 2025] [Fu et al 2024] [Fye 1966] [Gao and Yan 2021] [Gao et al 1997] [Gao et al 2025] [Garg and Nagla 2019] [Gates 2004] [Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay 2011] [Ghosh et al 2012] [Gibilterra 2015] [Giles 2015] [Giles and Monaghan 2014] [Gold 1993] [Gompert and Isaacson 1999] [Gong and Yu 2017] [Goodwin 1984] [Grabbe 1988] [Granetto et al 1999] [Gray 2021] [Guangyan et al 2018] [Guelman 2004] [Guelman and Golan] [Gummett 1988] [Guo 2014] [Guo and Fan 2022] [Guo et al 2020] [Haberbusch and Meyer 2002] [Hafemeister 2016] [Haider and Sultan 2023] [Han and Dang 2026] [Handberg 2001] [Handberg 2015] [Hardman 1999] [Harlin and Cicci 2007] [Harmatz 1996] [Harmon and Om 2003] [He and Qin 2013] [Heritage Foundation Washington Dc 1996] [Herman and Butler 1992] [Hernandez] [Hickey et al 2023] [Higgins and Salmon 2008] [Hill 1997] [Hitt et al 2013] [Hoene 1996] [Hoffman 2019] [Holmes 2000] [Hong et al 2022] [Hord 1958] [Howe 2002] [Hoyt 1985] [Hull and Salguero 1994] [Humble 2024] [Hutchins and Pace 2006] [Hwang et al 2025] [Hwee Rhak Park 2015] [Hynek 2010] [Intercept Monitoring Satellite 1968] [Isby 2003] [Israeli et al 2009] [Jablonski and Elkiss 1993] [James Dwyer 2016] [Japan and Ballistic Missile 2001] [Japan’s ballistic missile defense 2020] [Jasani 2020] [Jeon et al 2013] [Jiang et al 2022] [Jing Zhang et al 2015] [Johnson 1970] [Johnson 2000] [Joseph and Payne 1995] [Joshi and Jiss 2011] [Junchun et al 2006] [Kameda et al] [Kameda et al 2000] [Kamei] [Kaminski 1996] [Kaminski 1997] [Karako 2016] [Karp 2004] [Karthikeyan Kalirajan and Ashok Joshi 2023] [Kashiwagi 1968] [Kawada 2004] [Kelley 2002] [Kendall 2000] [Kennedy 1995] [Kim and Choi 2013] [Kim and Park 2018] [Kim et al 2010] [Kim et al 2010] [Kim et al 2013] [Kinslow 2005] [Kirby 1999] [Kokora 2002] [Kumar 2004] [Kumar 2022] [Kumar et al 2016] [Kumru et al 2017] [Kumru et al 2018] [Lailari 2002] [Landis 1984] [Larkin 2002] [Lebow 2019] [Lee et al 2023] [Leontief 1986] [Lewis 2017] [Lewis and Postol 1997] [Li 2020] [Li and Liu 2001] [Li et al 2010] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Liang and Han 2008] [Liang et al 2010] [Liang et al 2013] [Licata 1977] [Lightweight, controlled expansion alloy 2005] [Likourezos 1993] [Lin 1985] [Lithchfield 1995] [Liu 2017] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2026] [Lukacs and Yakimenko 2007] [Lyles 1997] [Lynch 2001] [Main 1986] [Majumder and Sadhu 2016] [Making Sense of Ballistic 2012] [Manimaran et al 2018] [Marcelo G.S. Bruno and Anton Pavlov] [Marszałek 2021] [Mason 2009] [Mathis 2005] [McConkey 2003] [McDonough 2002] [McDuff 2018] [McGee 2003] [McHugh 1994] [Mehra 1971] [Meunier 1995] [Michael et al 2003] [Min et al 2013] [Minimum deterrence and missile] [Minvielle] [Missile defence as an 2016] [Missile Defense 2005] [Missile Defense and U.S.-Russian 2017] [Missile defense, deterrence, and 2015] [Missile Defense, Stability, and 1990] [Missile defenses and strategic 2016] [Moentmann 2001] [Moon et al 2012] [Moon et al 2017] [Moric and Kadyshev 2025] [Mosher 1997] [Mu and iCai 2016] [Muzumdar and Hull 1995] [Muzumdar and Hull 1996] [Nance 1998] [Naveh and Lorber 2001] [Newman 1998] [Newsham 2021] [Nguyen 2014] [Nguyen and Yip 2010] [Nichols Research Corp Huntsville Al 1990] [Norgaard 2002] [Nuclear Zero and Beyond 2013] [Nyland 1996] [O’Connor] [O’Connor 2019] [O’Neill 2011] [Obering and Henry A. 2006] [Ohlmeyer et al 2010] [Okano 2015] [Okon-Fafara and Wajszczyk 2020] [Olsen 2011] [Oman 2000] [Oms 2003] [Ostner 1962] [Parlier 1996] [Possel 1998] [Reading et al 2006] [Rim and Koh 2020] [Russak 1973] [Seo and Park 2025] [Smirnov 2019] [Sun and Yang 2022] [Venkataramana et al 2023] [Palmore 2001] [Palmore 2002] [Palmore 2003] [Papp 2019] [Parrott 2020] [Pasqual and DeLaurentis 2012] [Patel et al 1997] [Patra et al 2016] [Payne 1994] [Payne 1995] [Payne 2019] [Peat and Goodwin 1993] [Pedatzur 1994] [Peoples 2008] [Peoples 2009] [Peters 2001] [Peterschmidt 1999] [Phillips 1969] [Phillips 2006] [Piotrowski 1989] [Post-war missile defence and 2009] [Postcrisis perspectives the prospects 2020] [Powell 2003] [Prabhakar et al 2013] [Qu et al 2024] [Quackenbush 2006] [Radhakrishnan and Ozana 2025] [Radhakrishnan et al 2016] [Radhakrishnan et al 2018] [Radhakrishnan et al 2021] [Rakdham et al 2007] [Rao and Reddy 2023] [Rasch and Robert A. 2013] [Reali et al 2009] [Reeves 1995] [Regional Ballistic Missile Defense 2021] [Rehman 2025] [Reisner and Shima 2011] [Research on target tracking 2013] [Ristic et al 2002] [Roberts 1994] [Roberts 2003] [Robinson 1998] [Roenneke and Well 1996] [Rohr 2004] [Ruina and Gell-Mann 1989] [Rumbaugh 2018] [Rusten 2010] [Rühle 1993] [Sacko 2007] [Saha et al 2006] [Sahu et al 2019] [Sanbad 2025] [Sankowski 2011] [Saulson and Chang 2003] [Saulson and Chang 2004] [Savelyev 2023] [Schaffer 2012] [Schmidt 1999] [Shackelford 2004] [Shan et al 2018] [Shao and Wang 2016] [Sharma and Richards 2004] [Shen et al 2023] [Shima and Golan 2008] [Shima et al 2000] [Shima et al 2002] [Shinar and Shima] [Shinar and Turetsky 2005] [Siddiqui et al 2013] [Sieffupi 2006] [Simas 1963] [Simpkin 2022] [Singh et al 2016] [Sitzman and Drescher] [Smagowski and Kaniewski 2017] [Snow 2019] [Snyder 2003] [Sokolsky 2002] [Sorenson 1985] [Soviet ABM Deployment] [Soviet ABM Deployment 2004] [Spinardi 2007] [Spinardi 2010] [Srinivasan et al 2005] [Stafford et al 1999] [Stav 2004] [Steff 2016] [Steinberger 1997] [Stevens 1985] [Stocker 2001] [Stocker 2004] [Stocker 2004] [Stottler 2013] [Sughrue 2009] [Sun et al 2025] [Swati 2022] [Swicker 1995] [Swicker 1998] [Syring 2015] [Taub and Shima 2012] [Taylor 2001] [Terstegge 2007] [Tetsuya 2003] [The Aegis Ballistic Missile 2010] [The Ballistic Missile Defense 2020] [Theater ballistic missile defense 2020] [Thränert 2009] [Tian et al 2022] [Trumps 1999] [Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963] [Tsaganea 2005] [US ABM Deployment] [US ABM Deployment 2004] [Sukhorutchenko 2022] [Vaughn 2002] [Vemuri 1982] [Wade 2012] [Wallander 2000] [Walter et al 2013] [Wang et al 2012] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2017] [Watson and Zondervan 2008] [Waugh 1998] [Weiner 2015] [Welch and Graham 2004] [Well 1990] [Werrell 2000] [White and Payton 2009] [Why Missile Defense? 2001] [Widgery 2017] [Wildt and Lissit 1993] [Wilkening 2014] [Woods and Queeney 1994] [Wu et al 2016] [Xie et al 2021] [Xu et al 2011] [Yan et al 2023] [Yang 2024] [Yang and Wang 2012] [Yang et al 2011] [Yang et al 2017] [Yang et al 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yao et al 2026] [Ying Chen et al 2009] [Yonghua Tian et al 2013] [Yoo and Jang 2023] [Yoo et al 2018] [Yost 1982] [Yu et al 2014] [Yu et al 2019] [Yu et al 2022] [Yuan et al 2017] [Yuli Zhao et al 2011] [Yusuf and Banuri 2010] [Yuyan and Peikang 2006] [Zang et al 2025] [Zarchan] [Zarchan 1999] [Zewge and Bang 2022] [Zhang and Hwang 2017] [Zhang and Hwang 2019] [Zhang et al 2011] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhanlue Zhao et al 2006] [Zhao and Yi 2026] [Zhao et al 2006] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhou et al 2012] [Zhouwei et al 2022] [Zolotukhina 2010] [Özden and Akzade 2024] [Ünal et al 2025]

Orbits, drag and orbital lifetime

The orbit SCORE reached and lost. Satellite orbit theory and its perturbations, atmospheric drag and the densities inferred from it, orbital decay and lifetime prediction, orbit determination, and ballistic and launch trajectories outside the clusters above.

514 records. [Abdulkerim 2022] [Bateman et al 1966] [Batthula et al 2022] [Bertiger et al 1993] [Biertümpfel et al 2021] [Born et al 1972] [Burns 1971] [Dayton 1963] [Doll et al 1993] [Elliott and Rau 1968] [Engelis 1987] [Engelis 1988] [Escobal 1965] [Feodosiev and Siniarev 1959] [Haines et al 2002] [Herzberg 1970] [Hoge et al 1988] [Intelisano et al 2025] [Kinoshita 1977] [Kirschner et al 1988] [Lane and Redman 1970] [Lindqwister et al 1993] [Liu and Alford 1979] [Maeda et al 2019] [Marr 2003] [Marsh et al 1989] [Mikhalev et al 2022] [Morinelli et al 2008] [Morrison 1970] [Nandi et al 1993] [Peng and He 2026] [Priester 1963] [Rios-Neto 1975] [Roithmayr 2018] [Ruiz-de-Azua et al 2022] [Abramson 1975] [Adaptive Digital Satellite Transmission 1966] [Adkins 1970] [Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1962] [Al Bakri] [Alcaydé et al 1972] [Alexander et al 1993] [Allen 1969] [Amenabar et al 1988] [Ananasso 1994] [Aparicio and Floría 2001] [Applications of a Dedicated 1979] [Army Ballistic Missile Agency 1959] [Arnas 2021] [Assaly 1969] [Auboin 1992] [Baker 1986] [Balmino 1975] [Barnett 1962] [Barnett 1966] [Baumgartner 1997] [Beasley 2004] [Benson et al 1968] [Berger 1975] [Bernstein 1982] [Bernstein et al 2020] [Bettner 1995] [Betz 1967] [Beynon 1982] [Bhatt and Kumar 2025] [Bichler 2015] [Bilen 2005] [Boccolini et al 2008] [Boudreaux et al 2012] [Bowamn 1975] [Boykin and McNair 1966] [Bozajian 1973] [Bradford and St. Germain 2010] [Braga-Illa 1969] [Bramson 1969] [Brouwer and Hori 1961] [Brouwer and Hori 1961] [Brower and Hori 1960] [Bruner and Ohlson 1979] [Burko and Price 2005] [Cairns et al 2025] [Calculation of Satellite Position 2011] [Burke] [Calhoun 2010] [Calise and Brandt 2002] [Calise and Brandt 2004] [Cameron 2003] [Campanella et al 1988] [Campell and Ladd 1968] [CanSat mini-satellite project. Test 2018] [Carter et al 1969] [Carter et al 1969] [Ceriotti and McInnes 2014] [Chang 1979] [Chang 1979] [Chang 1980] [Chapter I Satellite Motion 1967] [Chase 1992] [Chen et al 2019] [Chen et al 2019] [Chernikova et al 2019] [Ching 1971] [Chiville and Shute 1965] [Christie 2026] [Cid et al 1983] [Civek and Özgören 2017] [Clark 1967] [Collins 1990] [Communications Satellite Corp Washington Dc 1980] [Connolly 1968] [Courtney Ray and Debra 1976] [Cowling 2011] [Cranford 1969] [Current GEO FSS Satellite 2000] [Dachert 1997] [Davies 1963] [Day 1990] [Debey 1960] [Delorey 1991] [Denham 1965] [Deprit and Rom 1969] [Deryder et al 1988] [Development of the Orbital 1977] [Dey et al 2025] [DFVLR Roentgen satellite 1987] [Di Monaco et al 2023] [Doornbos et al 2005] [Dreher and Lyons 1990] [Dreher et al 1980] [Druckmann and Ben-Asher 2012] [Dudush and Snovydovych 2026] [Duke-Woolley 2012] [Dyer 1966] [Eastman 1993] [Ebrahimi et al 2011] [Edelbaum and Pines 1969] [Effect of transverse atmospheric 1959] [Elash et al 2021] [Ellingsen 1991] [Envisat-a new ESA satellite 1993] [Evans 1981] [Evans 1994] [Everett and Myler 1975] [Evolution of the Artificial 1989] [Fang and Wu 2017] [Felsentreger 1966] [Felt 2013] [Feng et al 2019] [Fennell 1982] [Ferguson and Davey 1985] [Findley 1961] [Fiske et al 2006] [Fleischman and Revels 1968] [Florence and Fischer 1983] [Ford 2026] [Fowler 1996] [Fox 1969] [Fried and Richardson 1956] [Friedlander and Soldner 1984] [Friedlander 1975] [Fritz 2009] [Fuler et al 1979] [Gaiduchenko et al 2020] [Galligan 1997] [Gao 2010] [Gershman 2026] [Geyling 1964] [Gintsburg 1963] [Global satellite project for 1982] [Goldberg and Gilchrist 2005] [Goldsborough 2005] [Gong et al 2014] [Gooding 1991] [Gould 1972] [Graf 1977] [Graham 2009] [Grayson 1975] [Gregory and Wilcox 1970] [Grise and Douglas 2006] [Gronwall 1920] [Gross 1963] [Gruhlke 2003] [Guier 1964] [Gullahorn 1989] [Guo and Zhong 2023] [Guy 2015] [Gwynne 2006] [Haardt 2008] [Hakima et al 2022] [Hall 2001] [Hall 2019] [Hao and Zhang 2021] [Helm 2002] [Hepler 1958] [Hermann 1998] [Herrmann 1996] [Hoffmeyer 2000] [Hofmann 2017] [Holley et al 1996] [Holota] [Hong et al 2024] [Hoover et al 1997] [Horan 2002] [Hotter 1967] [Hough 1982] [Hu 2015] [Hu and Du 1994] [Huang and Brown 1967] [Hultqvist 1990] [Hume 1968] [Ilyukhin 2021] [Imado et al 1995] [Imbro et al 1975] [Ingram 2026] [Inman 2002] [Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Mobile Networks 2001] [Irradiation test and preselection 1974, Irradiation test and preselection] [Irradiation test and preselection 1974, Irradiation test and preselection 2] [Donegan 1958] [Jackson 1955] [Jacobus 1964] [Jastrow and Pearse 1957] [Jazede 1962] [Jebril et al 2008] [Jiachun and Ximei 1990] [Jinxiu et al 2009] [Kamal 2008] [Kaplan and Boyd 2019] [Keeney 2006] [Keeney 2006] [Keller and Sharifi 2005] [Kim and Kwon 2016] [Kim et al 2006] [Kirschner 1992] [Kitts 1995] [Kluever et al 2009] [Knowles et al 2001] [Koons 1980] [Kovalevsky 1986] [Kraft and Townsend 1963] [Kreisel 2002] [Krisko et al 1999] [Kuhlman 1963] [Kumagai 1963] [Kurtz and McNair 1964] [Kéchichian 2021] [Lai and Bhavnani 1975] [Lavine 1963] [Moal 2023] [Leach and Decker 2010] [Lehmitz 2018] [Li 2011] [Li 2011] [Li and Gong 2018] [Li and Qiao 2018] [Li et al 2023] [Liang et al 2016] [Lichtenfeld 1964] [Light 1960] [Lindberg 1979] [Linsenmayer et al 1965] [Linsenmayer et al 1965] [Liu 1982] [Liu 2023] [Liu et al 2022] [Lo 1979] [Long et al 2026] [Longuski et al 2021] [Loukakis 2017] [Low-Cost Satellites and Satellite 1990] [Lyddane 1984] [López-Morales 2026] [Maat 2010] [Macêdo and Rocco 2019] [Malcuit 2020] [Malcuit 2020] [Marcos 2006] [Marcos et al 2010] [Masek 1978] [Masek 1978] [Masse and Wilhite 2010] [Mathavaraj and Padhi 2021] [Mathiasen and Drinan 1965] [Matousek and Sergeyevsky 1998] [Mayer 1981] [Mazzella 1997] [Mazzella et al 1979] [McCeney 1978] [McKay 1966] [McMorrow 1977] [Mehta 2016] [Metzger 1978] [Meyer 1992] [Millner 1978] [Mioc 1991] [Mocio 2001] [Moe and Moe 1996] [Moe et al 1998] [Mohammed 2001] [Moon et al 2018] [Moore et al 1993] [Morelli and Matitti 1988] [Multiresolution Analysis of Hydrology] [Murillo and Williamson 1979] [Murray and Marsden 2001] [Najlaa Ozaar Hasan et al 2024] [Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake Ca 1960] [Needhi et al 2024] [Neely et al 2003] [Newell 1955] [Newton 1969] [Newton et al 1964] [Newton et al 1965] [Nordtvedt 1999] [O’Connor 1975] [Oberst 2017] [Olds and Lee 1996] [Oleson and Myers 1996] [Oliveira and Zesta 2019] [Oliveira et al 2020] [Omar and Wersinger 2015] [Omar et al 2011] [Orbital lifetime capabilities of 1975] [Orr 1985] [Orr 1986] [Ott 1986] [Ovchinnikov et al 2024] [Overstreet 1997] [Pala et al 2022] [Parisot and De Vleeschouwer 2011] [Parkyn 1958] [Pay 1970] [Peebles 2008] [Pelton 1992] [Peláez et al 1997] [Perini 1974] [Perturbations of Satellite Orbits 2008] [Pitts and Murbach 1984] [Pollack 2011] [Pollak 1962] [Price 1988] [Price 2008] [Price and Greenberg 1988] [Pullen and Enge 2012] [Punga and Campbell 1962] [Quinn 1980] [Radwan 2008] [Rafique and LinShu 2009] [Rafique et al 2009] [Rafique et al 2010] [Rafique et al 2011] [Raharema et al 2026] [Ram et al 2026] [Rao et al 1996] [Rauch 1964] [Raymer 2016] [Razani 2018] [Redmond 1975] [Reilly 1979] [Renard 1968] [Richards 1966] [Richards 1967] [Richharia 1999] [Roberson 1966] [Robinett and Eisler 1997] [Robins 1963] [Robinson 1972] [Roentgen Satellite ROSAT 1986] [Rohit Khorana 2023] [Rohrschneider and Olds 2001] [Rugge 1977] [Salient Satellites and Operators 2000] [Sams 1960] [Sarzi-Amade et al 2016] [Sasamoto et al 2008] [Satellite Altimetry 2003] [Satellite Lifetime Program 1964] [Satellite Orbital Motion 2003] [Satellite Orbits 2008] [Satellite Orbits 2017] [Satellite Overview 2004] [Satellite project 1982] [Satellite Subsystems 2008] [Satellite Subsystems 2017] [Satellites 2002] [Satellites 2013] [Satellites 2017] [Satellites for Rural Development 1979] [Satterfield and Akens 1958] [Savet 1961] [Schoneman et al 2000] [Schuster et al 1990] [Science Communication Inc McLean Va 1960] [Scoggins 1979] [Seacat 1963] [Seaworth and Drubka 1992] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sehnal 1975] [Self-Steering Arrays for Satellite 1966] [Sellers 1948] [Shahmirzaee Jeshvaghani et al 2015] [Sheridan] [Shimamura 1999] [Shouman et al 2021] [Shultz 2020] [Siry 1960] [Sivolella 2014] [Sleeth 2004] [Smith 2019] [Smith and Huang 1986] [Smith et al 1989] [Snider and Coomber 1977] [Solymar 2021] [Song and Kim 2015] [Song et al 2017] [Song et al 2020] [Sonnenschein and Hutchinson 1990] [Sood 1988] [Spacecraft Charging at High 1976] [Spassova 2017] [Springer 1996] [Stassinopoulos 1971] [Stevens 1979] [Stower 2024] [Stroud et al 2012] [Sun et al 2013] [Sun et al 2017] [Sun et al 2019] [Swartz et al 1972] [Taff 1979] [Taff 1982] [Tanaka and Hiei 1984] [Tapley and Ries 1988] [Tashker 1977] [Tautz 2003] [Taylor 1978] [Taylor 1998] [Teoste 1966] [Thamrin et al 2005] [The ALEXIS Small Satellite 1993] [The Effects of Drag 1998] [The FALCON Small Satellite 2004] [The Launch Loop 1985] [The Lunar Orbiter A 1966] [The university of surrey’s 1981] [Theil 2008] [Thermal Response of an 1985] [Thoma 2017] [Thomas and Hartfield 2009] [Tierno 2002] [Tirro and Bayliss 1976] [Titov et al 2013] [Tomme 2006] [Tomme 2006] [Tong et al 2019] [Torisaka and Yamakawa 2008] [Tozer 1999] [Trefny 1999] [Tunpan and Corson 2001] [Valeev 1965] [Vallado and Finkleman 2008] [Vallado and Finkleman 2014] [van Alphen and Katz] [Verma and Somani 2009] [Vernon and Tom 2026] [Villanueva et al 2013] [Vincent 1997] [Vinti 1959] [Vogt 2026] [Voyager spacecraft system Task 1967] [Vukovich and Kim 2019] [Wagner 1973] [Walters 1967] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2017] [Wearmouth and McLaurin 1976] [Weems 1963] [West 1963] [Westerman 1963] [Whyte et al 1979] [Wildhack 1958] [Williams et al 2015] [Wirtanen 1963] [Wittenstein 1987] [Wittwer 1978] [Wittwer 1980] [Wittwer 1982] [Woods] [Wu 1992] [Wu et al 1991] [X-ray satellite 1985] [X-ray satellite 1987] [Xu et al 2010] [Xu et al 2020] [Xu et al 2022] [Ya-Ying 1991] [Yaman and Seckin 2011] [Zalevsky et al 2002] [Zang et al 2025] [Zesta and Huang 2016] [Zetocha and Brito 2002] [Zhang 2023] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhao and Hu 2011] [Zheng et al 2005] [Zhiqiang et al 2015] [Zhong et al 2024] [Zhou 2014] [Zhu and Huizenga 2004] [Zhu et al 2020] [Zipfel 2014] [Zurawski and Rapp 1987] [Zuzek et al 1994]

Flexible vehicle dynamics, slosh, pogo and the autopilot

Control of a vehicle that bends and sloshes. Launch vehicle autopilots and attitude control, bending modes and aeroelasticity, propellant slosh, pogo, ground wind loads, gusts, buffet, load relief and the acoustic environment.

470 records. [Abdrahimov and Urbansky 2022] [Abhishek Hari 2026] [Azodi et al 2022] [Bates and Young 2012] [Beer and Lennox 1965] [Boyd 1963] [Butt et al 2009] [Casiano 2009] [Coffin 1970] [Cunningham et al 2024] [Diz et al 2026] [Du et al 2020] [Elston 1963] [Escartí-Guillem et al 2022] [Giacomoni 2014] [He et al 2023] [Houston et al 2009] [Hrinchenko 2020] [Hung and Hunt 1964] [Hwang 1964] [Jiang et al 2026] [Ju et al 2022] [Kenny et al 2009] [Ketchum 1970] [Khamlak 2025] [Kirby and Van Vooren 1964] [Lee and Baek 2026] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2025] [Liang et al 2020] [Liever and West 2016] [Liever et al 2016] [Liu et al 2024] [Mao et al 2020] [Marcus et al 1969] [Mattocks 1972] [Meng et al 2025] [Mori et al 2019] [Muthukumar et al 2020] [Neer and Salvatore 1972] [Pang et al 2021] [Popov 2025] [Radovcich 1965] [Roithmayr and Pei 2024] [Ross and Womack 1973] [Rubin 1966] [Schomer 1986] [Singh et al 2026] [Solomon and Tamiru 2026] [Song et al 2026] [Springer 1994] [Acharya and Sing 2000] [Adelfang 2003] [Adelfang and Smith 1998] [Adelfang et al 1993] [Aeroelastic effects on space 1973] [Aguiar et al 2025] [Aksu 2014] [All Shuttle Centaur engine 1987] [Angeletti et al 2020] [Ansari and Bajodah 2016] [Aveta et al 2023] [Ayre and Lee 1965] [Bacchus et al 1975] [Bai 2006] [Bakeman 1962] [Barret 1998] [Barret 1997] [Bartels et al 2010] [Bauer 1967] [Bayle et al 2002] [Beam 1964] [Beckman et al 2018] [Beer and Lennox 1966] [Belletti Araque et al 2021] [Belousov and Ponomarev 2016] [Benson and Mason 2011] [Berry et al 1981] [Bhat et al 1993] [Bidwell 1967] [Blades et al 1999] [Blanchet and Bartos 2001] [Blanchet et al 2001] [Blelloch and Coe 2000] [Bodle and Hackley 1975] [Boggs 2004] [Boglis and Stoica 2020] [Bohne 1964] [Borelli and Carroll 1967] [Bourdelle et al 2019] [Brodnick et al 2016] [Brown 2022] [Brown 2022] [Buehrle et al 2010] [Buell 1964] [Bullock] [Burton et al 2008] [Buschek 2001] [Buschek 2003] [Buschek and Dold 2001] [Butu et al 2016] [Bynum and Hamlet 1965] [Call and Mason 1990] [Call and Mason 1992] [Campbell et al 1988] [Cassaro et al 2022] [Celani 2018] [Chambon] [Chen et al 2011] [Chen et al 2012] [Chen et al 2012] [Cheng et al 2025] [Christensen and Brunty 1996] [Christensen et al 1997] [Chung and Peebles 2004] [Claggett and Langehough 1989] [Clarke and Gutierrez 2000] [Clayton and Posingies 1965] [Cocaul et al 2025] [Cockburn and Robertson 1974] [Cole and Henning 1991] [Combustion Instability Analysis Analytical 1995] [Combustion Instability Analysis Application 1995] [Combustion Instability Analysis Calculations 1995] [Combustion Instability Analysis Effects 1995] [Combustion Instability Analysis Numerical 1995] [Cossette et al 2020] [Cosyn et al 2003] [Cosyn et al 2005] [D’Antuono et al 2024] [Dey et al 2018] [Dhuyvetter and Lam 1989] [Doggett and Hanson 1962] [Doggett and Hanson 1963] [Dolgopolov and Nikolayev 2024] [Dong et al 2008] [Dotson 2001] [Dotson and Engblom 2004] [Dotson et al 1998] [Dotson et al 1998] [Dotson et al 2014] [Du] [Du and Wie 2009] [Du et al 2008] [Edinger 1976] [El-Ansary 2014] [Ericsson and Guenther 1971] [Ericsson and Guenther 1971] [Ericsson and Pavish 1999] [Ericsson et al 1972] [Esfahanian et al 2011] [Eulitz 1964] [Fei et al 2021] [Feng et al 2020] [Feng and Grady 1969] [Flanigan 1989] [Fogel et al 2023] [Frampton 2002] [Frampton 2002] [Freeman and Teets 1969] [Fresconi et al 2017] [Friang et al 1996] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 5] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 8] [Gaffin 1977] [Garbeff et al 2019] [George 1966] [Gerald and Runyan 1962] [Gillespie 1956] [Giurgiutiu and Pomirleanu 2000] [Glaese and Kennel 1981] [Goldman 1967] [Goldman and Miessner 1965] [Goldman and Miessner 1966] [Graells and Carrabina 2016] [Greiner 1973] [Griffith and Byrd 1963] [Gully and Skelley 1975] [Guo et al 2024] [Hall and Shtessel 2005] [Hanford 1969] [Haqq 2020] [Hardy et al 1967] [Hashimoto et al 2005] [Hauser 1972] [He et al 2024] [Heaney et al 2024] [Heat Transfer Stability Analysis 1960] [Hill et al 1969] [Hiraki et al 2019] [Hooper and Kostusak 1991] [Hrinda 2009] [Hui Li et al] [Hung et al 1992] [Ilukhin et al 2014] [Irvine 2003] [Ishibashi et al 1995] [Ivanco 2016] [Ivanco and Keller 2012] [Ivanco et al 2020] [Ivanco et al 2021] [Ivanco et al 2024] [Jang et al 2011] [Storey] [Jee et al 2016] [Jenkins and Roy 1968] [Jensen 1980] [Jesen 1977] [Jiang and Le 2026] [Jin et al 2024] [Pei] [Pei 2023] [Johnson et al 2003] [Johnson et al 2004] [Jones and Farmer 1967] [Jones and Farmer 1966] [Joshi 1997] [Kato et al 2021] [Kawasaki et al 2019] [Keller and Ivanco 2010] [Khamlak 2026] [Kharisov et al 2008] [Kharisov et al 2008] [Khoshnood et al 2009] [Kiehn 2020] [Kilpatrick 1965] [Kim 2016] [Kim et al 2015] [King et al 2012] [Kingsbury and Vinson 1965] [Klaisner 1968] [Klenk 1964] [Knight 2023] [Kode and Shtessel 2021] [Kreiter 1967] [Krishnaswamy and Bugajski 2005] [Kudryavtsev and Safronov 2012] [Kurudimath et al 2026] [L. Johnson and W. Vaughan 2020] [Lalithambika and Dasgupta 2007] [Lalithambika and Dasgupta 2021] [Lalithambika et al 2001] [Large eddy simulation of 2023] [Larsen 2008] [Launch Vehicle and Payload 2022] [Launch Vehicle Stability and 2022] [Lee et al 1953] [Lee et al 2017] [Lee and Stupik 2015] [Lee-Glauser and Ahmadi 1993] [Leendertse 1961] [LeFevre and Jha 2008] [LeFevre and Jha 2009] [Leo and Anderson 1998] [Lester and Morgan 1964] [Li et al 2020] [Liao et al 2025] [Lim and George 1987] [Linear acoustic gains and 1964] [Liu et al 2019] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2026] [Loewy 1965] [Loewy 1966] [LONG TERM Storage for] [Lou et al 2025] [Lui 1996] [Lungu et al 2018] [Lungu et al 2018] [Lutsky et al 1973] [Ma et al 2018] [Macés-Hernández 2026] [Makhtoumi 2018] [Markowitz and Morgan 1977] [Martin et al 1993] [Mason and Starin 2005] [Mason and Starin 2011] [Meadows 1963] [Mehrabian et al 2008] [Mellquist et al 2024] [Menon et al 2009] [Mermagen Sr. and Murphy 2001] [Method of Predicting Stability 2021] [Micci and Habiballah 1996] [Miotto and LePome 2003] [Mitra et al 2021] [Mo et al 2022] [Mooij 2020] [Mooij and Gransden 2019] [Mooij and Wang 2021] [Mooij and Wang 2023] [Morgan and Collins 1962] [Murphy and Mermagen 2000] [Muse and Calise 2009] [Muthukumar et al 2019] [Najiya et al 2023] [Naidu et al 2025] [Nandakumar et al 2019] [Nandakumar et al 2019] [Nanri et al 2009] [Nanri et al 2010] [Nanri et al 2010] [Nanri et al 2010] [Nanri et al 2010] [Meeting on Ground Wind 1966] [NASA space vehicle design 1968] [Nath et al 1986] [Neighbors and Ryan 1992] [Neil 1973] [Ng and Benson 2017] [Nowak 1967] [Nowek and Stanton 1965] [Oh et al 2017] [Ono et al 1987] [Orr 2010] [Orr and Hall 2009] [Orr et al 2015] [Park 2014] [Park et al 2018] [Parry et al 1989] [Payne and Rubin 1974] [Pei 2021] [Pei and Rothhaar 2015] [Petrenko 2025] [Peverley 1962] [Pfifer et al 2009] [Piatak and Sekula 2019] [Piatak et al 2015] [Piatak et al 2016] [Plaisted and Leonessa 2008] [POGO prevention of H-2 1994] [Popov et al 2019] [Pragluski 1965] [Pytanowski 1999] [Ragab 1992] [Ragab 1992] [Rainey 1964] [Raji et al 2019] [Riley and Sterett 1970] [Ringland and Stubblefield 1965] [Robust Autopilot Design for 2016] [Robust Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Controller 2025] [Romo and Alvarez 2010] [Rugescu et al 2014] [Rynaski 1967] [Mohammed Akshay et al 2023] [Ganga et al 2023] [Saugen and Adler 1991] [Schiffer 1964] [Schroer 1966] [Schwartz 1987] [Sclafani and Shankar 2015] [Seetharama Bhat et al 1992] [Shafer and Brock 2012] [Shafer and Brock 2013] [Shtessel 2001] [Shtessel and Baev 2008] [Shtessel and Krupp 1997] [Shtessel et al] [Shtessel et al 1997] [Shtessel et al 2000] [Shtessel et al 2002] [Shtessel et al 2003] [Sim et al 2016] [Simmons and Hall 1973] [Simon 1965] [Sinclair and Flowers 2010] [Sinclair and Flowers 2013] [Sivadas 2020] [Skelton 1966] [Slawecki et al 2026] [Smith and Austin 1983] [Solanyk 1993] [Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 1960] [Somanath et al 1998] [Song et al 2022] [Song et al 2026] [Space transportation system solid 1979] [Spearman 1979] [Spiekermann and Kabe 1998] [Stallard 1976] [Stechman and Sumpter 1989] [Stephens 1965] [Stott and Shtessel 2010] [Stott and Shtessel 2012] [Study of structural bending 1966] [Sumathi and Usha 2014] [Sumathy et al 2026] [Suzuki 2001] [Suzuki 2004] [Swaim 1969] [Swanson 1977] [Swathy et al 2018] [Sávio Aguiar et al 2022] [Tan et al 2023] [Tanck and Steadman 1998] [Tang et al 2024] [Tedrick 1963] [Tedrick 1962] [Templeton et al 2010] [Tewell and Buell 1985] [The Influence of Erosive 1960] [Nge et al] [Tianpeng et al 2024] [Torisaka and Yamakawa 2011] [Trotta et al 2021] [Tsourdos and White 2012] [Tsushima et al 2017] [Ujino et al 1989] [Vadlamani and Gurfil 2023] [Vaishnavi and Dhekane 2021] [Van Der Maas 1962] [Vandierendonck et al 1973] [VanZwieten et al 2014] [Walterscheid and Sako 2011] [Wang et al 2007] [Wang et al 2011] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2014] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2025] [Wehmueller and Hauser 1991] [Weller 1954] [Wetzel] [Whorton et al 2007] [Wie et al 2008] [Wignall et al 2023] [Hernandez et al 2025] [Elke et al] [Elke and Pei] [Williams 1987] [Williams 1992] [Williams 1997] [Williams 1999] [Wilner et al 1960] [Winchell 1992] [Wise 2008] [Wood 1961] [Wu et al 2023] [Xing et al 2022] [Xu and Pei 2016] [Xu et al 2023] [Xu et al 2024] [Yan Zhang et al 2016] [Yang 2004] [Yang and Peugeot 2010] [Yang and Williams 2024] [Yang et al 2015] [Yang and West 2018] [Yoon et al 2021] [Yuanwen et al 2013] [Zafrane et al 2013] [Zhang and Zhang 2014] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao and Jiang 2018] [Zhao and Tan 2026] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2016] [Zhou et al 2025] [Zimpfer 1999] [Zirui Wang et al 2012]

Guidance, accuracy and the error budget

The keystone’s literature. Missile and launch vehicle guidance laws, explicit and iterative guidance, error analysis and dispersion, impact accuracy, the circular error probable, and kill probability. The guidance laws of tactical homing missiles are kept here, since they solve the terminal-accuracy problem the ballistic weapon solved at cutoff.

442 records. [Advanced Tactical and Strategic 2019] [Advances in Missile Guidance 2016] [Aldrich and Krabill 1972] [Ammons 1973] [An et al 1989] [Andrisani 1995] [Andrus 1979] [Army Materiel Command Alexandria Va 1975] [Arthur and Kemp 2025] [Baba et al 1991] [Baba et al 1994] [Bachman et al 1966] [Bai et al 2014] [Balakrishnan and Shen 1996] [Balbirnie et al 1975] [Balzer and Belsley 1973] [Banerjee et al 2019] [Bang 2026] [Barrett 2011] [Basics of Missile Guidance 2007] [Battin 1964] [Beardslee 1964] [Becker 1973] [Benjamin and Rajeev 2020] [Berbert 1960] [Bezick] [Billman 1975] [Castaldi et al 2023] [Cheng et al 2020] [Dancer et al 2008] [Gaudet and Furfaro 2023] [Jia et al 2025] [Jo et al 2020] [Kasaeian et al 2020] [Li et al 2022] [Mahajan and Condon 2025] [Bhojan et al 2026] [Boelitz et al 2003] [Braithwaite 1962] [Brinda and Dasgupta 2006] [Brown 1976] [Bucy 1979] [Calise et al 1997] [Calise et al 1998] [Casasent 1979] [Casasent 1984] [Catovic and Kljuno 2021] [Chamberlin 1964] [Chaowanapreecha] [Chaowanapreecha et al 2025] [Chen and Xia 2016] [Chen et al 2007] [Cheng et al 2005] [Cheng et al 2015] [Cherry 1964] [Chiou et al 1997] [Chircop and Kachoyan 2018] [Cho 2010] [Cliff 1989] [Computer for missile-guidance systems 1956] [Cook and Craig 1980] [Corban et al 2001] [Cost and Weeks 1980] [Craig et al 1980] [Cramer and Lee 1992] [Cramer et al 1990] [Crawford 1983] [Creaser et al 1998] [Crowther 1962] [Cuk 2008] [Dalton and Balakrishnan 1993] [Dalton and Balakrishnan 1996] [Daly 1967] [Dasgupta and Ramakrishna 1985] [Dasgupta and Ramakrishna 1986] [Davis et al 1965] [de Lafontaine et al 2006] [Delporte and Sauvinet 1992] [Design of CLOS Guidance 2016] [DiDonato 2007] [Differential Geometry Applied to 2016] [Doman 2004] [Dong et al 2015] [Dukeman 2002] [Dukeman and Calise 2003] [Duncan 1965] [Duncan 1966] [Ehrsam et al 1978] [Erdos et al 2012] [Etzkorn 2001] [Kawamura and Azimov] [Faruqi 2012] [Fernandez] [Fine et al 1965] [Fine et al 1966] [Frasier and Gardiner 1965] [Freed 1977] [Fresconi and Rogers 2014] [Gaudet and Furfaro 2012] [George 1974] [Gerlach 1965] [Golden 1980] [Gonzalez and Denny 1970] [Goodall and Ewen 1987] [Goodman 2021] [Graf and Trimble 1980] [Gretz 1962] [Grewal and Henderson 1986] [Griffin] [Griner 1967] [Griner 1967] [Groutage 1980] [Groves 1975] [Guan et al 2018] [Guidance Law Performance Analysis 2007] [Gulick and Miller 1982] [Guo and Bai 2009] [Guo et al 2018] [Gupta et al 1979] [Gurfil 2012] [Gurfil et al 1998] [Gutman 2005] [Hague 1979] [Hanson et al 1994] [Hardy 1969] [Harl et al 2010] [He and Lee 2018] [He et al 2016] [He et al 2020] [He et al 2020] [Heffron 1970] [Heffron 1971] [Hendrickson 1965] [Heuston et al 1967] [Hexner and Pila 2010] [Hibey and Naidu 1987] [Higher-Order Sliding Modes for 2016] [Hough 1988] [Hough 1989] [Hu 2009] [Huang et al 2017] [Huang et al 2024] [Hull and Muzumdar 1993] [Hull et al 1983] [Hummel et al 1980] [Ibrahim and Saleh 2021] [Imado] [Imado et al 1998] [In-flight control and guidance 2006] [Integrated Design of Estimator 2016] [Integrated Guidance and Control 2016] [Inter-Satellite Laser Link Tracking 2022] [Jacobson and Powers 1972] [Jaggers 1974] [Jaggers 1976] [Jain et al 2026] [Jalali-Naini 2004] [Everett and Iyer] [Ohlmeyer et al 2001] [Orr and Russell] [Jianbin et al 2005] [Jiang et al 2020] [Jianguo et al 2019] [Juncosa and Young 1953] [Jutty K et al 2000] [Kaehr and Spector 1980] [Karczmarz et al 2023] [Kawaguchi and Inaba 2002] [Kechichian et al 1983] [Kelly 1959] [Keuper 1960] [Kim and Choi 2026] [Kim and Lee 2024] [Kim et al 1996] [Kluever 2007] [Kluever 2022] [Knoblach 1974] [Kremer and Mease 1995] [Krieger and Williams 1981] [Krivenko 2026] [Kuo and Liu 2002] [Kuroda and Imado 1988] [Kuroda and Imado 1989] [Kuroda et al 1993] [Lam 2005] [Langley and Demetrick 1978] [Lawrence 1991] [Lee et al 2018] [Lei and Hu 2012] [Leung and Calise 1992] [Leung and Calise 1994] [Li et al 2020] [Li et al 2022] [Liang et al 2026] [Lilliefors 1957] [Lin and Xin 2019] [Liu et al 2011] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2025] [Locke 1950] [Long 1950] [Lortie 1966] [Lu 1977] [Lu 1994] [Lu 1996] [Lu and Pan 2009] [Lu and Pan 2010] [Lu et al 2002] [Lu et al 2003] [Lu et al 2005] [Lu et al 2007] [Lu et al 2008] [Luke 1993] [Lushchik et al 1993] [Lyu et al 2025] [Ma 1994] [Ma 1996] [Ma et al 2024] [MacPherson 1963] [Manikonda and vanDoom 2008] [Marcos 1990] [Marcos et al 2008] [Hawkins and Ahmad] [Maxwell and Dorfman 1963] [Mazzaracchio 2016] [McCormick and Compton 1986] [McNolty 1962] [McNolty 1965] [McNolty 1967] [Mease 1992] [Mease 1993] [Mease and Van Buren 1994] [Mease and McCreary 1985] [Mertens and Tabeling 1965] [Michael A. Bolender 2006] [Milgram and Bjorklund 1980] [Missile Guidance and Control 2004] [Missile Guidance Software 2007] [Mitchell 1964] [Miwa and Imado 1985] [Moch 1966] [Moon and Kim 2000] [Moriarty 1966] [Mracek 2024] [Murphy et al 2000] [Ahmad and Hawkins] [Neoclassical Missile Guidance 2016] [Nesline 1978] [Nesline 1979] [Nesline and Nesline 1986] [Nesline and Zarchan 1979] [Nesline and Zarchan 1980] [Nesline and Zarchan 1982] [Ni et al 2014] [Nosek 1982] [Noton 1962] [Ochi 2003] [Odom 1958] [Ohlmeyer and Phillips 2006] [Optimal Guidance Laws with 2016] [Ormsby and Long 1980] [Orr and Russell 2024] [Padhi 1999] [Palmer and Mitchell 1966] [Pamadi and Ohlmeyer 2006] [Pan and Lu 2010] [Pan and Tang 2011] [Pan et al 2025] [Panxing Huang et al 2015] [Park et al 2020] [Peled-Eitan and Rusnak 2024] [Performance Analysis of Powered 2008] [Pham Sy] [Phillips 1966] [Phillips and Chisholm 1995] [Practical Techniques for the 2016] [Pratt 1976] [Price 1970] [Price and Warren 1973] [Price 1968] [Probabilities of non-penetration and 1956] [Qian et al 2012] [Qiang et al 2019] [Qu Pingping et al 2013] [Quinter 1970] [Battin 1965] [Radomski 1995] [Raza and Wang 2022] [Reich et al 1976] [Research on target acquisition 2013] [Review and progress of 2021] [Rishel 1967] [Rizk 2008] [Rodriguez 1999] [Rodriguez 2007] [Rodriguez and Aguilar 1995] [Rodriguez and Sonne 1997] [Rogers 2004] [Romanenko and Yalovets 2025] [Rosenbaum 1970] [Rosenbaum 1971] [Rusnak 1993] [Rusnak 2003] [Rusnak 2010] [Russell 1962] [Russell 1964] [Sachuk et al 2020] [Schappell et al 1972] [Schleich 1982] [Schleich 1982] [Schleich 1984] [Schmidt and Schmidt 1997] [Schroeter 1976] [Schwartz 1990] [Scofield 1967] [Scofield 1968] [Sethi 2024] [Shaferman and Shima 2010] [Shandling and Platus 1985] [Shefer 1990] [Sheporaitis et al 1976] [Shepperd and Staugler 1999] [Shihui and Longxu 2008] [Shima et al 2004] [Shinar 1987] [Shinar et al] [Shinar et al 1992] [Shipplett 1983] [Shneydor 1998] [Shneydor 1998] [Shtessel and Tournes 2012] [Sigal and Ben-Asher 2010] [Singh and Bhashyam 1972] [Singh et al 2005] [Sinha and Shrivastava 1990] [Smit and Gorrell 2026] [Snow 1975] [Snyder and Muratani 1980] [Sobh and Sheirah 2006] [Song et al 2023] [Sperry Phoenix Co Az 1962] [Speyer 1997] [Speyer and Hull 1986] [Stallard 1979] [Stallard 1980] [Stallard 1985] [Stepanyan and Hovakimyan 2005] [Stewart 1961] [Stoner 1972] [Strohm 2011] [Su] [Su et al 2022] [Summary of mission characteristics 1968] [Sun] [Tactical and Strategic Missile 2019] [Tactical Missile Guidance Laws] [Takemoto and Sugihara 2015] [Tang et al 2021] [Tapley et al 1975] [Taylor 1975] [Taylor and Price 1974] [Tcybulskii 2014] [Teren 1966] [Testing Guidance Laws Performance 2007] [The improved accuracy programme 1994] [Tournes and Johnson 1998] [Trajectory Shaping Guidance for 2025] [Tuzlukov 2026] [Tyan and Shen 2010] [Uselton 1976] [Vachon et al 2014] [Vaddi et al 2007] [Vavdiya and Kaushik 2022] [Vergez 1981] [Vergez 1982] [Verma 2025] [Vinh et al 1984] [Vinh et al 1986] [Von der Porten et al 2018] [Von der Porten et al 2018] [Wagner 1985] [Wang and Song 2022] [Wang et al 2005] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Webb 1979] [Wei and Wang 2025] [Weidlinger 1962] [White 1995] [Whiting and Jobe 1972] [Wihardi et al 2019] [Wu et al 2015] [Xia et al 2024] [Xian et al 2023] [Xiaoli et al 2012] [Xie and Ma 2023] [Xu and Chen 2011] [Xu and Qiu 2008] [Xu and Zhang 2018] [Xu et al 2025] [Xu et al 2025] [Yamamoto and Kawaguchi 2007] [Yan and Zhou 2023] [Yan et al 2020] [Yang et al 1999] [Yang et al 2024] [Yanushevsky 2006] [Yanushevsky 2007] [Yanushevsky 2007] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yeh 2012] [Yim 2012] [Yoo and Bullock 1989] [Yu et al 2019] [Zaikang and Defu 2019] [Zarchan 1977] [Zarchan 1979] [Zarchan 2012] [Zhang] [Zhang and She 2015] [Zhang and Xu 2020] [Zhang et al 2006] [Zhang et al 2010] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao and Guo 2018] [Zhao and Hao 2015] [Zhao Dawei et al] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhao et al 2019] [Zhu et al 2020] [Zimmer and Turner 2017]

Space debris, spent stages and reentry risk

What a stage left in orbit becomes. The debris environment and its modelling, mitigation standards and law, active removal, the reentry of rocket bodies, breakup and demise, and casualty risk. 162 titles name mitigation and 108 name removal, and 51 of the mitigation titles concern guidelines, standards, law or policy rather than engineering.

406 records. [Activities at EUMETSAT in 2011] [Adamopoulos 2023] [Adeeye 2026] [Adilov et al 2020] [Adimurthy and Ganeshan 2006] [Afful et al 2016] [Ahmed et al 2003] [Al-Zaidi et al 2020] [Alby 2005] [Alby 2015] [Alnaqbi et al 2025] [Annaloro et al 2020] [Arinchev 2020] [Barkova 2022] [Bongers et al 2025] [Boone and Bettinger 2021] [Bullock and Johanson 2021] [Cirkovic 2021] [Ferreira Santos 2022] [Fujun et al 2020] [Giudici et al 2024] [Han et al 2022] [Harada et al 2024] [Hu et al 2021] [Manis et al 2025] [Amano 2024] [Amano 2026] [Amdahl 1993] [Andaristiyan et al 2026] [Aneja 2024] [Anilkumar et al 2017] [Anselmo and Pardini 2008] [Migaud 2020] [Olivieri and Francesconi 2020] [Parveen and Verma 2024] [Pietkiewicz 2019] [Qureshi et al 2025] [Reid and Bettinger 2025] [Richardson et al 2014] [Runnels 2023] [Sanchez 2025] [Santos and Sampaio 2021] [Shan and Shi 2022] [Shen and Liu 2020] [Tomizaki et al 2020] [Torres and Bongers 2022] [Trushlyakov et al 2019] [Tuzzolino 1992] [Aorpimai and Navakitkanok 2015] [Aslanov and Sizov 2020] [Asundi et al 2017] [Thanh Long 2017] [Banken et al 2022] [Baraskar et al 2024] [Barilaro et al 2025] [Barry 2022] [Barty et al 2009] [Basana et al 2024] [Battie et al 2012] [Battiston et al 2017] [Belk et al 1997] [Bennett 2025] [Berthelot 2025] [Bettinger 2019] [Bodele et al 2002] [Bohman et al 2024] [Bonnal and Naumann 1999] [Bonnal et al 2009] [Borelli and Colombo 2026] [Braun et al 2024] [Butner and Gartrell 1992] [Błażejczyk and Zagórski 2026] [Cable et al 2011] [Canoy and Bettinger 2023] [Carns 2023] [Carns 2023] [Carns 2023] [Carns 2023] [Casalino 2014] [Chaddha 2010] [Chaddha 2011] [Chapter 9 Heritage of 2009] [Characteristics of Satellite Breakups 1989] [Chatterjee and Stan 2024] [Chen 2016] [Chen and He 2025] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2025] [Chhabildas and Boslough 1993] [Chhabra et al 2026] [Choueiri 2026] [Christiansen et al 2009] [Chu et al 2019] [Chung 2018] [Cimino et al 2025] [Clerc 2018] [Colvin and Locke 2024] [Comellini and Casu 2024] [Consequences of Space Debris 2004] [Constantino Gomez 2024] [Cost Estimates for Removal 1989] [Creaser and Bauer 2024] [Cuadrat-Grzybowski and Gill 2024] [Cuff 1994] [Current Orbital Debris Environment 1989] [Dai et al 2019] [de Paula and Celestino 2019] [Deghuria et al 2023] [Degrange 2018] [Dey et al 2024] [Dhinakaran et al 2025] [DIN EN 16604-10 2014-12, Nachhaltigkeit] [Draft International Convention on 2010] [Dunker and Hill 2025] [Emdee 2012] [European Space Agency Activities 2001] [Explosive Fragmentation of Orbiting 1989] [Falsone and Prandini 2017] [Fernando and Charalambous 2026] [Finkleman 2014] [Foster and Estes 1993] [Fox et al 2025] [Frigoli 2018] [Fritz 2026] [Fudge 2000] [Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 9] [Förste et al 2024] [Förste et al 2025] [Gachet et al 2016] [Gagliardi et al 2025] [Garber 2017] [Gee and Mathias 2008] [Giudici et al 2024] [Gondelach et al 2017] [Gonçalves et al 2024] [Goodland 2026] [Gregson and Seto 2025] [Grewal et al 2025] [Gründer 2026] [Guardabasso] [Gupta 2022] [Hakima and Emami 2017] [Hari Shankar 2016] [Henning et al 2024] [Hill et al 2024] [Hoyt and Forward 2000] [Hsu et al 2026] [Huber and Gonzales 1997] [Hudon-Castillo and Thilloy 2024] [Hurova 2024] [Hypervelocity Impact and Upper-Stage 1989] [Jain et al 2023] [Janikowski 2025] [Jankovic and Paul 2016] [Jawad and Ahmad 2026] [Jehn 2002] [Jenkin et al 2002] [Jenkin et al 2004] [Jenkin et al 2024] [Jenkin et al 2024] [Jiang and Deng 2025] [Jianping et al 2024] [Johnson 2005] [Johnson 2001] [Holladay et al 2026] [Jung et al 2024] [Jung et al 2025] [Karl 2006] [Kato 1999] [Kato 2001] [Kaur Chawla and Malhotra 2019] [Kaushik 2025] [Kawamoto et al 2018] [Kawamoto et al 2025] [Kawamura et al 2025] [Ken Gee and Lawrence 2013] [Kezirian 2021] [Kezirian et al 2024] [Khatniuk et al 2019] [Kim et al 2026] [Kimura 2020] [Kirkpatrick 1989] [Klinkrad 1994] [Klinkrad 2017] [Klinkrad et al] [Klinkrad et al 2004] [Kobayashi 2017] [Koumbarou et al 2024] [Krag 2012] [Krag et al 2013] [Krisko et al 2001] [Kuwahara et al 2025] [Langlade 2018] [Languisse 2026] [Laporte-Weywada 1993] [Lee 2023] [Lee and Ahn 2023] [Lee et al 2018] [Letizia 2022] [Letizia et al 2024] [Lewis 2020] [Li 2025] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2026] [Lidtke et al 2014] [Lim 2017] [Ling 2015] [Ling et al 2007] [Linskens and Mooij 2016] [Liou 2013] [Liou et al 2010] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2026] [Loftus et al 1993] [Loftus and Reynolds 1993] [Lopez et al 2025] [Lucchi et al 2024] [Lönnqvist 2018] [Macauley 2015] [Maclay et al 2025] [Mahaseth et al 2022] [Malik 2026] [Malik et al 2024] [Marcé 1994] [Mathematical Model for Space 2001] [Mayer and Dassanayake 2025] [McDonnell et al 1996] [McKnight et al 2024] [Mehta et al 2018] [Mejía-Kaiser 2009] [Mejía-Kaiser 2010] [Mejía-Kaiser 2020] [Mejía-Kaiser 2020] [Meredith 1990] [Meredith 1993] [Misra 2024] [Molina and Sansegundo 2010] [Mulholland and Veillet 2000] [Mullick et al 2019] [Munters 2018] [Nakamura 2024] [Napolano et al 2024] [Nassisi et al 2020] [Nassisi et al 2020] [Nathalie et al 2024] [Navaz and Ntantis 2026] [Nayak 2012] [Neema et al 2012] [Nie et al 2020] [Nishida et al 2018] [Nuthalapati 2024] [Ocaya and Malevu 2025] [Orbital Debris from Upper-Stage 1989] [Orbital Debris Hazards Assessment 2001] [Ota and Takahashi 2025] [Pang et al 2026] [Pardini and Anselmo 1999] [Pardini and Anselmo 2016] [Pardini and Anselmo 2016] [Park and Park 2017] [Patera 2005] [Pellegrino and Scheeres 2018] [Pelton 2013] [Pelton 2015] [Pelton 2015] [Pelton 2015] [Pelton 2017] [Penny and Swan 1993] [Penny 1993] [Perdijk et al 2025] [Perek 1993] [Perek 2000] [Perek 2004] [Phipps and Phipps 2010] [Pinardell Pons and Noomen 2019] [Polk et al 2015] [Polkowska and Chimicz 2024] [Portelli et al 2010] [Prevereaud et al 2012] [Puri et al 2026] [Quinlan et al 2011] [Rachman and Priyatikanto 2018] [Rajapaksa and Wijerathna 2017] [Rao 1994] [Rapp 2025] [Rapp and Rhimbassen 2023] [Razgus et al 2024] [Reinhardt and Yates 1993] [Rembeza 1993] [Removal of Orbital Debris 1989] [Ren et al 2021] [Report on orbital debris 1989] [Rex 1997] [Rex 1998] [Rex et al 1999] [Reyhanoglu and Alvarado 2013] [Reynolds 1993] [Rezunkov 2013] [Rojas Ramirez 2025] [Rosengren and Arizona 2018] [Ross and Madden 1994] [Rossa et al 2025] [Rossi 2020] [Rusconi and Colombo 2026] [Rusconi et al 2024] [Rykhlova et al 1993] [Salmaso et al 2023] [Sanal Kumar et al 2016] [Sanjurjo Rivo] [Sanson et al 2019] [Satellite Fragmentation and Orbital 2020] [Satellite Fragmentation and Orbital 2025] [Schall 1991] [Schilling 2016] [Seong et al 2021] [Setterfield et al 2020] [Sewell 2023] [Shukla et al 2023] [Sithara and Shenil 2022] [Slejko et al 2021] [Slough 2023] [Smeltzer and Wagner 2022] [Smirnov et al 2015] [Smith et al 2024] [Solomon 1965] [Song 2016] [Space Debris An Analysis 2024] [Space debris Mitigation guidelines 2018] [Space Debris Production in 2001] [Space sustainability - Space] [Space sustainability. Adoption Notice] [Space systems - Detailed] [Space systems � Detailed] [Space systems. Debris mitigation] [Space systems. Re-entry risk] [Space systems. Re-entry risk] [Space systems. Space debris] [Space systems. Space debris] [Space systems. Space debris] [Space systems. Space debris] [Stadnyk] [Steinkogler 2016] [Stern 2008] [Stewardson and Freeland 2020] [Stoker] [Stuart et al 2016] [Stubbe 2017] [Sur and Thakur 2025] [Suwantong et al 2012] [Svotina 2024] [Svotina and Cherkasova 2023] [Sönmez et al 2025] [Takeichi 2024] [Tarantino and Saf/Sqs 2022] [Tardy and Kluever 2002] [Taylor 2024] [Tetreault et al 2018] [Tian 2018] [Tian 2018] [Tkatchova 2017] [Toivanen et al 2022] [Toivanen et al 2025] [Tollefson 2019] [Tonetti et al 2018] [Tooley et al 2005] [Track 2 Debris Removal 2019] [Tracked Changes. Space systems] [Tripathi and Dwivedi 2025] [Trushlyakov et al 2024] [Turchi and De Persis 2026] [Tuttle et al 2023] [UN COPUOS Space Debris 2010] [Usovik 2023] [Utkin et al 1995] [Valsecchi et al 1999] [Via et al 2010] [Visagie et al 2015] [Vishwakarma 2026] [Vyas et al 2023] [Walker and Martin 2004] [Walker et al 2001] [Wang and Liu 2019] [Warfield and Henke 1989] [Wasilewski et al 2025] [Wiedemann 2003] [Wiedemann 2012] [Wiedemann et al 2003] [Wiedemann et al 2004] [Wiegmann 2011] [Williamson and Obermann 1993] [Wingerden 2025] [Wischert 2024] [Wright et al 2024] [Yang 2023] [Yang et al 2020] [Ye et al 2020] [Yuricich 2026] [Zedd 2014] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhu 2015] [Zhu and Dong 2016] [Öztürk et al 2026]

Nuclear strategy, deterrence and arms control

The argument the article started. Nuclear deterrence and its theory, counterforce, arms control and proliferation, regional nuclear postures, and the treaties. 29 titles name counterforce, the doctrine whose feasibility rests on the accuracy chain the article computes.

313 records. [Acton 2025] [Afheldt 2020] [Anti-Nuclear Politics 1989] [Anticipatory Attacks and Nuclear 2016] [Ashraf and Haq 2023] [Asmus 2019] [Australia and extended nuclear 2013] [Aynul Islam and Rubel Molla 2025] [Bahgat 2007] [Ballistic Missile Proliferation 2006] [Banevičienė 2026] [Barr 1991] [Baxter 2020] [Behm 2021] [Bellany 2006] [Bellany 2013] [Bellany 2021] [Black-Branch 2020] [Black-Branch and Fleck 2020] [Bobbitt 1988] [Bobbitt 1988] [Boulding 2021] [Bowen 2000] [Bowen 2000] [Bowen 2000] [Bowen 2000] [Bowers 2022] [Bowers and Hiim 2021] [Brighter Than the Sun 2022] [British Nuclear Weapons after] [Brodie 1985] [Bulkeley 2020] [Burgess 2020] [Cabot and Nelson 2003] [Chapter 2. Nuclear Weapons] [chapter 3 - Pakistan’s] [CHAPTER ONE. Extended Deterrence 2017] [CHAPTER SEVEN. Does the 1990] [CHAPTER TWO Second-Strike Counterforce 1990] [CHAPTER TWO. The Nuclear 2017] [Cherniavskyi 2026] [Chun Chaesung 2017] [Chung 2026] [Cimbala 2025] [Clary and Narang 2019] [Cline and Wilmoth 1984] [Colby 2012] [Compellence in a Nuclear 2005] [Conclusion minimum deterrence to 2014] [Conclusion Nuclear Deterrence and 1990] [Conclusion The Meaning of 2019] [Conclusion to Part 2 2019] [Coppen 2022] [Counterproliferation, Conventional Counterforce and 2013] [Coyne and Hall 2023] [Crupper et al 1988] [Cui and Wang 2025] [Cyber Deterrence and Nuclear 2017] [Dale 1990] [Das and Padmanabhan 2022] [Deterrence and Defense with 1961] [Deterrence and Defense with 2015] [Deterrence and Doomsday Nuclear 2022] [Deterrence and Intelligence in 2016] [Deterrence Under Uncertainty Artificial 2023] [Deterrence, Nuclear Avoidance, and 1989] [Di 2019] [Di Matteo et al 2011] [Dismantling Nuclear Weapons] [Dismantling Nuclear Weapons 2012] [Does the United States 2014] [Doing away with Nuclear 2011] [Dossey 1960] [Dummett 2020] [Dönmez 2022] [El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024] [El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024] [Elucidating conflict transformation with 2008] [Erästö 2022] [Escaping Stalemate The New 2020] [Extended nuclear deterrence Frameworks 2013] [Extended nuclear deterrence in 2013] [Factors utilized to comprehend 2009] [Fedicheva 2025] [Fending Off Nuclear Weapons 2013] [Fisher 2021] [Fitzpatrick 2020] [Forden 2010] [Frankel and Davis 2020] [Freedman 1980] [Futter 2018] [Gallagher and Cevallos 2021] [Geller 2022] [Getting Nuclear Weapons Right 2017] [Ghoshal 2018] [Gill and Ni 2019] [Green 2019] [Gregory 2009] [Habib 2012] [Has the American Approach 2019] [Hassan and Galla 2026] [Heimer 2018] [History of Nuclear Weapons 2002] [Hobbs and Harries 2012] [Holdstock 2003] [Holdstock 2003] [Hoskins 2014] [Hua 1998] [Hunter 2026] [Hussain 2020] [Iftikar and Hall 2024] [Introduction of nuclear weapons 2008] [Introduction The Meaning of 2019] [Introduction Theory and Nuclear 2000] [Introduction to Part 2 2019] [Introduction. Why Nuclear Weapons] [Introduction. Why Nuclear Weapons 2014] [Japan and extended nuclear 2013] [Johnson 2023] [Johnson 2023] [Johnston 1996] [Johnston 1998] [Jung 2022] [Kabaoğlu 2026] [Kadhim 2020] [Karnad 2020] [Karp 1991] [Karp 2019] [Kauderer 1989] [Kim 2012] [Kim 2019] [Korea Research Institute for Strategy et al 2026] [Kiser 1986] [Koch 2023] [Kroenig 2018] [Kroenig 2018] [Kulesa 2021] [Kumar 2020] [Lacovsky 2021] [Lacovsky 2021] [Lacovsky 2021] [Laird 2019] [Laird 2019] [Laying the Foundation India’s 2008] [Lee 1988] [Lewis 1989] [Li 2023] [Li Jialei et al 2011] [Linkages to Iran’s Ballistic 2015] [Louka 2011] [Ludvik 2016] [Ludvik 2019] [Lumpe 2019] [Maples 1973] [Mastro 2021] [Matthews 2010] [Maturing Nuclear and Missile 2008] [McCGwire 2000] [McCoy 2017] [McCrisken and Downman 2019] [McMahan 2020] [Mellen] [Mian 2021] [Miettinen 1982] [Military Flexibility and Thermonuclear 2019] [Miller 1985] [Milne 2003] [Milne and Rotblat 2021] [Milshtein 2020] [Missiles, Nuclear Weapons, and 2014] [Mitre Corp McLean Va 2007] [Modernizing the U.S. Nuclear 2022] [Moral counterforce 1993] [Morgan 2017] [Moshaver 1991] [Moshaver 1991] [Moshaver 1991] [Multan 2020] [Navias 1991] [Neild 1986] [Neild 1990] [Nuclear Decision-Making and the 2019] [Nuclear Deterrence and Arms 2011] [Nuclear Deterrence and Proliferation 2023] [Nuclear Deterrence Critical Assessments 2005] [Nuclear Deterrence Policies and 2021] [Nuclear Deterrence The Record 1994] [Nuclear Disarmament] [Nuclear sharing and mutual 2021] [Nuclear Terrorism 2005] [Nuclear Weapons After the 2014] [Nuclear Weapons and New 2015] [Nuclear weapons and the 2007] [Nuclear Weapons and the 2013, Nuclear Weapons and the Atlantic] [Nuclear Weapons and the 2013, Nuclear Weapons and the Preservat] [Nuclear Weapons and the 2026, 19 Nuclear Weapons and the END of] [Nuclear Weapons and the 2026, Nuclear Weapons and the END of th] [Nuclear Weapons and Their] [Nuclear Weapons Policy 2009] [Nuclear Weapons Remain Elusive 2016] [Nuclear Weapons, Strategic 2025] [Nuclear Weapons, Tactical 2025] [O’Rourke 2010] [Ogilvie-White 2021] [Ottenberg 1991] [Pan 2026] [Park 2013] [Park 2025] [Pease 2003] [Philippe and Stepanov 2023] [Pifer 2020] [Pihlström 2026] [Possible Nuclear Weapons Programs 2009] [Preventing the Spread of] [Preventing the Spread of 2012] [Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons] [Prudential counterforce 1993] [Quinlan 2009] [Quinlan 2009] [Rais 2020] [Rajagopalan 2000] [Ramifications of nuclear weapons 2008] [Ramsbotham 1989] [Realism, institutionalism, and nuclear 2021] [Rehman 2024] [Rethinking Nuclear Weapons and 2020] [Ritchie 2012] [Ritchie 2012] [Roberts 2021] [Roche 2017] [Rosecrance 1981] [Rublee 2020] [Saba Kiran 2024] [Saddam’s Nuclear Weapons Program 2016] [Sanaei 2013] [Sandro] [Sauer 1998] [Scarlett 2020] [Scheffran 2017] [Second-Strike Counterforce 2020] [Seitz and Sukin 2025] [Sharma 2021] [Sigal 2020] [Sigler 2019] [Singh 2020] [Sinovets and Alkış 2025] [Siracusa 2008] [Siracusa 2008] [Siracusa 2015] [Siracusa 2015] [Siracusa 2015] [Siracusa 2020] [Siracusa 2020] [Siracusa 2020] [Song and Weiss 2023] [South Africa’s Nuclear-Tipped Ballistic 1992] [South Asia’s regional nuclear 2014] [South Korea and extended 2013] [St. Amand 1994] [Standoffs Nuclear Weapons in 2016] [Sterba 2019] [Sub-Strategic Nuclear Weapons, First 2017] [Sultan 2021] [Szenes 2023] [Talmadge 2023] [Testing, Defining and Delivering 2015] [The Components of Nuclear] [The Components of Nuclear 2012] [The Counterforce Debate and 2019] [The Cuban Missile Crisis 2006] [The Cuban Missile Crisis 2013] [The Development of Nuclear 2021] [The difference nuclear weapons 1993] [The Dynamics of Counterforce 2019] [The Inherent Contradictions of 2011] [The Logic of Latent 2024] [The Movement to Ban 2022] [The Nuclear Debate ‘The 2019] [The Nuclear Debate and 2019] [The Politics of Counterforce 2019] [The Spread of Nuclear 2013] [The Technical Approach and 2019] [The Testing of Nuclear 2021] [The Third Offset Strategy 2017] [The Treaty on the 2021] [The US Fleet Ballistic 1994] [Thermonuclear and Ballistic Missile 2013] [Towards a Nuclear Weapons-Free] [Traore 2026] [Treaties Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons 2021] [Treaty on the Prohibition 2022] [Tyler 2008] [U.S.-Soviet Rivalry and Nuclear 1994] [Understanding the drivers of 2021] [Use of Nuclear Weapons 2021] [Uzzaman and Rana 2025] [Van Oudenaren 1992] [Walkowiak 2023] [Warren 2020] [Weapons of mass destruction] [Weeramantry 2000] [Welsh 2003] [Werder 1995] [What are Nuclear Weapons? 2015] [What We Talk About 2020] [Williams 1992] [Williams 2019] [Wong et al 2024] [Zainel and Saiedy 2025] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhihai 1992] [Ziarnick 2015] [Šuković 2020]

Missile systems and their engineering

Missile programmes outside the clusters above. Programme histories, test and evaluation, reliability and storage, aerodynamics, and tactical and cruise missile systems. The tactical and cruise missile records are kept as missile engineering, since the Atlas is first of all a missile, and a reader may weigh them accordingly.

309 records. [A kind of missile 2006] [Abate et al 2000] [Advancing Network Securing Strategies 2023] [Ahmadjian et al 1999] [Air Force Armament Lab Eglin Afb Fl 1988] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2012] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2014] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2015] [Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2015] [Ako Najmalddin 2023] [Alexander 2024] [Anderson] [Anderson et al] [Army Aviation Board Fort Rucker Al 1960] [Army Missile Command Redstone Arsenal Al 1961] [Arun and Sriram 2007] [Ashizawa 2023] [Athearn 2015] [Atherton 1978] [Audric et al 2023] [Bagley and Billions 1963] [Bagley and Billions 1963] [Bahgat 2019] [Ballistic Missile and Aerospace 1961] [Ballistic Missile and Space 1960, Ballistic Missile and Space Elect] [Ballistic Missile and Space 1960, Ballistic Missile and Space Techn] [Ballistic missile flight testing 1981] [Ballistic Missile Fundamentals How 2006] [Ballistic Missiles and Regional 2008] [Banerjee et al 2024] [Battin 2002] [Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1954] [Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1955] [Bender 2001] [Benedict 2015] [Binkley 2019] [Birol 2021] [Blake 1989] [Blevins 1952] [Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1943] [Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1961] [Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1962] [Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1962] [Bolt 1981] [Bowen 2000] [Brooks 1961] [Brown and Edwards 1959] [Bruckart 1993] [Bruyere et al 2004] [Building Polaris 1994] [Bullard 1965] [Cabib et al 2009] [Cagle 1977] [California Univ Regents Berkeley 2007] [Callot 1981] [Chaillet 1965] [Chevron and Noren] [Chichka et al 1987] [Chireau 1966] [Cho 2023] [Choi and Jung 2019] [Chou and Anderson] [Clark and McLamb 1983] [Clark et al 1972] [Coletta et al 1964] [Collins and Miller 1962] [Composite for anti-missile system 2005] [Concept Analysis Corp Plymouth Mi 1989] [Cong-cong et al 2017] [Coombs et al 1999] [Corriveau et al 2006] [Cosenza et al 1962] [Coulter and Holdeman 1979] [Cruise Missiles] [Cunningham 1963] [D.Yu. Brezhnev 2019] [Dagomes et al 2020] [Dallas and Jenkins] [Davis] [Defence in the missile 2009] [Defending America from Ballistic 2024] [Defense Science Board Washington Dc 1986] [Demirel and Demirci 2026] [Deng et al 2026] [Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 1986] [Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 1987] [DeSpirito 2005] [Deteriorative effects of both 1964] [DeTroye and Ellis 1994] [Douglass et al] [Dow 2001] [Droll] [Dunbar and Silverman 1986] [Dutzmann and Ludtke 1969] [Eastman 1992] [Ebbs 1988] [Edenburn and Trost 2000] [Ehricke 1955] [El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024] [El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024] [Ellis 2013] [Eslami and Vieira 2020] [Ewing 1994] [Farlik et al 2019] [Federal Fire Council Washington Dc 1967] [Fink and Anderson 1982] [Firstman 1962] [Fleck 1983] [Fong 2000] [Freese et al 1978] [Fresconi et al 2018] [Friedman and Reed 1964] [Fuell 2014] [Fuhrman 1978] [Gad-El-Hak and Ho 1986] [Gao et al 2015] [Garon et al 2003] [Gates et al 1989] [Ge et al 2018] [Geng and McCullough 1997] [Genova 2005] [Ghasseminejad 2018] [Glaser 1988] [Goldbeck and Kay 1957] [Goldberg 1967] [Gorman 1953] [Gottwald 2024] [Greenwood 1979] [Gurav 2025] [Głębocki and Jacewicz 2020] [Haglund et al 1978] [Hague and Levin 1978] [Hanin 1983] [Hansen 2013] [Hanson 1963] [Head 1981] [Hemsch 1985] [Hercules Powder Co Kenvil Nj 1963] [Hickey 1975] [Hicks and Greenberg 1981] [Higuera and Menz 1967] [Hildebrand 1979] [Holliday 1989] [Howerton and Hathaway 1994] [Hudson et al 1999] [Human 2001] [Inglis 1964] [Jang et al 1975] [Jiapan and Yongshan 2021] [Johnson 2015] [Joint Chiefs Of Staff Washington Dc 2012] [Jones 1992] [Kain et al 1978] [Kasdorf 1952] [Kasdorf 1953] [Keller 1982] [Keller 1982] [Kikumoto et al 1998] [Kim et al 2008] [Klimas and Kilikevičius 2025] [Klopfer 1985] [Kohlberg 1999] [Kong 2026] [Kościelniak 2015] [Krause and Stein 1988] [Kravitsky 2007] [Krieger 1982] [Kruggel et al 1999] [Kuperman 1999] [Ladner 2016] [Lamb and Marx 1999] [Lauer 1981] [Levi and Stahlhuth 1977] [Levin 1963] [Li 2014] [Li and Liu 2009] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2020] [Lin 2003] [Liu et al 2023] [Lloyd and Sebeny 2006] [Long-Term Storage of Missile] [Lund 2001] [Lytle and Spires] [Machine learning�enabled missile system 2023] [MacLaren and Walkup 1964] [Maddux 1999] [Magill and Wehe 2002] [Makarewicz 2024] [Maloney 2007] [Mandt and Neighbor 1982] [Marks 1985] [Maupin] [McCullough 2001] [McInerney et al 2019] [McKee 1998] [McLendon and Baumann 1983] [McNicholl et al 1988] [Melese 2001] [Merchant 1961] [Missile system arrays 1981] [Montgomery and Conard 1980] [Mooney 1962] [Motz 2000] [Mousseau 2013] [Mousseau 2015] [Moyer 1963] [Murphy 1970] [Murphy 1971] [Murphy 1972] [Neelans 1986] [Neice 1954] [Nicholson] [Nugroho et al 2019] [null] [O’Malley et al 2015] [Ohman 1967] [Operational BASE Missile TEST 2021] [Optimal Replacement Policies for 1962] [Oswell 1963] [Ou and Du 2022] [Paiva and Slusher 2005] [Pankkonen 2011] [Paquette and Schuldt 2019] [Peglow and Rynne 1993] [Pelensky 1976] [Pella 2018] [Petters 1952] [Philipchuk 1953] [Piersol 1977] [Pinchuk et al 2021] [PLA Missile Forces-The Second 2013] [Platus 1998] [Pollin 1973] [Pre-programmed flight path of 2018] [Quillin and Parry 1962] [RAM growth of the 1987] [Ramos 2003] [Randorf 2000] [Regional Signs of Missile 2008] [Reynales 1961] [Rockefeller and Alfred 1960] [Romero 2015] [Rowland and Gupta 1974] [Sahu 1985] [Sahu and Heavey 2010] [Sahu et al 1998] [Salazar and Kintner 1981] [Schaechter 1963] [Schaff et al 2000] [Schick 1977] [Schmitt 2001] [Schmitt 2004] [Selected Ballistic Missile Programs 2008] [Selected Cruise Missile Programs 2008] [Sheppard 2000] [Shinar and Tabak 1994] [Sigal 2002] [Silvius and Sherrill 1978] [Simon and Blake 1999] [Singh and Ghosh 2006] [Skarman 1978] [Slivinsky et al 1995] [Solberg 1993] [Sparta Inc Huntsville Al 1992] [Spinardi 1994] [Steindl 1996] [Stoughton et al 1994] [Strat-X, ULMS and Trident 1994] [Strategic Missiles] [Stronge and Schulz 1977] [Sundaram 2002] [Surma and Leciejewski 2020] [Taur and Chern 1999] [Test and Evaluation of 2007] [The Ballistic Missile Context 2008] [The Ballistic Missile Launch 2011] [The Ballistic Missile Threat 2010] [The Generalized Missile Equations] [Timenes 1964] [Tolochko 2024] [Toomey 1983] [Twinting and Sponable 1981] [Waddell 1961] [Wah et al 1963] [Wang et al 2020] [Waterman and Richter 1979] [Weiss 2005] [Werrell 1985] [Wheelon 1959] [White 1993] [White Sands Missile Range Nm 2002] [Wilcox 1960] [Willwerth 1962] [Woodside et al 2000] [Work 2025] [Wright 1952] [Yang et al 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Yanushevsky 2018] [Youngs and Bitinas 2010] [Zengliang Li and Di Yao 2009] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhou et al 2020] [Zhu and Fang 2020] [Zimmerman 1988] [Zulkoski 1976] [Şahıngıl 2017]

Cryogenic propellant, boil-off and readiness

What retired the weapon. Boil-off and its reduction, zero boil-off storage, cryogenic tank pressurisation, stratification and insulation, propellant depots, and the handling of liquid oxygen for missiles.

281 records. [Ambur et al 1996] [Arens et al 2010] [Ballistic Systems Div Norton Afb Ca 1962] [Bandyopadhyay 2010] [Cheng et al 2025] [Choi and Lee 2023] [Colquitt 1968] [Dahlene et al 1969] [Dewitt 1969] [Ewart and Dergance 1978] [Gehring and Mantz 1965] [Hamlet 1975] [Hatfield and Jumper 2012] [Johnson et al 1998] [Johnson et al 2021] [Kinefuchi et al 2020] [Knowles et al 1999] [Ko 1994] [Lan et al 2024] [Li et al 2020] [Liu 2017] [Liu et al 2021] [Ma et al 2020] [Mandell and White 1960] [Muratov et al 2011] [Mustafi et al 2008] [O’Neill et al 2025] [Parker et al 2011] [Rankin et al 1969] [Regalado Reyes 2015] [Reimer et al 2022] [Rhee et al 2025] [S. Prasanraj 2019] [Seo and Kwon 2024] [Smith and Bender 1963] [Stephens and Cartagena 2015] [Swanger et al] [Swanger et al 2023] [Swanger et al 2024] [Afzali et al 2009] [Akyuzlu et al 1993] [Koch et al] [Balasubramaniam and Johnson 2020] [Banno and Kinefuchi 2023] [Barron and Timmerhaus 1969] [Barsi and Kassemi 2008] [Bentley et al 2023] [Berns et al 1968] [Blakseth et al 2025] [Bolshinskiy et al 2015] [Bolshinskiy et al 2017] [Bowen and Marchetta 2022] [Brennan 1967] [Brodnick et al 2015] [Brown 1987] [Cady and Blackmon 1974] [Cankaya and Arnold 2006] [Chato 2006] [Chau-Vo et al 2024] [Christie 2006] [Chung et al 2022] [Mahony et al 2025] [Cryogenic propellant fluid, properties 1967] [De Giorgi et al 2008] [Dean 2000] [Design of Propellant Tanks 1992] [Dimmer and Adam 2021] [Dobben et al 2024] [Doherty et al 2013] [Dowty and Murphy 1995] [Drew 1965] [Durteste 2007] [Eko et al 2026] [Epstein and Anderson 1995] [Evaluation of materials for 1967] [Farahmand et al 2004] [Fedorov and Luk’yanova 2000] [Fernandes et al 2025] [Fesmire et al 2011] [Fiore et al 2024] [Flack et al 1969] [Foster 1961] [Foster et al 1960] [Foulds et al 2024] [Gaynor et al 1992] [Gibson et al 1965] [Glidden and Wilhite 2014] [Greenfield 1960] [Guernsey et al 2005] [Ha et al 2024] [Haberbusch et al 2004] [Hallett et al 1960] [Hartwig 2016] [Hartwig and Clark 2022] [Hassall] [Hastings et al 2010] [Hastings and Martin 1998] [Hastings et al 2001] [He and Yin 2025] [Hegland 1966] [Himeno et al 2003] [Himeno et al 2005] [Ho 2008] [Ho and Rahman 2006] [Ho and Rahman 2012] [Hohmann 1959] [Hornick 1973] [Humphrey 1961] [Hung et al 1991] [Hurwitz 1966] [Hutchinson and Olds 2004] [Hwang et al 2024] [Jacobs 1964] [Jeon et al 2021] [Jeon et al 2024] [Jha et al 2003] [Schuster 1992] [Johnson et al 2004] [Bentley et al] [Jusko et al 2026] [Kadbane et al 2020] [Kartuzova and Kassemi 2019] [Kartuzova et al 2026] [Kassemi et al 2018] [Kawanami et al 2020] [Kawanami et al 2021] [Kim and Lee 2025] [Kim et al 2024] [Kim et al 2025] [Kim et al 2026] [Kinefuchi et al 2022] [Klein 1984] [Koch 2023] [Koike et al 2026] [Kundu and Bangham 2022] [Kutter et al 2006] [Lamberti et al 2000] [Lant et al 2008] [Lee et al 2023] [Lee et al 2026] [LeMoyne 2008] [Li et al 2019] [Liquid Oxygen Quantity Instruments] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2016] [Lordos et al 2026] [Louie et al 1985] [Luo et al 2022] [Mahmoud et al 2006] [Mahmoud et al 2006] [Majumdar et al 2008] [Majumdar et al 2007] [Majumdar et al 2016] [Duchek et al] [Mer et al 2016] [Mer et al 2016] [Merino and Oneill 1980] [Meyer et al 2014] [Meyer et al 2025] [Baldwin et al] [Middleton and Sedgwick 1966] [Modeling of Slosh Dynamics 2008] [Momenthy 1964] [Morales-Ospino et al 2023] [Morey and Koshar 1961] [Morino et al 2001] [Morita 1964] [Mueller and Durrant 1999] [Mustafi et al 2010] [Myers and Fesmire 2018] [Nast and Williams 1967] [Nast et al 2011] [Navickas and Cheng 1990] [Nein and Head 1962] [Nguyen et al 2025] [Nitin and Sandilya 2018] [Olsen 1966] [Panzarella and Kassemi 2003] [Panzarella and Kassemi 2009] [Patel and Williams 2024] [Peng et al 2026] [Perez et al 2012] [Perrin 2023] [Pietrzyk et al 1993] [Plachta 2004] [Plachta 2006] [Plachta and Guzik 2014] [Plachta et al 2006] [Plachta et al 2008] [Plachta et al 2014] [Plachta et al 2016] [Plachta et al 2018] [Plachta et al 2017] [Plachta 1999] [Plachta 2001] [Polk 1962] [Ravichandran and Cavaliere 2025] [Reducing boil-off from cryogenic 1971] [Riccio and Schoenberg 1991] [Richards et al 1997] [Robinson 1994] [Robinson 2008] [S054-026, S054-CP090290-F1 engine throttling 1970] [Sakowski et al 2019] [Sale 1964] [Salerno et al 2002] [Sances et al 2010] [Sarotte et al 2019] [Saucillo et al 1991] [Sauter et al 2006] [Scatteia et al 2005] [Scharle 1960] [Scholz et al 1992] [Schuster et al 1986] [Schuster et al 1990] [Schuster and Brown 1987] [Segado et al 2010] [Shen et al 2022] [Shimoda et al 2001] [Simon and Simon 1982] [Simpson 1950] [Sindt 1973] [Singh et al 2024] [Singh et al 2026] [Sisk 1993] [Smith et al 2005] [Soller et al 2017] [Specification for mating dimensions] [Steward 1975] [Stickler and Keller 1998] [Storey et al 2015] [Stout and Snell 1999] [Strauss and Bzik 1992] [Sun et al 2015] [Swanger and Guerrero Nacif 2022] [Tao et al 2006] [Tesny and Hauser 2019] [Thomas 2009] [Toro Medina et al 2016] [Tucker et al 2001] [Tyler 1965] [Van Zwieten et al 2020] [Vishnu and Kuzhiveli 2019] [Viswanath et al 2022] [Voth et al 1974] [Wang and Zhou 2020] [Wang et al 2017] [Warren and Anderson 1967] [Wautlet et al 2026] [Weiss and Goodman 1960] [Werlink et al 2011] [Whitcombe 1961] [White 1972] [Winter and Kassemi 2026] [Xavier et al 2020] [Xavier et al 2024] [Xu et al 2025] [Wei 2010] [Yang 2006] [Yang et al 2023] [Yang et al 2023] [Yang et al 2023] [Yasuda et al 2021] [Yu et al 2025] [Yu et al 2026] [Zaitsev and Saftli 2025] [Zaitsev and Saftli 2025] [Zakar and Hoang 2017] [Zakar et al 2015] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao et al 2012] [Zheng et al 2020] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zumbo et al 2026] [Zumbo et al 2026] [Zuo et al 2019] [Zuo et al 2022]

Onboard trajectory optimisation, ascent and powered descent

The trajectory solved in flight. Ascent trajectory optimisation, convex and pseudospectral methods, chance-constrained formulations, and powered descent and landing guidance. 144 titles concern powered descent or landing and 60 concern ascent, so the mathematics the Atlas could not carry has been developed mostly for coming down rather than for going up.

270 records. [Acikmese and Ploen 2005] [Acikmese and Ploen 2007] [Acikmese et al 2008] [Adimurthy 1976] [Adimurthy 1987] [Cheng et al 2021] [Chowdhury and Nair 2017] [Aksen et al 2024] [Anand et al 2025] [Ansari et al 2012] [Arora et al 2003] [Ascent Trajectory Analysis and 2022] [Azimov 2013] [Azimov and Bishop 2025] [Azimov and Bishop 2026] [Banerjee and Padhi 2017] [Basar and Ghosh 2023] [Bataleblu and Roshanian 2015] [Battle and Gottlieb 1964] [Beltracchi and Nguyen 1992] [Benedikter et al 2021] [Benedikter et al 2022] [Benedikter et al 2025] [Benito et al 2017] [Berning et al 2023] [Blackmore et al 2010] [Boltz 2004] [Botez et al 2026] [Briden et al 2024] [Briden et al 2025] [Briden et al 2025] [Briese et al 2018] [Buckner et al 2026] [Calise et al 2000] [Carr et al 2012] [Carr et al 2012] [Carson et al 2011] [Carson et al 2011] [Chakrabarti et al 2024] [Chari et al 2024] [Chen and Qin 2026] [Chen et al 2022] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2025] [Chen et al 2026] [Cheng et al 2019] [Cheng et al 2022] [Chengchao et al 2018] [Chi et al 2024] [Cho et al 2021] [Cho et al 2024] [Choi and Kim 2024] [Choi and Kim 2025] [Choi et al 2026] [Colasurdo et al 1995] [da Silveira and da Silva Fernandes 2023] [Das and Giri 2024] [Dileep et al 2015] [Dileep et al 2016] [Dong et al 2023] [Dorairajan] [Dueri et al 2017] [Dukeman and Hill 2008] [Ebert and Manfletti 2026] [Edge and Powers 1974] [Elango et al 2022] [Elango et al 2025] [Federici et al 2021] [Fodde et al 2022] [Gao et al 2024] [Gao et al 2024] [Gao et al 2026] [Gao et al 2026] [Garrido and Sagliano 2021] [Gath and Calise 1999] [Gath and Calise 2001] [Gath et al 2000] [Ge and Cui 2018] [Ge et al 2016] [Gettatelli et al 2023] [Ghosh and Chattopadhyay 2014] [Ghosh and Chattopadhyay 2015] [Gilson et al 2023] [Gong et al 2024] [Gowan 2005] [Guo et al 2016] [Guo et al 2026] [Guo-You and Muming 2020] [Hanson et al 1992] [Hao et al 2017] [Hayes and Pei 2024] [He et al 2025] [He et al 2026] [Hendrix et al 2022] [Hillsley and Robbins 1964] [Holt et al 2015] [Horneman] [Horneman and Kluever 2004] [Hornus et al 2026] [Hwang 2019] [Ito and Sakai 2021] [Ito and Sakai 2023] [Jaggers 1977] [Jang and Park 2026] [Jang et al 2025] [Jiang et al 2018] [Johnson 1975] [Joshi and Sudhir Kumar 2014] [Jung et al 2025] [Jung et al 2025] [Kalden 2007] [Kluever and Horneman 2005] [Kumar et al 2026] [Kwon et al 2021] [Lan and Li 2022] [Lee and Mesbahi 2012] [Li and Gong 2022] [Li and Wang 2025] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Li Yongyuan et al 2013] [Liang et al 2014] [Liang et al 2026] [Liu and Zhang 2022] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2023] [Lona and Swaminathan 2025] [Lou et al 2016] [Lu 2018] [Lu 2019] [Lu 2020] [Lu 2020] [Lu 2026] [Lu 2026] [Lu and Callan 2023] [Lu and Davami 2024] [Lu and Sandoval 2021] [Lu et al 2013] [Lu et al 2018] [Luke 1989] [Lysandrou and Braun 2021] [Ma et al 2022] [Malyuta et al 2019] [McEowen et al 2026] [Menou et al 2022] [Miao et al 2022] [Misra and Bai 2020] [Miura 2010] [Model Predictive Control Based 2020] [Moothedath et al 2014] [Mukundan et al 2019] [Mukundan et al 2019] [Mukundan et al 2022] [Nakazawa et al 2023] [Nerella and Shetty 2026] [Ning et al 2026] [Nurre and Taheri 2026] [Orr and Shtessel 2008] [Palaia et al 2019] [Park and Vadali 1998] [Pascucci et al 2015] [Pines 1967] [Pinson] [Ploen et al 2006] [Pontani 2014] [Qiao and Zhang 2026] [Qiuhong et al 2014] [Rea 2003] [Rea and Bishop 2010] [Reynolds and Mesbahi 2020] [Reynolds et al 2020] [Reynolds et al 2020] [Reynolds et al 2021] [Ridderhof and Tsiotras 2018] [Ridderhof and Tsiotras 2021] [Robbiani et al 2025] [Robust Optimal Trajectory Design 2022] [Roh and Kim 1999] [Roh and Kim 2002] [Roshanian et al 2018] [Ross et al 2003] [Sachan and Padhi 2015] [Sagliano 2018] [Sagliano 2018] [Sagliano 2019] [Sandoval et al 2024] [Scharf et al 2015] [Scharf et al 2017] [Schoettle and Hillesheimer 1991] [Shaobing and Chi 2024] [Shen et al 2010] [Shen et al 2023] [Siby and Sreeja 2022] [Singh et al 2007] [Song et al 2021] [Sostaric and Rea 2005] [Spurlock and Williams 2014] [Stancil 1963] [Starnone and Biesbroek 2006] [Steffens et al 2015] [Su and Wang 2015] [Su et al 2023] [Su et al 2026] [Su et al 2026] [Sun et al 2024] [Suresh et al 2009] [Suzuki et al 1999] [Swaminathan and Lona C 2025] [Swaminathan et al 2020] [Swaminathan et al 2023] [Szmuk et al 2017] [Szmuk et al 2019] [Szmuk et al 2020] [Tang et al 2023] [Taylo and Redus 1972] [Topcu et al 2005] [Tsien and Evans 1951] [Uzun et al 2025] [Wang 2015] [Wang and Chen 2026] [Wang and Cui 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Wei et al 2023] [Weigel and Well 2000] [Wen et al 2026] [Wibben and Furfaro 2016] [Williams and Spurlock 2014] [Wuju et al 2011] [Xiao et al 2025] [Xiao et al 2026] [Xiao et al 2026] [Xie et al 2011] [Xu et al 2025] [Yang and Liu 2020] [Ye et al 2025] [Yiyu et al 2015] [Yoon and Ahn 2016] [You et al 2021] [You et al 2022] [Yu 2026] [Yu et al 2023] [Yu et al 2024] [Zardashti and Rahimi 2020] [Zhang 2023] [Zhang and Lu 2008] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zheng and Cui 2015] [Zheng et al 2020] [Zhengxiang et al 2018] [Zhou and Xia 2014] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2019] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zong et al 2011]

Ground radio guidance, tracking and range instrumentation

The ground station and the range. Azusa and the other interferometric and Doppler tracking systems, radar and optical tracking, telemetry, range safety, and the instrumentation of the missile test ranges.

256 records. [A.F.Kornev et al 2026] [A.O. 2019] [Accardo and Dulchinos 1980] [Active Radar Missile Seekers 2012] [Adams 1966] [Afifah et al 2023] [Ahmadi et al 2025] [Air Force Life Cycle Mgmt Center Armament Dir 2013] [Alawieh et al 2016] [Alexander et al 1974] [Alexander et al 1975] [Allik et al 2013] [Allik et al 2014] [Anderle 1970] [Anderson 1970] [Anjana et al 2022] [Ansary and Rahrooh] [Armendariz et al 1962] [Army Scientific Advisory Panel Washington Dc 1975] [Army Scientific Advisory Panel Washington Dc 1975] [Arorat and Vinh 1965] [Asmar and Renzetti 1994] [Assem et al 1985] [Assessing Warfighting Capabilities of 2015] [Baballe 2024] [Barton 1961] [Bartone et al 2001] [Bartone et al 2002] [Bauman 2010] [Belsterling 1965] [Belzer and Cho 1988] [Betti and Sansò 1986] [Bonney 1960] [Bordelon 1962] [Bornholdt et al 1986] [Borst et al 1984] [Boumalek et al 2021] [Boumalek et al 2024] [Bowman and Speyer 1987] [Bradley 1987] [Brinda and Dasgupta 2005] [Brown et al 2009] [Bull et al 2001] [Bull et al 2001] [Burchett et al 2021] [Burrows 2008] [Callaway 1963] [Cannon and Rochester 1981] [Careers that Cover the 1984] [Chen et al 2023] [Chesley 1964] [Clark 1999] [Clemente 1958] [Clemons III and Chang 2006] [Cole 1999] [Colson and Thomas 1977] [Cone 1976] [Cunningham 1969] [Cunningham and Higgins 1970] [Ferguson 1964] [Humad and Dudás 2024] [Mackall et al 1998] [Daren and Jianbo 2002] [Davidson 1964] [DeBay and Richard 1963] [Degnan 2023] [Dickinson 1975] [DiFilippo and Campbell] [Dowgiallo et al 2013] [Dugger 1982] [Duke 1960] [Easterling 1962] [Egorov 2019] [Eman Adel Elbehiry 2024] [Escobal 1964] [Fakoor et al 2017] [Feldman 1953] [Fetner 1961] [Garba et al 1968] [Gardner et al 1991] [Ge et al 2017] [Geng et al 2024] [Gerharz 1963] [Glass and Martin 1963] [Glei 1962] [Golden 1970] [Golubev et al 2019] [Goswami et al 2023] [Gourab et al 2021] [Gross 2002] [Gruntman 2019] [Guan et al 2025] [Guier 1963] [Haker et al] [Hale 1978] [Hall 2003] [Hamal and Jelinkova 1978] [Hao et al 2012] [Hauser 1981] [Hayslett et al 1978] [Hix 1968] [Hofeller 1965] [Hoge 1974] [Holst and Rogers 1983] [Hong et al 2024] [Hostetler 2005] [Hoy 1989] [Hu et al 2019] [Huff and Kerrebrock 1954] [Hwang] [Instrumentation For Research On 1960] [Inter-Satellite Laser Capture, Aiming 2022] [Iran’s Medium and Long-Range 2015] [Iran’s Shorter Range Missiles 2015] [Jarmark 1986] [Jiaxun et al 2024] [Jin and Kang 2007] [Johnson and Matthews 1978] [Kamalvand et al 2004] [Kamran 2023] [Karr et al 2014] [Khanlar Hashimov 2024] [Khutorovsky et al 2007] [Kikin 2016] [Kikin 2017] [Kim et al 2025] [Knudtson et al 2011] [Kolbe 1992] [Kornev 2024] [Krylov and Tolstikov 2021] [Kudriashov et al 2018] [Kumar et al 2021] [Kuwabara et al 1968] [Kuwabara et al 1969] [Lantagne et al] [Lee 1985] [Lee and Hwang 2024] [Lee Kingsley 1967] [Lei et al 2011] [Leitman 1963] [Leitmann 1964] [Levy et al 1984] [Li et al 2015] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2025] [Lin and Shafroth 1983] [Lootens 1961] [Luca Massotti 2006] [Luo et al 2026] [Lutz and Plotkin 1963] [Löcher and Kusche 2018] [Mackall et al 1998] [Marsh et al 1988] [Martin and Oh 1979] [Matson 1963] [Maurer 1995] [Metcalf 1976] [Mitchell et al 2007] [Mitchell et al 2007] [Mohammed 2014] [Moon et al 2025] [Moore and Meek 1999] [Morgan et al 2001] [Moss and Wells 1967] [Muehlner 1962] [Mundy et al 1997] [NASA 1960] [Curtis et al] [Newton 1963] [Noble 1963] [Noh 2024] [Oh and Kang 2022] [Oh et al 2019] [Oshman and Arad 2001] [Otsubo et al 1997] [Ovcharenko et al 2018] [Pachter et al] [Pell et al 1977] [Peng and Zheng 2007] [Perez et al 1989] [Pert 1978] [Poland and Domingo 1991] [Precise Orbit Determination Using 2024] [Principles of Laser Inter-Satellite 2022] [Ralph et al 2005] [Rice 2013] [Richards 1960] [Richards 1961] [Rickard 1963] [Rider 1967] [Roloff 1957] [Rowlandson and Herlihy 1969] [Rowson 1962] [Ruan et al 2020] [Ryle 1952] [Saunders 1965] [Schwartz 1988] [Schwartz 1961] [Scott et al 1983] [Sha et al 2026] [Shah et al 2017] [Shen 1971] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Short-Range Ballistic Missile Capabilities 2010] [Skarpetis et al 2018] [Slivinsky et al 2002] [Smith and Saeger 1964] [Sobel 2015] [song et al 2025] [Space systems. Launch-vehicle-to-spacecraft flight] [Stallard 1990] [Stermer 1978] [Streich et al 2001] [Stricker 1989] [Su et al 2022] [Sun 2024] [Sun and van Kampen 2020] [Słowak 2025] [Thakur et al 2019] [Tian et al 2019] [Torres and Rohl 2006] [Total Solutions Approach at 2000] [Townsend 1966] [Tracking and data relay 1972] [Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963] [Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963] [Venkateswaran and Backialakshmi 2013] [Vette and Pfeiffer 1972] [Vickers and Dyer 1971] [Vijayan and Suresh Babu 2015] [Vishwanath 2023] [Wang et al 2014] [Warchulski and Warchulski 2015] [Washington Univ Seattle Dept Of Statistics 2007] [Webb 1963] [Wilburn 2005] [Williamson 1966] [Wisnieff 1961] [Wright and Hoult] [Wright and Ruscus 1959] [Xia et al 2008] [Xu Zhenhui et al 2011] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2026] [Ye et al 2019] [Zeng et al 2025] [Zhang 2026] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zheng et al 2020] [Zhenmin Qiao and Minchai Hao 2010] [Zhigang et al 2018] [Zolnay 1971]

Staging, separation and the separation shock

The event the second flight established. Stage separation dynamics and aerodynamics, hot staging, interstage structures, staging optimisation, and pyrotechnic and non-pyrotechnic release. 33 titles concern pyrotechnic, non-pyrotechnic or low-shock separation, the thread the article identifies as the field’s effort to replace the explosive bolt.

220 records. [Acquatella and Reiner 2014] [Albertson et al 2012] [Allegre et al 1986] [Anum et al 2022] [Application of Constraint Force 2013] [Assonitis et al 2024] [Ball 2019] [Baumann 1961] [Belancik] [Binion 1964] [Binion et al 1962] [Biswas 1986] [Blaas and Wiggenraad 1986] [Boliubash 2025] [Bordelon et al 2003] [Bordelon et al 2002] [Bordelon et al 2003] [Bowman and Knippenberg 1966] [Buning et al 2004] [Burghes 1974] [Casey 1995] [Celani 2016] [Chase et al 1978] [Chen et al 2001] [Choi et al 2009] [Chudej 1994] [Civek-Coskun and Ozgoren 2013] [Clem and Schaffert 1965] [Common Cause Case Study 2006] [Howard et al 2013] [Manwatkar et al 2024] [Niu et al 2022] [Rogers et al 2015] [Romere and Fossler 1971] [Silva Guimaraes and d’Andrade Souto 2021] [Trimmer et al 1972] [Wang et al 2024] [Winski et al] [Dalle and Rogers 2015] [Dalle et al 2016] [Davydovich and Petruk 2024] [De Luca et al 2026] [Decker and Gera 1968] [Deere et al 2012] [Deese et al 1991] [Demory et al 2011] [Dettling and McIntyre 1978] [Dettling and McLntyre 1979] [Dokuchaev 2018] [Droege et al 2002] [Duprey and Saucier 2008] [Eastwood 1970] [Eastwood and Humphrey 1967] [Effective lightweight design of 2013] [Elchert 1982] [Eramya et al 2008] [Erickson 2010] [Erickson 2020] [Ericsson 2001] [Ermakov et al 2025] [Firsyuk et al 2025] [Fossler and Prozan 1971] [Frey and Hagemann 1999] [Galman 1965] [Gea and Vicker] [Gray 1975] [Gusman et al 2011] [Haffner 1966] [Haugen et al 1993] [Hellman 2006] [High-Speed Wind Tunnel Test 2005] [Hohn and Gülhan 2017] [Holmans and Dehoff 2016] [Hou et al 2023] [Hughes and McNelis 1999] [Hughes and McNelis 2010] [Hurley and Carrie 1972] [Hurley 1972] [Hwang et al 2018] [Investigation of separation of 1968] [Jamilnia and Naghash 2012] [Jeyakumar and Biswas 2023] [Jeyakumar et al 2005] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jo and Ahn 2021] [Jo and Ahn 2022] [Jo et al 2021] [Kierski et al 2023] [Kim et al 2017] [Ko and Kim 2008] [Ko et al 2006] [Koch et al 2021] [Koppenwallner 2001] [Kreeger et al 1997] [Kumar et al 1998] [Kumar et al 2023] [Launch Vehicle Performance and 2022] [Leaman 1966] [Li et al 2014] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2025] [Liao et al 2023] [Liever and Habchi 2004] [Lin et al 2013] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2026] [Lohvynenko and Boliubash 2024] [Longren 1970] [Lu et al 2024] [Lu et al 2024] [Lubowe 1965] [Luchinsky et al 2010] [Lumin and Sen 1993] [Ma et al 2026] [Majoros and Sarlat 1966] [Malmuth and Fedorov 2008] [Malmuth et al 2005] [Manwatkar et al 2016] [Martin et al 1998] [Mattice 1982] [Matushin and Makhalov 2020] [Mayers et al 2009] [Mayo and Michael 1966] [McCreary 1965] [McGill 2000] [McNelis and Hughes 1998] [Mitchell and Palmer 1963] [Munro 2022] [Murphy and Scallion 2005] [Murty et al 2016] [Naftel et al 1986] [Nair et al 2023] [Nakahashi et al 2002] [Nasiri et al 2025] [Newcomb 1967] [Olberding 1984] [Oss 1966] [Ott and Folkman 2017] [Ozkan et al 2026] [Pamadi et al 2006] [Pamadi et al 2009] [Pamadi et al 2005] [Pamadi et al 2007] [Pamadi et al 2009] [Pamadi et al 2011] [Pamadi et al 2012] [Panneerselvam et al 1996] [Parkyn 1958] [Pelle et al 2025] [Peretz 1984] [Pinier 2012] [Pinier and Niskey 2011] [Puzanov et al 2024] [Rabenhorst 1966] [Raouf et al 2020] [Raudsandmoen et al 1993] [Reubush 1999] [Reubush et al 2001] [Review and Prospect of 2026] [Sehga 1962] [Rogers and Dragone 1996] [Roshanian and Talebi 2008] [Saeki et al 2014] [Saeki et al 2015] [Saeki et al 2017] [Safing of H-l Second 1989] [Saturn i launch vehicle 1964] [Scheller and Bierlein 1953] [Schurmann 1957] [Seo and Kim 2026] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Singaravelu et al 2009] [Smith and Chase 1976] [Smith 1968] [Smoot 1963] [Song et al 2020] [Space systems - Ground] [Spacecraft Electromagnetic Docking and 2027] [Springer 1994] [Stark 2013] [Su and Mullen 1972] [Taber et al 2002] [Takano and Nishino 2020] [Tartabini et al 2003] [Tartabini et al 2007] [Tartabini et al 2008] [Tartabini et al 2011] [The Clementine Spacecraft composite 1994] [Tomlin 1983] [Toniolo et al 2008] [Udovichenko 2025] [Ujino 2000] [Verma and Haidn 2006] [Verstraete et al 2009] [Wang and Wang 1997] [Wang et al 2017] [Webster 1993] [Welch et al 1977] [Williams 1999] [Wilson 1980] [Woods et al 2001] [Woods et al 2000] [Xiangjun et al 2019] [Xie et al 2026] [Xiong et al 2021] [Xu et al 2024] [Xue et al 2026] [Yalçinkaya and Gürsoy 2022] [Yan et al 2025] [Yang et al 2021] [Yang et al 2023] [Yao and Liu 2022] [Yu and Crane 2007] [Yue et al 2022] [Zapata and Murray 2008] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhao et al 2018]

Telemetry blackout and the reentry plasma

The square law and its mitigation. The reentry plasma sheath, its electron density and its effect on antennas and radio propagation, blackout prediction, and mitigation by magnetic fields, injection, frequency and modulation.

205 records. [Akey and Cross 1970] [Bachynski 1965] [Bai et al 2014] [Bai et al 2015] [Bai et al 2018] [Bandari 2021] [Belov et al 1999] [Bendoukha et al 2017] [Bhope et al 2025] [Bialecke et al 1970] [Bocian et al 1970] [Boedeker et al 1968] [Borrelli et al 2010] [Casey 1971] [Chen et al 2016] [Chen et al 2017] [Chen et al 2018] [Chen et al 2022] [Cheng et al 2021] [Chung 2023] [Cooper 1968] [Daiber et al 1966] [De Liu et al 2016] [Den 1966] [Deng Wanli et al 1990] [Edwards 1969] [Enoki 2018] [Evans and Huber 1963] [Fang et al 2015] [Fante 1972] [Ferguson 1999] [Fuhs 1963] [Fuhs et al 1966] [Fujino and Ishikawa 2006] [George and Gupta 2011] [Giangaspero et al 2021] [Golden 1969] [Golden and Stewart 1970] [Gould 1964] [Grantham 1969] [Guo et al 2020] [Hager and Marini 1969] [Hamm and Tyras 1966] [Hartunian et al 2007] [Hayashi and Olte 1964] [He et al 2016] [Hodara and Swift 1967] [Hou et al 2023] [Huang et al 2020] [Huber 1965] [Huber and Sims 1965] [Huber and Sims 1967] [Investigating the dynamics of 2024] [Jakob and Kim 2020] [Jakob and Kim 2020] [Jeong et al 2022] [Ji et al 2007] [Jia and Ma 2014] [Jung et al 2016] [Jung et al 2017] [Jung et al 2018] [Kamp et al 1985] [Khalfalla and Abousetta 2026] [Kidner 1993] [Kim and Gulhan 2011] [Kim et al 2008] [Kim et al 2025] [Knapp and Schwartz 1975] [Kohno and Myra 2019] [Krishnamoorthy and Close 2015] [Krishnamoorthy and Close 2017] [Kumar and Jain 2021] [Kundrapu et al 2015] [Kurtz 1990] [Kurzius and Raab 1969] [Laur et al 2024] [Lei Shi et al 2010] [Lennon and Poirter 1974] [Li and Guo 2012] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2023] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Lin et al 1979] [Lin et al 1995] [Liu and Wang 2025] [Liu et al 2013] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2021] [Lu et al 2026] [Luc et al 2026] [Luis et al 2024] [Luo et al 2023] [Lüer et al 2025] [Ma et al 2018] [Ma et al 2021] [Maicke et al 2026] [Malik et al 2012] [Manning 2009] [Maria.M. Abustia and Marwa Ali Alzwam 2026] [Mather et al 2005] [Mitanchey et al 2024] [Mitchell 1967] [Miyashita et al 2022] [Miyashita et al 2024] [Miyashita et al 2024] [Miyashita et al 2025] [Moody et al 1982] [Mousavi et al 2016] [Mullin and Mitchell 1968] [Murdock et al 2024] [Myra and Kohno 2019] [Nakasato et al 2015] [Ni et al 2023] [Odion Iyinomen 2022] [Olte 1966] [Olte 1967] [Ouyang et al 2021] [Ouyang et al 2021] [Ouyang et al 2023] [Paiva and Slusher 2009] [Papa 1963] [Papajak et al 2024] [Parker 1979] [Parker 1979] [Peng et al 2025] [Plasma propulsion for rocket 2011] [Poehler 1961] [Potter 2006] [Proceedings of the NASA 1964] [Qin et al 2026] [Ramjatan et al 2015] [Ramjatan et al 2017] [Reynier and Evans 2009] [Ri et al 2026] [Rivera-Lopez et al 2025] [Rochefort et al 1974] [Rodríguez Fuentes and Parent 2026] [Rosenbaum 1966] [Shane and Fante 1967] [Shannon] [Shao et al 2016] [Shi et al 2015] [Shi et al 2016] [Shi et al 2024] [Starkey 2003] [Steffens et al 2017] [Stenzel and Urrutia 2013] [Sternberg 2010] [Stewart 1967] [Sugihara et al 2022] [Sun et al 2022] [Szuszczewicz and Holmes 1976] [Takahashi 2015] [Takahashi 2022] [Takahashi et al 2012] [Takahashi et al 2014] [Takahashi et al 2014] [Takahashi et al 2014] [Takahashi et al 2016] [Takahashi et al 2016] [Temperature estimation for a 2009] [The Entry Plasma Sheath 1970] [Tong et al 2023] [Tyras 1967] [Usui et al 1999] [Vu et al 2023] [Jones and Cross 1971] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2023] [Webb and Ziolkowski 2020] [Wei et al 2020] [Wen et al 2019] [Wright et al 2003] [Wu et al 2018] [Xie et al 2013] [Xie et al 2021] [Xie et al 2022] [Yang and Wei 2019] [Yao et al 2017] [Yuan et al 2018] [Zampa et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhao et al 2015] [Zheng et al 2025] [Zhou and Han 2021] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zikai 2026] [Zimu Yang et al 2016]

Satellite navigation denial, jamming and spoofing

The radio link returning as a weakness. Jamming and spoofing of global navigation satellite systems, abbreviated GNSS, their detection and mitigation, and the integrity of navigation that depends on them.

194 records. [Aftatah and Zebbara 2024] [Ahmed et al 2021] [Ahmed et al 2023] [Akos 2012] [Albright et al 2020] [Alja’afreh et al 2026] [Arribas et al 2023] [Axell et al 2015] [Bai et al 2016] [Bamberg et al 2018] [Bamberg et al 2026] [Baumann and Pellander 2020] [Beatty and Psiaki 2025] [Blois et al 2023] [Blois et al 2025] [BniLam et al 2025] [Bohlig et al 2025] [Bonenberg and Glomsvoll 2016] [Borhani-Darian et al 2020] [Borio 2016] [Borio 2018] [Borio et al 2016] [Braun et al 2025] [Broumandan and Lachapelle 2018] [Broumandan et al 2016] [Broumandan et al 2016] [Broumandan et al 2020] [Broumandan et al 2025] [Broumandan et al 2026] [Bull 2010] [Caparra et al 2016] [Caparra et al 2017] [Carey and Joerger 2025] [Chen et al 2021] [Clements et al 2022] [Crespo et al 2026] [Cucchi et al 2020] [Curran and O�Driscoll 2016] [Curran et al 2016] [Dehghanian et al 2012] [Dimc et al 2017] [Dułowicz et al 2026] [Elmezayen et al 2023] [Elsayem et al 2026] [Esmaeilkhah 2019] [Esneu et al 2026] [Esswein and Psiaki 2019] [Fang and Xu 2025] [Fang and Xu 2026] [Felski 2016] [Felski 2019] [Felux et al 2024] [Felux et al 2026] [Filic 2018] [Fu et al 2017] [Gamba et al 2016] [Gandhi et al 2025] [Gao and Tie 2017] [Geng et al 2023] [Ghizzo et al 2025] [Glomsvoll and Bonenberg 2016] [Gross and Humphreys 2017] [Gryte et al 2024] [Gu et al 2021] [Guizzaro et al 2022] [Guo and Yang 2023] [Guo and Zhao 2023] [Gülgün 2023] [Hegarty et al 2018] [Hegarty et al 2019] [Herique et al 2025] [Hu et al 2018] [Hu et al 2018] [Hunter et al 2020] [Irfan et al 2025] [Iudice et al 2024] [Jada et al 2026] [Jiang et al 2019] [Kalmeijer et al 2026] [Kandel and Acharya 2025] [Kanhere and Gao 2023] [Karlitepe 2026] [Ko 2010] [Konovaltsev et al 2019] [Krunz and Sanfelice 2013] [Kucera et al 2025] [Kujur et al 2020] [Kujur et al 2020] [Kujur et al 2021] [Kujur et al 2025] [Kujur et al 2026] [Kuusniemi and Vemuri 2026] [Langel et al 2021] [Larsen et al 2025] [Lee 2018] [Lee et al 2020] [Lee et al 2020] [Lei et al 2026] [Li et al 2020] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2026] [Li et al 2026] [Liu 2025] [Liu and Papadimitratos 2023] [Liu and Papadimitratos 2025] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2019] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2026] [Lo et al 2021] [Lum et al 2026] [Ma et al 2020] [Ma et al 2025] [Ma et al 2026] [Ma et al 2026] [Maynard 2022] [Meheretu et al 2024] [Meheretu et al 2025] [Meng and Hsu 2019] [Minetto et al 2022] [Miralles et al 2018] [Mitch et al 2016] [Abhishek et al 2025] [Nagai et al 2026] [Nielsen et al 2011] [Nielsen et al 2012] [Noah and Elmusrati 2025] [Okochi and Haberfeld 2025] [Oshman and Koifman 2003] [Peng et al 2019] [Pozzobon et al 2010] [Psiaki and Humphreys 2020] [Querol and Camps 2017] [Radoš et al 2024] [Ranganathan et al 2023] [Ren et al 2023] [Rothmaier et al 2021] [Rothmaier et al 2021] [Rustamov et al 2020] [Rødningen et al 2023] [Sharifi-Tehrani et al 2020] [Shrestha 2026] [So 2016] [Spens et al 2021] [Spens et al 2022] [Stenberg et al 2020] [Stenberg et al 2022] [Swaszek et al 2018] [Syam et al 2025] [Tanil 2023] [Tanil et al 2016] [Tanil et al 2018] [Tanyà et al 2026] [Tian et al 2025] [Toughening a PNT System] [van der Merwe et al 2020] [Vince et al 2026] [von Hünerbein 2024] [Vázquez et al 2013] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wei et al 2019] [Wen et al 2022] [Westbrook 2025] [Wu et al 2017] [Wu et al 2024] [Wu et al 2026] [Xie Xiaogang et al 2015] [Xu et al 2018] [Xu et al 2026] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2018] [Yang et al 2022] [Ye and Chen 2026] [Yimin et al 2020] [Yuan et al 2014] [Zeng et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhong et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2013] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zhou et al 2024] [Ziebold et al 2016] [Ziebold et al 2019] [Ziółkowski and Kelner 2020] [Zmyslowski and Kelner 2026] [Кudrenko 2026]

Propellant utilisation, shutdown, throttling and the verniers

The transient that forced the verniers. Propellant utilisation and mixture-ratio control, engine shutdown and start transients, thrust termination, throttling, and vernier engines.

168 records. [A Method for Determining 1960] [Abdelraouf et al 2022] [Akhtar and Linshu 2006] [Altman and Lorell 1952] [Anisha Selva Kala et al 2025] [Ashok et al 2025] [Badal and Vincent 1970] [Baker 1955] [Baker 1967] [Baker 1968] [Barato et al 2021] [Barrère 1977] [Berglund et al 2006] [Berglund et al 2007] [Berglund et al 2009] [Bergmans et al 1997] [Berns et al 1968] [Betts and Frederick 2010] [Bickford 1968] [Binder 1993] [Binder 1995] [Blaszak and Fahrenholz 1960] [Brazzel 1963] [Brown and Nelson 2005] [Browne 1964] [Burdett 1946] [Burke et al 2024] [Busse and Kreuzer 1967] [Carey 1967] [Casalino and Casalino 1997] [Casalino and Pastrone 1999] [Casiano et al 2009] [Casiano et al 2010] [Cavallini et al 2016] [Chen et al 2023] [Cheng et al 2016] [Cheng et al 2017] [Cheng et al 2018] [Cherniavskyi et al 2026] [Coates and Horton 1970] [Cohen et al 1999] [Colasurdo et al 1996] [Colasurdo et al 1997] [Combustion Instability and Transient 2007] [Concio et al 2023] [Daidzic et al 1991] [Design of Gas-Pressurized Propellant 1992] [Design of Turbopump Propellant 1992] [Di Matteo et al 2009] [Dowdy and Debrock 1972] [Dowell et al 1974] [Drenning and Stechman 1970] [Dressler 2006] [Dunn 1997] [Eberhart et al 2012] [El-Naggar et al 2026] [Fauquet-Alekhine 2026] [Feasibility of an advanced 1975] [Fiore et al 2026] [Francois] [Giuliano et al 2010] [Greatrix 2015] [Grelecki and Wrobel 1966] [Hakim et al 2020] [Hampson et al 2026] [Han and Kim 2003] [Han et al 2003] [Hardgrove and Krieg 1984] [Harvey 1970] [Hendee and Nichols 1965] [Himeno et al 2001] [Holster 1973] [Hu et al 2021] [Hu et al 2024] [Imai and Wada 2025] [Immich and Hufenbach 1994] [Ivanov et al 2023] [Jacobs and Yeager 1975] [Jangra et al 2026] [Jaroudi and McDonald 1964] [Jayan and Raghunandan 2003] [Jiang et al 2006] [Jin et al 2019] [Johnson 1994] [Jung and Kwon 2008] [Jung et al 2010] [Kamenskii and Martirosov 2021] [Kanda 2013] [Kanmuri et al 1989] [Karaismailoglu et al 2025] [Kaufman 1971] [Kaufman 1972] [Kaufman and Cohen 1971] [Kenny et al 2006] [Kerrisk and Masek 1966] [Kimura et al 2010] [Ko and Schuster 1983] [Lebrun and Ngendakumana 1990] [Lenning and Simko 1970] [Li et al 2019] [Limerick 1987] [Limerick 1991] [Liu et al 2023] [Majumdar and LeClair 2024] [Muthaiah et al 2023] [Magrini 1967] [Mani et al 2000] [Martin and Manski 1989] [Martin and Manski 1991] [Mieritz et al 2026] [Mixture Ratio Stabilizer for 2008] [Mukambetov and Borovik 2022] [Munson 2000] [Muthaiah et al 2025] [Non-linear throttling analysis of 1999] [Ordonneau et al 2001] [Otto and Flage 1960] [Parker and Summerfield 1964] [Patel 2016] [Pawnikar 2025] [Peterson et al 2012] [PlEPER et al 1967] [Pérez Roca] [Anisha Selva Kala et al 2027] [Ramamurthi and Jayashree 1992] [Rodean 1959] [Ruffin et al 2018] [Ruffin et al 2019] [Rugescu et al 2014] [Ruman and Karny 2019] [Ruth et al 1990] [Scott 1963] [Scott and Ko 1968] [Seidel 1965] [Sekrecki 2023] [Shafiey Dehaj et al 2015] [Shi 2005] [Shorikov and Kalev 2019] [Shorikov and Kalev 2020] [Shorikov and Kalev 2020] [Smith 1964] [Springmann et al 2006] [Srivastava et al 2025] [Stechman and Lawson 2006] [Tahsini and Farshchi 2007] [Thatcher 1950] [Trushlyakov et al 2021] [Tsuji et al 2020] [Van Hooser et al 1999] [Variable fuel mixture-ratio and 1999] [Wadel 1993] [Walsh 2017] [Wang 2004] [Wang 2004] [Wayte and Gruenich 1972] [Whitmore et al 2014] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xiong et al 2024] [Xiong et al 2025] [Yamanishi et al 2004] [Yang et al 2003] [Yao et al 2022] [Yoon et al 2005] [Zhou et al 2026] [Zolla et al 2025] [Zook 2024] [Zubanov et al 2017]

The Atlas and its programme

The vehicle’s own record. Atlas flight test reports and specifications, the Difficulties Review, Atlas-Agena and Atlas-Centaur flight performance, Mercury-Atlas, and histories of the Atlas as a missile and as a launch vehicle. 65 of its titles name the Centaur, which is the record’s tilt toward the launch vehicle that the source discussion below describes.

147 records. [Abraham and Jallice 2018] [Alper et al 1968] [Anderson et al 1965] [Arnett 1993] [Atlas Agena-18 Lunar Orbiter 1966] [Atlas Agena-25 Applications Technology 1967] [Atlas Centaur 77 GOES-J 1995, Atlas Centaur 77 GOES-J Wet Dress] [Atlas SOHO Booster and 1995] [Atlas-Agena flight performance for 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance fo] [Atlas-Agena flight performance for 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance fo 2] [Atlas-Agena performance for the 1969] [Atlas-Centaur AC-16 flight performance 1970] [Atlas-Centaur AC-17 performance for 1972] [Atlas-Centaur AC-18 performance evaluation 1971] [Atlas-Centaur AC-19 and AC-20 1971] [Atlas-Centaur flight performance for 1968] [ATLAS/AGENA-24. Lunar Orbiter-5. Flash 1967] [Atlas/Agena-26 orbiting geophysical observatory-5 1968] [Atlas/Centaur launch-on-time study Final 1965] [Atlas/Centaur Pioneer G operations 1973] [Atlas/Centaur-26 Intelsat 4 F3 1971] [Atlas/Centaur-29 Intelsat 4 F5 1972] [Atlas/Centaur-29 Intelsat IV F5 1972] [Batten 1965] [Baumeister 2014] [Baumeister 2015] [Berman 1966] [General Dynamics Corp Pomona Ca Pomona Div 1963] [Hohmann 1963] [Berns and Lacovic 1968] [Bowine 1965] [Bowlin 2001] [Boynton 1967] [Boynton 1968] [Brusch 1976] [Brusch 1977] [Catlin 1964] [Chacon 1966] [Christian et al 1988] [Christian et al 1989] [Costakis and Lorenzo 1968] [Culbertson 1965] [Davis 1965] [Dew et al 2008] [Dunlap and Steinetz 2004] [Eastwood and Humphrey 1967] [Elzufon et al 1965] [Elzufon et al 1966] [Farmer and Hacker 1970] [Flight performance of Atlas-Agena 1969] [Flight performance of Atlas-Centaur 1970] [Fowler 1963] [Frazier 1967] [Gainor 2013] [Garba and Simpson 1968] [General Dynamics Corp San Diego Ca 1992] [General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966] [General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966] [General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966] [General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966] [General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966] [General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961] [General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961] [General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961] [General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1962] [Gerus and Miller 1969] [Gerus et al 1967] [Gilbert 2003] [Gillespie 2004] [Goldberg 2005] [Green and Tucker 1964] [Greenstein 1968] [Greenstein 1969] [Groesbeck 1966] [Hagger et al 2006] [Hansen et al 2011] [Harris 1964] [Heath et al 1965] [Heath et al 1967] [Heath et al 1968] [High Speed Schlieren Studies 1960] [Holguin 2006] [Holguin 2012] [Hunley 2008] [Hunley 2008] [Incerto et al 1962] [Ingber 1965] [Johnson 1964] [Kalogeris 1966] [Kestenbaum 1965] [Kite et al 1965] [Kreisler 1964] [Kreiter 1965] [Lall 1965] [Langston 1967] [Launch mission summary COMSTAR 1981] [Launch mission summary FLTSATCOM-D 1980] [Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1981, Launch mission summary INTELSAT 5] [Launch mission summary Intelsat 1981, Launch mission summary Intelsat 5 2] [Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1982, Launch mission summary INTELSAT 5] [Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1982, Launch mission summary INTELSAT V] [Martin 1993] [Mastronardi et al 1979] [Mattson 1965] [Mercury-Atlas 9 Press Kit 1963] [Mercury-Atlas NO. 2 Press 1961] [Miller 1967] [Miller 1966] [Miller 1969] [Moskowitz 1965] [Nakamura 1991] [Preliminary launch vehicle flight 1967] [Atlas-Centaur flight performance for 1968] [NASA 1968, Atlas-Centaur AC-12 flight performance] [NASA 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance] [Neal 1966] [Newton 1968] [Ogman 1980] [Performance evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1968] [Peters and Hall 1963] [Pharokhipanah and Bouckenooghe 2024] [Plastinin et al 2005] [Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce] [Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce 2] [Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce 3] [Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1966] [Postflight evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1967] [Barrett 1969] [Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1963] [Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1963] [Schreier et al 2006] [Segal 1964] [Shelton 1966] [Smith et al 1974] [SOHO Payload Mate to 1995] [Sowers 2002] [Stephens 1961] [Stewart 1963] [Tereniak and Williams 1967] [Thayer 1965] [Thomas 1981] [Traband 1966] [Tracking and Data Relay 1973] [Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963] [Willen and Rude 1993] [Wolfe 1966] [Young and Shiokari 1961]

Rocket engine health monitoring and fault detection

The capability that would have changed the flight record. Health monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis, and reliability of liquid rocket engines and launch vehicles.

117 records. [Alcock and Hagar 1989] [Anderson et al 1996] [Anex et al 1991] [Assessing missile system reliability 1972] [Bellows et al 1984] [Benzing et al] [Biao et al 2024] [Bickford and Gage 1991] [Blumenthal and Denton 1962] [Butas et al 2001] [Castor et al 2025] [Eggers and Wachtenheim 1968] [Gaver and Jacobs 1997] [Hatfield et al 2016] [Li et al 2025] [Newlin et al 1990] [Novack et al 2018] [Timothy 2022] [Cha and Ko 2025] [Cha et al 2019] [Cha et al 2024] [Chang et al 2021] [Chen et al 2010] [Chen et al 2025] [Cheng and Tam 2014] [Cikanek 1986] [Colicci et al 2025] [Collins et al 1986] [Conrad 1976] [Daniel et al 2016] [Design of Rocket-Engine Control 1992] [Du 2017] [Feng and Wang 2007] [Fowler 1980] [Fragola et al] [Galli] [Gemranova 2021] [Gulczyński et al 2024] [Gurov 2001] [Hagar and Alcock 1989] [Hampson 1984] [Hanson et al 2011] [Hosangadi and Madavan 2008] [Huang and Weber 1998] [Huang et al 2022] [Hussein and de Weck 2025] [Kato et al 1995] [Kawatsu et al 2020] [Kehan et al 2015] [Koon and Greene 2002] [Krevor and Wilhite 2007] [Lakshminarasimha 1991] [Lee et al 2018] [Li 2026] [Li et al 2018] [Lin et al 2010] [Liquid Rocket Engine Reliability] [Lloyd and Lipow 1963] [Lurui Xia et al 2008] [Lv et al 2021] [Ma et al 2025] [Malik 1976] [Malik 1976] [Carbone and Loparo 2023] [Martin 2007] [Meisl 1989] [Mitchell 1976] [Murphy and Voss 1996] [Murugesan et al 2018] [Nguyen et al 1988] [Pace et al 2008] [Park and Ahn 2020] [Podolchak 2019] [Puening 1990] [Ren et al 2024] [Ren et al 2025] [Rocket engine propulsion ‘system 1992] [Rosch and Schor 1990] [Roshanian and Ebrahimi 2013] [Sanders and Jerman 1993] [Shi et al 2023] [Smelyanskiy et al 2008] [Sobel 1963] [Solid Rocket Booster Reliability] [Sun et al 2024] [Thornton 1977] [Trevino et al 2015] [Trevino et al 2016] [Tulpule 1989] [Valenti 1992] [Verma et al 2007] [Wagenblast and Bettinger 2024] [Wagner 2017] [Walker and Baumgartner 1990] [Walker and Baumgartner 1992] [Walker and Heltsley] [Wang and Miao 2026] [Wang et al 2024] [Wensley and Uhrich] [Willard 1961] [Wu 2005] [Wu et al 1996] [Wu et al 1996] [Wu et al 2026] [Xiang 2023] [Xu et al 2025] [Zeng et al 2021] [Zhang 2016] [Zhang 2016] [Zhang et al 1998] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026]

Other spaceflight and missile literature

The residual, reported and not hidden. Spacecraft subsystems, mechanisms, power and environment, and a small tail of single-subject records that belong to no cluster above.

61 records. [Arrick 1960] [Baer and Morrow 1984] [Budhkar] [Burke et al 2013] [Clark 1970] [Deng et al 2023] [Desorptive Transfer A Mechanism 1975] [Despond] [Diehl et al 1992] [Finchum et al 2008] [Firth and Pankow 2018] [Firth and Pankow 2019] [Firth and Pankow 2020] [Gao and Li 2023] [Graves 1972] [Illing 1970] [Jones 1991] [Low cost computer subsystem 1975] [Melton et al 1993] [Mitchell and Keeley 1985] [Modi 1972] [Mohan et al 2025] [Moore 1984] [Raab 1973] [Seaborg 1968] [Sperling 1960] [Hara et al 2016] [Hermes 1994] [Hoeber et al 1996] [Hovater et al 2006] [Cipolletti et al] [Leslie and Justus 2008] [Lytal and Hoffman 2010] [Cox et al 2025] [Mullen and Gussenhoven 1983] [Mullen and Gussenhoven 1989] [Nuclear exhaust system duct 1965] [Oppenheimer and Doman 2003] [Runge 1977] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Sebestyen et al 2018] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Shi et al 2027] [Smalley 1961] [Spacecraft tanks depend on 1974] [Sun et al 2022] [Sun et al 2023] [Teles and Samii 1993] [TERRA Spacecraft 2001] [Test Method for Determining] [Test Method for Determining 2011] [Nebylov 2024] [Wicki 2003] [Williams and Corcoran 1963] [Woo 1967] [Woodard and Stengle 2007]

Where the Framing Breaks Down

The error budget is reconstructed, not documented. The two nautical mile circular error probable used throughout is an assumed figure for an early Atlas. The official history gives a different reference point, recording that the Atlas D flight tests showed accuracy considerably better than the one nautical mile circular error probable expected, in Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force at page 206. The figure used here is therefore twice the expectation documented for the operational missile, and the one nautical mile row below is the documented case. Everything downstream of it, including the headline one part in eleven thousand seven hundred, scales inversely with that assumption. The scaling is linear and immediate,

\[\delta v = \frac{\text{CEP}}{dR/dv}\]

Assumed circular error probable	Speed budget	Fractional requirement
1 nautical mile	0.307 m/s	1 part in 23,458
2 nautical miles	0.613 m/s	1 part in 11,729
5 nautical miles	1.533 m/s	1 part in 4,692

so at five nautical miles the problem is materially easier and at one it is roughly twice as hard as anything this article claims. The qualitative conclusion that speed dominates angle survives any choice, because it rests on a stationarity argument rather than on a number, but the specific figures do not.

Treating cutoff as the whole problem understates the atmosphere. The range law used here is for a spherical non-rotating Earth with no atmosphere on the way up or down, and the reentry body’s own dispersion, from ablation asymmetry, from roll resonance, and from winds at low altitude, contributes to the miss distance independently of anything the guidance system did. Platus 1967 on roll resonance and Ammons 1973 on low-level wind measurement error are the shape of that contribution, with the high-altitude wind response of a missile in Van Der Maas 1962, the criterion problem in Bidwell 1967, and the Atlas programme’s own flight-wind restriction procedure in Mattson 1965. The reentry body has a dispersion budget of its own and it was treated as a design variable, as in Johannessen 1964 for the Mark 12 body, while the aerodynamic behaviour that produces it is Murphy 1961 on the pitching and yawing motion of nose cone configurations and Sharenson 1966 on high-altitude drag effects. An article organised around cutoff accuracy will naturally attribute the whole error to cutoff, and that is wrong.

The orbital margin argument assumes the propellant is there to spend. The twenty-one percent burnout mass trade holds at fixed propellant load, and it is an idealisation in which the vehicle flies the same ascent and simply stops later. A real orbital mission flies a different trajectory with different losses, so the true trade is somewhat worse than computed. The seven percent agreement with the SCORE mass is therefore partly fortuitous and should be read as an order-of-magnitude confirmation rather than as a validation.

The spherical Earth assumption is carried throughout and it is inadequate to the requirement. This is stated in the sizing discussion above and it deserves repeating as a limitation of the analysis rather than of the missile. Every range figure in this article is computed on a sphere, and the flattening alone is 5.8 times the miss budget, so the numbers here establish scalings and sensitivities and do not establish where anything would land. A real targeting solution requires an ellipsoidal Earth, a gravity model, and a geodetic tie between launch site and target, none of which this article attempts.

The X-12 designation may not describe an article at all. This is the same difficulty the previous article recorded and it is discussed below.

What the X-12 Was Worth

Separating what this vehicle established from what it merely carried is the useful exercise, because the Atlas B carried a great deal and established less than the inventory suggests.

It established that the staging event works. The second flight, on 2 August 1958, was the first booster separation, and every Atlas afterwards depended on it. The acceleration discontinuity of a factor of 4.37, the clearance provided by a sustainer that never stops, and the guidance system’s ability to integrate through the transient were all demonstrated on that flight and never seriously doubted again.

It established full range. The 12B flight in late November 1958 is the vehicle’s most consequential single result and the one the programme existed to obtain. Nothing before it had shown that the United States possessed an intercontinental ballistic missile.

It established that the same vehicle reaches orbit. SCORE is the demonstration and the twenty-one percent mass trade is the explanation.

It established almost nothing about accuracy. This finding cuts against the organisation of the article and should be stated plainly. Ten development flights with a mixture of objectives cannot measure a circular error probable, and the accuracy the Atlas eventually achieved was established by the operational force over years. The X-12 posed the accuracy problem and built the machinery for it. It did not answer it. The answer belongs to the D, E, and F, and to the all-inertial systems the E and F introduced.

It established nothing at all about basing, alert posture, or reaction time, which turned out to matter more than accuracy for the Atlas specifically, since the vehicle’s cryogenic propellant and lengthy fuelling made it unsuited to the alert requirements that emerged almost immediately.

The Designation as a Series Question

The X-12 designation is attributed to the Atlas B in compilations and no document found for this article uses it. The X-11 article recorded the same situation, and the three readings it offered apply here without modification. The designation may have been assigned and never used operationally, leaving a registry entry and nothing else. It may be a later retrofit by compilers filling a numeric gap that the Atlas B fits neatly. Or it may have had a genuine period use that the accessible record does not reach.

What this article can add is one observation about the mechanism. The X-10 article concluded that the X-8, X-9, and X-10 were RTV-A test vehicles absorbed wholesale into the X series, and the X-11 article found that explanation does not extend to the Atlas A because it was never an RTV-A vehicle. The X-12 confirms the limit rather than resolving it. The Atlas B is the fifth consecutive X number attached to a vehicle that was never a research aircraft, and the second consecutive one attached to a weapon system article in serial production. Whatever mechanism assigned these numbers, it was not the mechanism that produced the X-1 through the X-6, so the X series needs at least two assignment mechanisms and probably more.

The Source Base

The survey rests on 10,836 research records drawn from Crossref, the NASA Technical Reports Server and the Defense Technical Information Center, together with 15 reports of the Department of Energy’s Office of Scientific and Technical Information, of which 1,815 are report primaries, being 16.7 percent, by the identifier rule set out under The Definition of Primary. Their median year is 2010. Of the 10,473 dated records, 806, being 7.7 percent, date from 1965 or earlier, the years in which the Atlas was designed, flown and stood alert as a weapon, and 4,259, being 40.7 percent, date from 2015 or later.

The Atlas record in the defence archive is genuinely rich and it is not evenly distributed. The Defense Technical Information Center, reached through its Crossref publisher prefix, holds Flight Test Working Group reports for individual missiles, the five volumes of the Difficulties Review covering propellant utilisation, the propulsion interface, pneumatics, the autopilot, and the electrical system, and the model specification for the sustainer engine itself. What it does not hold is anything using the X-12 designation, nor any flight test report for a B series missile, which leaves the flight-by-flight record to compilations that cite the Convair evaluation reports. The specific documents are General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961, the five volumes of General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, and General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966, the engine specification Scott 1963, the system-test evaluation Peters and Hall 1963, and the launch vehicle specification Wolfe 1966.

The asymmetry the previous article identified holds and deepens. The Navaho, cancelled in 1957, leaves four years of programme reporting. The Atlas, which flew for sixty years as a launch vehicle, leaves a continuous literature in which the weapon programme is the earliest layer and the launch vehicle work is the thickest. The archive is a record of what happened to a programme afterwards rather than of what it was, and for this article that bias is helpful, since the Atlas-Centaur separation and propellant utilisation studies of the mid-1960s document mechanisms that the Atlas B introduced and that nobody wrote up at the time.

The satellite side has the opposite shape. Project SCORE was run under extreme secrecy by a different service, and the accessible technical record for the payload is thin compared with the vehicle that carried it. What survives well is the surrounding orbital mechanics and communications literature, which was being written at exactly that moment for reasons that had nothing to do with SCORE, and the clearest window onto what SCORE was is its successor rather than itself, in Maresca 1960 and Mottley et al 1960.

The vehicle and programme facts rest on a small set of official and primary documents. Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force gives the series-level record of the A and B flights, the Atlas D accuracy expectation, the countdown, the reaction-time requirement and the retirement dates. The Air Force chapter of NASA’s Mercury Project Summary, Gandy and Hanson 1963, Mercury-Atlas Launch-Vehicle Development and Performance, NASA SP-45, describes the Atlas D propulsion, vernier and ground guidance systems. The laboratory engineers who built the SCORE payload describe the project in Brown and Senn 1960, Project SCORE, NASA’s satellite catalogue gives the payload and orbit data in NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE and NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE Trajectory, NASA’s history of satellite communication records the launch in Butrica 1997, Beyond the Ionosphere, NASA SP-4217, and Kennedy Space Center 1970, AZUSA GDOPS Program AZGD2 gives Azusa’s measurement geometry.

The third body of literature this article draws on is the largest, and it is not a missile literature. The geodesy section exists because the flattening of the Earth exceeds the miss budget by a factor of 5.8, and the missile literature cited here does not reach datums, geoids, or zonal harmonics. Those subjects belong to an entire discipline, openly published in the astronomical and geodetic journals, running continuously from Hirvonen 1954 to Eitschberger and Grafarend 1974 and overlapping the Atlas force’s whole operational life. The weapon literature is classified, fragmentary, and archived under project numbers. The literature the weapon depended on is none of those things, because determining the shape of the Earth was not a secret and could not usefully have been made one. That asymmetry is the most striking source-base feature of this article, and what joins the two literatures is a relation rather than a shared topic.

The Definition of Primary

Primacy is a property of the document, and this survey derives it from the identifier. A record is a report primary when it is a NASA Technical Reports Server record, carries a digital object identifier under the 10.21236 prefix, which Crossref registers for Defense Technical Information Center reports, or is an Office of Scientific and Technical Information report. By that rule 997 primaries are Technical Reports Server records, 803 are Defense Technical Information Center reports and 15 are Department of Energy reports.

The rule undercounts what is first-hand. Conference papers of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, abbreviated AIAA, and journal papers by the engineers who designed and flew the vehicles are primary by any reading and are not reached by an identifier rule. The official history, the Air Force chapter of the Mercury Project Summary, the SCORE engineers’ own account, the satellite catalogue and the Azusa program report that carry the article’s facts are cited as curated references in the Reference list and are not counted in the survey at all. 16.7 percent is therefore a lower bound on how much of this survey is first-hand.

Thin Subjects

Five subjects that this article’s derivations depend on have thin literatures. Each count below is the number of research records in this survey whose title carries at least one of the listed terms, with a hyphen read as a space and a plural form counted.

Subject	Title terms counted	Records
the sensitivity of range to burnout speed	range sensitivity, burnout velocity, burnout speed, cutoff velocity, cut off velocity, range equation, range error, velocity error	1
the lethal radius and the cube-root scaling of yield	lethal radius, weapon yield, nuclear yield, explosive yield, cube root, kill radius, blast radius, damage radius, lethal area	2
the tail-off impulse after the cutoff command	tail off, tailoff, cutoff impulse, cut off impulse, shutdown impulse, thrust decay, shutdown transient, cutoff transient	6
the plasma frequency and the blackout square law	plasma frequency, critical electron density, critical plasma density, critical density, cutoff frequency	0
the rotation of the Earth under a ballistic arc	earth rotation, rotating earth, earths rotation, rotation of the earth	10

The keystone itself has one record, and it is not about a missile. The single title, Tannas 1966, derives closed-form range equations for entry guidance. The sensitivity of range to burnout speed is a short differentiation of the range law that the period placed in textbooks and tutorials rather than in titles, so the article derives it and cites the thrust termination and dispersion work that rests on it.

The plasma frequency is absent and the lethal radius nearly so. No title names the plasma frequency or a critical electron density, and two name a lethal radius, one for a salvo and one for artillery projectiles. Both relations are textbook physics, being the cutoff of a cold plasma and the cube-root scaling of blast, and the article states them as such rather than citing a literature for them.

The tail-off impulse is thin but its central record is direct. Shafiey Dehaj et al 2015 treats the cutoff impulse of a liquid-propellant engine, which is the quantity the vernier argument turns on, and the other five records concern the shutdown transients of other engines, the tail-off impulse and its repeatability in small rocket engines, the tail-off imbalance between paired solid rocket motors, and the thrust decay of a solid booster at staging.

The rotation of the Earth appears only as a geodetic quantity. Every one of the ten titles that name it concerns Earth rotation parameters, reference frames or gravity change, and none treats its effect on a ballistic arc, so the article’s first-order azimuth relation stands on the arithmetic shown.

What the Survey Admits

A record is admitted only when a person reading its title finds it on this article’s subject, being the ballistic missile and the launch vehicle it became, their guidance, propulsion, staging, control and reentry, the satellites and orbits they reached, the figure and gravity field of the Earth, and the strategic argument about accuracy. Many words this subject depends on also name something else, and a record that shares only such a word is excluded. Blackout also names power failures, wartime blackouts, media restrictions and broadcast law, and the plasma sheath is also the boundary layer of every laboratory discharge. A datum is also a calendar date, a computing term and a principle of Roman law, and vertical deflection also drives a television tube and bends a beam or a bridge. Boil-off also describes liquefied gas carriers, hydrogen logistics and the cryostats of magnets and detectors. Reentry also names the return of offenders and a cardiac arrhythmia, ballistic also describes wounds, armour and guns, and Azusa is also a city, a revival and an asteroid, while ATLAS is also a laser altimeter and a sky survey. Satellite records whose subject is weather, climate, oceanography or imagery are excluded, and so are records that use the gravity field or geodetic measurement for hydrology, ice mass, sea level, earthquakes, tectonics or the Earth’s interior, because this subject is the determination of the field and the datum for trajectory and targeting rather than their other uses. Correction notices, journal front matter, subject indexes, dictionary headwords and one-word encyclopedia entries are excluded, because a survey counts research works and those are editorial events or parts of works. Reviews of books, reference and definition entries, news items, notices, advertisements and abstract-journal listings, and a second deposit of a document already counted are not admitted either, since none of them is a further research work. A signed comment on a paper, a discussion of it, its author’s reply and a signed letter on a research subject are admitted when their subject is, because each argues about a result, while an unsigned item of these kinds and a referee’s report on a manuscript are not.

Some records of doubtful relevance are kept. Tactical and cruise missile engineering is kept as missile literature, and the guidance laws of homing missiles as terminal-accuracy guidance. Satellite communications engineering for terrestrial broadband and mobile service is kept as the modern form of the relay satellite. Cryogenic tank physics measured on the ground, nuclear rocket propulsion, gyroscope drift compensation developed for drilling and navigation aiding developed for underwater vehicles are each kept because they treat the mechanism the article reasons with, and the law and policy of space debris is kept because the debris discussion turns on mitigation practice. A reader may weigh each accordingly.

Every research title has been read for relevance, so the off-topic share that remains is a matter of reading judgement. Records read as off topic have been removed, together with others of their kinds, although a reading of titles alone cannot rule out a work whose title is on topic and whose content is not.

Epistemic State

Historical fact, well supported. The Atlas B series flew between July 1958 and February 1959, tested the MA-1 propulsion system, the Mod 1 radio guidance system and the Mark 2 heat-sink reentry vehicle, demonstrated booster staging and reentry vehicle separation, and reached 5,500 nautical miles of range. The official history counts nine flight tests and the compilations ten, from Cape Canaveral Launch Complexes 11, 13, and 14 with six recorded successes. The Atlas A series ended in June 1958 with three successes in eight, by the official count. Missile 12B flew 6,325 statute miles in late November 1958. Missile 10B placed the Project SCORE payload in orbit on 18 December 1958, which broadcast a recorded message from President Eisenhower, operated twelve days on batteries until 30 December 1958, and reentered on 21 January 1959, with an on-orbit mass of 3,980 kilogrammes and an orbit of 185 by 1,484 kilometres at 32.3 degrees and 101.40 minutes. Its transmitters ran at eight watts on 132 megahertz. SCORE was directed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency with the payload built and operated by the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth. The Atlas D rating is 154,000 pounds per booster engine, 57,000 for the sustainer and 1,000 per vernier at sea level, and its ground guidance measured velocity by Doppler techniques. The Atlas B through D used radio guidance and the E and F used all-inertial guidance. The Atlas missed its required fifteen-minute reaction time, the last squadron came off alert on 12 April 1965, and the expected accuracy of the Atlas D was a one nautical mile circular error probable. Azusa measured two direction cosines on intersecting baselines together with range.

Reported but from compilations rather than programme documents. The X-12 designation itself, which no document found for this article uses. The flight-by-flight serials, pads, and failure causes, since no Convair evaluation report for an individual B series missile is available on the public report servers. The vacuum engine thrusts of 341,130 and 86,844 pounds and the specific impulses of 282 and 309 seconds. The count of four successes in eight for the Atlas A, against three in the official history. The masses used throughout, which are Atlas D figures carried forward from the previous article because Atlas B figures were not found. The 8,660 pound on-orbit mass, which differs by 1.3 percent from the catalogued 3,980 kilogrammes. The 68 kilogramme payload mass, against 45 in NASA’s catalogue. The 88-person secrecy figure and the attribution of the payload design to Kenneth Masterman-Smith. Azusa’s installation by about 1954, its six hundred nautical mile reach in 1958, and its Consolidated Vultee lineage. The date of the full-range flight, which sources give as both 28 and 29 November 1958.

Assumed for the purpose of calculation and stated as such. The two nautical mile circular error probable, which is twice the one nautical mile the official history gives as the expectation for the Atlas D. The booster cutoff time of 135 seconds and the jettisoned booster package mass of three tonnes. The 1,400 kilogramme reentry body on a one-metre base. The SCORE antenna gains of unity and ten decibels, the 2,000 kelvin system temperature and six kilohertz bandwidth of its link budget, and the six bits per sample of the tape content estimate. The one percent phase-measurement fraction in the Azusa table. The five percent tail-off impulse uncertainty. The period gyroscope drift of order one degree per hour, against which the derived requirement of 0.329 is compared, which is the least well sourced number in the article and which the conclusion drawn from it depends on directly. The illustrative six-term error allocation, which sums to something near the budget and is not the Atlas allocation. The five percent ullage margin in the boil-off holding time. The five percent measurement-inflation ceiling used to size the range instrumentation requirement. The one percent per day liquid oxygen boil-off rate. Every one of these is an engineering estimate chosen to show a scaling, and each is identified at the point of use.

Engineering analysis, derived here and independently checkable. The range law and its inversion for 10,000 kilometres. The range-to-velocity sensitivity of 6.04 kilometres per metre per second and its dimensionless form of 4.34. The velocity budget of 0.613 metres per second and the fractional requirement of one part in 11,728. The optimum flight path angle of 22.52 degrees, the vanishing first derivative of range with respect to it, the second derivative, and the resulting table of range losses. The cutoff timing requirement of 8.6 milliseconds. The tail-off impulse estimate of 1.07 metres per second and its ratio of 1.8 to the budget. The vernier acceleration, trim time, and authority ratio of 43.4. The grazing circular speed, the ten percent orbital margin, and the escape comparison. The mass ratio of 1.2645, the 4,266 kilogramme allowance, and the 20.9 percent trade. The comparison with the SCORE mass at 7.2 percent. The SCORE orbital elements, period, perigee and apogee speeds, and specific energies. The apogee sensitivity of 4.24 kilometres per metre per second. The ballistic semi-major axis, eccentricity, flight time of 34.3 minutes, and apogee altitude. The Earth rotation speed and the azimuth bound. The lift-off thrust-to-weight ratio, mass flows, mass at booster cutoff, the acceleration discontinuity of 4.37, the two-phase ideal velocity of 8,590 metres per second, and the sustainer burn time. The separation clearance comparison. The propellant residual sensitivity. The accelerometer bias budget of 220 micro-g. The interferometer fringe table and the Doppler resolution. The Allen and Eggers peak deceleration, altitude, and speed, the ballistic coefficient, and the stagnation heating. The unit conversions on the full-range flight and their consistency with the sensitivity relation. The SCORE revolution counts, duty cycle, Nyquist sample count, link budget, area-to-mass ratio, and energy loss per revolution. The binomial standard errors and the pooled z statistic of 0.42. The inverse-square dependence of the angle-to-speed forgiveness ratio and its table, showing 191 at a twentieth of a degree and 1.9 at half a degree. The variance-share relation, the improvement relation, and its ceiling of 14.0 percent at infinite cost. The first-order azimuth relation for the Earth rotation credit, giving 2,466 kilometres due east against an exact 3,195, a shortfall of 23 percent that measures where the linear sensitivity stops being valid. The oblateness perturbation of 1.62 parts in a thousand and the resulting impact displacement of order 34 kilometres, or nine times the miss budget. The identity that the factor by which the vehicle becomes harder to stop is exactly its sustainer mass ratio of 4.38. The static tilt allowance of 46 arcseconds, the gyroscope drift allowance of 0.329 degrees per hour, and the factor of about three separating it from period instruments. The inversion of the plasma frequency relation and the square-law ratio of 77.4. The quadrature relation setting the range instrument at 3.1 times better than the missile it certifies, or 0.196 metres per second. The linear scaling of the speed budget with the assumed circular error probable across one, two, and five nautical miles. The boil-off holding time of five days. The modern accuracy chain, giving a speed budget of 0.0199 metres per second at a 120 metre circular error probable, or one part in 362,029, with an accelerometer bias of 7.24 micro-g and a gyroscope drift of 0.0107 degrees per hour, instruments about 31 times better than the Atlas budget required. The yield equivalence between a 3,704 metre and a 120 metre circular error probable, at a factor of 2.94 times ten to the fourth.

Inference, argued but not established. That the verniers exist primarily for velocity trim rather than for roll control, which the arithmetic supports strongly. The Air Force’s Atlas D description documents a vernier solo phase after sustainer cutoff on the flights that use one, which is the arrangement the trim argument requires, but it does not state the purpose of that phase. That radio guidance was the correct architecture for the accuracy requirement rather than merely the available one, which rests on the accelerometer bias and gyroscope drift comparisons. The derived drift requirement weakens that inference rather than strengthening it, since it puts period instruments within a factor of about three of it, so all-inertial guidance was close in 1958 and the ground link bought margin without adding capability. That the reported weakness of the SCORE broadcast refers to public reception rather than to the tracking link. That the Atlas B established the staging event and full range but not accuracy. That the designation question has at least two mechanisms and that this vehicle confirms the limit of the first without resolving anything.

Reported from the geodetic literature rather than derived here. That the classical pre-satellite method determined the geoid from surface gravity and connected astronomical to geodetic position through the deflection of the vertical, leaving continental datums internally consistent and mutually offset. That satellite orbit perturbations determine the zonal harmonics of the potential directly, that Doppler tracking was required for the non-zonal terms, and that a world geodetic datum tying the continents together was published in the mid 1970s. The claim that the target coordinates were, for much of the Atlas force’s operational life, less well known than the guidance system’s own contribution to the error budget is an inference from that chronology and is not established by any document found here. It is stated as an argument and the sixteen-year interval it rests on is a matter of publication dates rather than of when the underlying knowledge became available to a targeting organisation, which may well have been earlier and classified.

A caution about the specific impulse. The 309 second sustainer figure carries most of this article’s orbital arithmetic, including the 20.9 percent mass trade and the comparison with the SCORE mass. As the sustainer discussion notes, a specific impulse quoted to three figures for a period engine is a trajectory reconstruction rather than a direct measurement, so the precision of the downstream results is lower than their presentation suggests.

A note on the modern comparison. The 90 to 120 metre circular error probable used in the contemporary section is a widely repeated open-source figure for current systems and is not taken from any authoritative source. It is used to show a scaling and the conclusions drawn from it, namely that instruments must be roughly thirty times better and that the yield equivalence is four orders of magnitude, are insensitive to a factor of two either way in the assumed accuracy.

Written from current knowledge. This article is dated 2025-10-18 and draws on literature published after that date where the modern discussion is the natural continuation of the period problem. The contemporary section surveys work through 2026 and is the largest single component of the reference list.

Out of Scope

The Atlas C, D, E, and F in any detail. The warhead and its physics package. Silo and coffin basing in any detail, and the operational history of the alert force, of which this article computes only the loading-time ratio that decided its fate. The Mercury programme and man-rating. Centaur, which inherited the balloon tank and the propellant utilisation architecture and deserves separate treatment. The Agena upper stage. The Burroughs ground guidance computer as a computing machine rather than as a guidance element. The full history of Project SCORE as a political act. The Soviet R-7, which reached orbit fourteen months before SCORE with a different configuration and remains the comparison this series has not made. Ballistic missile defence, which is the mirror image of everything computed here. Manufacturing and the factory. The economics of the Atlas force against Titan and Minuteman.

Conclusion

The X-11 answered whether a structure that light could exist. The X-12 answered whether the thing built out of it could be stopped at the right moment, a different question, and the one that decides whether a ballistic missile is a weapon or an expensive firework.

The answer came out of a single sensitivity. Range responds to burnout speed with a gain of 4.34, so a two nautical mile miss allows two thirds of a metre per second out of seven thousand two hundred, while the flight path angle enters only at second order and a tenth of a degree costs seventy-seven metres. The vehicle is therefore a speed-measuring instrument that happens to have a warhead on it, and every distinctive feature of the Atlas B follows. The verniers exist because the sustainer’s tail-off is nearly twice the error budget. The guidance sits on the ground because measuring speed directly avoids an integration, and the margin that bought mattered even though the derived drift requirement of a third of a degree per hour turns out to have been within a factor of three of what period instruments could do. The propellant utilisation system exists because fifty kilogrammes of stranded propellant is worth forty-five error budgets.

And then the same machinery did something else. Ten percent more speed than the weapon needed, bought by giving up twenty-one percent of the burnout mass, turns the trajectory into an orbit. The Atlas B demonstrated a full-range delivery in the last days of November 1958 and put a stage in orbit three weeks later, and it did not need a modification to do it. The first communications satellite is a ballistic missile that was told to stop a little later than usual, and the calculation that predicts its mass to within seven percent uses nothing but the range law and a specific impulse.

The phrase space launch vehicle names that fact, and with the X-12 it stops being a metaphor.

The sensitivity that organises the article has not moved since. Running it forward to a hundred-and-twenty-metre weapon demands a burnout speed correct to one part in three hundred and sixty thousand, which is two centimetres per second, and instruments about thirty times better than the Atlas needed. The reward for closing that gap is a factor of nearly thirty thousand in the yield required to do the same work, which is why the arsenals grew more accurate rather than larger, and why the unglamorous engineering this article describes, the verniers and the propellant utilisation system and the ground station full of computers, turned out to be the part of the programme that mattered.

References

Books

• Jenkins Landis and Miller 2003 American X-Vehicles, An Inventory X-1 to X-50
• Miller 2001 The X-Planes, X-1 to X-45
• Neufeld 1990 The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force
• Walker 2005 Atlas, The Ultimate Weapon

Reference

• Brown and Senn 1960, Project SCORE
• Butrica 1997, Beyond the Ionosphere, NASA SP-4217
• Convair X-11
• Convair X-12
• Gandy and Hanson 1963, Mercury-Atlas Launch-Vehicle Development and Performance, NASA SP-45
• Kennedy Space Center 1970, AZUSA GDOPS Program AZGD2
• NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE
• NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, SCORE Trajectory

Related Post

• X-1
• X-10
• X-11
• X-2
• X-3
• X-4
• X-5
• X-6
• X-7
• X-8
• X-9
• X-Planes series

Research

• A Communication Satellite System 1966
• A discrete downward continuation
• A kind of missile 2006
• A Method for Determining 1960
• A method for determining 1979
• A Multiple-Access World-Wide Satellite 1966
• A Novel Comprehensive Compensation 2013
• A Novel Method Based 2017
• A study of the 1970
• A System Analysis of 2004
• A test approach for 1977
• A test approach for 1978
• A zero gyro-zero wheel 1994
• A.F.Kornev et al 2026
• A.H. et al 2014
• A.O. 2019
• Abate et al 2000
• Abbak and Seitz 2026
• Abbas 2024
• Abbasi et al 2006
• Abbe et al 1967
• Abbondanza et al 2020
• Abbondanza et al 2026
• Abd Rahman and Md Din 2020
• Abd-Elmotaal and Kühtreiber 2020
• Abdalla and Tenzer 2012
• Abdel Aziz 2023
• Abdelaziz et al 2024
• Abdelmoula 1999
• Abdelraouf et al 2022
• Abdollahi and Pourtakdoust 2026
• Abdrahimov and Urbansky 2022
• Abdulkerim 2022
• Abdulmumin et al 2026
• Abdulwahid and Kurnaz 2023
• Abe et al 2001
• Abensur 1994
• Abhishek et al 2025
• Abhishek Hari 2026
• Abidin 2018
• Abidin et al 2005
• Abolits
• Abou-Beih and Al-Garni 1996
• Aboul-Dahab 2025
• Abraham 1963
• Abraham and Jallice 2018
• Abramson 1975
• Abramson 1975
• Abramson et al 1975
• Acampora 1978
• Accardo and Dulchinos 1980
• Accelerometer and multi-sensor technology 2004
• Acharya and Sing 2000
• Achilli et al 1983
• Achtermann 1984
• Acikmese and Ploen 2005
• Acikmese and Ploen 2007
• Acikmese et al 2008
• Acquatella and Reiner 2014
• Act 1 Anti-Ballistic Missiles 2011
• Act 4 National Missile 2011
• Active Radar Missile Seekers 2012
• Activities at EUMETSAT in 2011
• Acton 2025
• Adamcík 2011
• Adami and Nosratolahi 2009
• Adami et al
• Adamopoulos 2023
• Adams 1966
• Adams 1976
• Adams 1989
• Adaptive Digital Satellite Transmission 1966
• Addaim et al 2007
• Addaim et al 2007
• Addaim et al 2008
• Addaim et al 2008
• Addanki
• Adeeye 2026
• Adelfang 2003
• Adelfang and Smith 1998
• Adelfang et al 1993
• Adilov et al 2020
• Adimurthy 1976
• Adimurthy 1987
• Adimurthy and Ganeshan 2006
• Adkins 1970
• Aduol 1993
• Aduol 1997
• Advanced Tactical and Strategic 2019
• Advances in Missile Guidance 2016
• Advancing Network Securing Strategies 2023
• Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development 1979
• Aein 1964
• Aerodynamics Calculation of Reentry 2013
• Aeroelastic effects on space 1973
• Aerojet Strategic Propulsion Co Sacramento Ca 1987
• Aeronautical Communication Satellites 1966
• Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1962
• Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1962
• Aerospace Corp El Segundo Ca 1963
• Aeschliman et al 1975
• Afful et al 2016
• Afheldt 2020
• Afifah et al 2023
• Aftatah and Zebbara 2024
• Afzal et al 2009
• Afzali et al 2009
• Agajelu and Moka 1989
• Aggarwal 2007
• Aguiar et al 2025
• Agustin et al 1998
• Agustin et al 1999
• Ahmad 2001
• Ahmad and Hawkins
• Ahmadi et al 2025
• Ahmadian 2026
• Ahmadian and Zakeri gatabi 2025
• Ahmadjian et al 1999
• Ahmed 2019
• Ahmed 2025
• Ahmed et al 2003
• Ahmed et al 2008
• Ahmed et al 2021
• Ahmed et al 2023
• Aided INS observability and 2022
• Ailneni et al 2019
• Air Force Armament Lab Eglin Afb Fl 1988
• Air Force Life Cycle Mgmt Center Armament Dir 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2012
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2013
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2014
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2014
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2015
• Air Force Space Command Space Missile Sys Ctr 2015
• Akan 2021
• Akbar Wahyu Nugraha and Dudy Darmawan Wijaya 2024
• Akey and Cross 1970
• Akhtar and He Linshu 2005
• Akhtar and Linshu 2006
• Akhtar and Linshu 2006
• Akhtar et al 2008
• Akimoto 2018
• Akimov et al 2019
• Akin 2010
• Akmandor and Nagashima 1999
• Ako Najmalddin 2023
• Akos 2012
• Akresh 2026
• Aksen et al 2024
• Aksu 2014
• Aktakka and Najafi 2016
• Aktakka et al 2017
• Akyuzlu et al 1993
• Al Bakri
• Al Jlailaty et al 2023
• Al-Ashtari 2008
• Al-Nasser and Wellman 2024
• Al-Sawad et al 2022
• Al-Toobi et al 2014
• Al-Zaidi et al 2020
• Alam et al 2015
• Alam et al 2017
• Alasi et al 2024
• Alawieh et al 2016
• Albarado et al 2010
• Albayrak et al 2019
• Albertella and Sacerdote 1995
• Albertengo and Petroianni 2002
• Alberts 2009
• Alberts et al
• Albertson et al 2012
• Albright et al 2020
• Alby 2005
• Alby 2015
• Alcaydé et al 1972
• Alcock and Hagar 1989
• Aldrich and Krabill 1972
• Alekseev and Bazarov 1997
• Alekseev and Bazarov 1997
• Alemu 2023
• Alexander 1969
• Alexander 1978
• Alexander 2024
• Alexander and Fournier 1963
• Alexander et al 1974
• Alexander et al 1975
• Alexander et al 1993
• Alfredsson and Ågren 2025
• Ali and Crawford 1988
• Ali and Sartuk 2003
• Alivokhin et al
• Alja’afreh et al 2026
• All Shuttle Centaur engine 1987
• Allegre et al 1986
• Allen 1955
• Allen 1957
• Allen 1960
• Allen 1962
• Allen 1966
• Allen 1969
• Allen and Eggers 1958
• Allen and Singleton 1968
• Allik et al 2013
• Allik et al 2014
• Allison 2017
• Almár et al 1970
• Alnahdi and Toka 2024
• Alnaqbi et al 2025
• Alper and Arnbak 1980
• Alper et al 1968
• AlSamman and Stern
• Alsenwi et al 2024
• Alsenwi et al 2025
• Altamimi 2009
• Altamimi et al 1993
• Altamimi et al 2002
• Altamimi et al 2002
• Altamimi et al 2005
• Altamimi et al 2005
• Altamimi et al 2011
• Altamimi et al 2016
• Altamimi et al 2017
• Altman and Lorell 1952
• Altuntas et al 2024
• Alvito et al 2025
• Alvord et al 2024
• Amacker and Graff 1965
• Amano 2024
• Amano 2026
• Amarjargal and Bulgan 2019
• Ambur et al 1996
• Amdahl 1993
• Ameer Khan et al 2025
• Amenabar et al 1988
• Amin et al 2019
• Amin et al 2020
• Aminah and Anjasmara 2021
• Amjadiparvar et al 2013
• Amjadiparvar et al 2015
• Ammar et al 2018
• Ammons 1973
• Amos and Featherstone 2008
• Amos et al
• Amos et al
• Amozegay et al 2025
• Ampatzidis and Melachroinos 2017
• Amster et al 1968
• An 11-13 GHz Satellite 1974
• An Airborne Telescope-Camera System 1974
• An analysis of chemical 1965
• An Equivalent Propellant Sloshing 2018
• An et al 1989
• An et al 2021
• An et al 2021
• An et al 2023
• An Experimental Investigation of 1960
• Analysis of Proportional Navigation 2007, Analysis of Proportional Navigati
• Analysis of Proportional Navigation 2007, Analysis of Proportional Navigati 2
• Analysis of the Influence 2023
• Ananasso 1994
• Anand 2021
• Anand et al 2025
• Ananoff 1941
• Andaristiyan et al 2026
• Anderle 1966
• Anderle 1970
• Anderle et al 1977
• Andersen 1995
• Andersen 2012
• Anderson
• Anderson 1970
• Anderson 1979
• Anderson and Wintz 1968
• Anderson et al
• Anderson et al 1965
• Anderson et al 1967
• Anderson et al 1996
• Anderson et al 2000
• Anderson et al 2016
• Anderson et al 2019
• Andi et al 2025
• Andiyappan et al 2025
• Andrew et al 1966
• Andrews
• Andriievskyi et al 2018
• Andrisani 1995
• Andritsanos et al 2022
• Andrus 1979
• André 2026
• Aneja 2024
• Anex et al 1991
• Anfiloff 1979
• Angeletti et al 2014
• Angeletti et al 2020
• Angermann et al
• Angermann et al
• Angermann et al 2000
• Angermann et al 2000
• Angermann et al 2010
• Angermann et al 2011
• Angus-Leppan 1984
• Anilkumar et al 2017
• Anisha Selva Kala et al 2025
• Anisha Selva Kala et al 2027
• Anjana et al 2022
• Ankarsward 1972
• Ann et al 2018
• Annaloro et al 2020
• Annan et al 2023
• Anogianakis 1997
• Ansari 2017
• Ansari and Bajodah 2016
• Ansari et al 2012
• Ansary and Rahrooh
• Anselmo and Pardini 2000
• Anselmo and Pardini 2008
• Anthoine et al 2014
• Anti-Nuclear Politics 1989
• Anticipatory Attacks and Nuclear 2016
• Antokhin 2025
• Antoni 2022
• Antonio Dollevedo
• Antonov 2011
• Antonyan and Volchkova
• Anum et al 2022
• Anzalone et al 2020
• Aoki and Ota 1986
• Aorpimai and Navakitkanok 2014
• Aorpimai and Navakitkanok 2015
• Aparicio and Floría 1999
• Aparicio and Floría 2001
• Apochkina et al 2025
• Apoorva et al 2020
• Appar and Kumar 2021
• Appar et al 2022
• Appel and Kruger 1980
• Appendix A Satellite Constellation 2001
• Appendix B Functions associated 1998
• Appendix B Inertial navigation 2004
• Appendix C Data for 2006
• Appendix C Rocket Engine 1992
• Applebaum et al 2011
• Appleby et al 2016
• Application of Constraint Force 2013
• Application of MMICs in 1994
• Applications of a Dedicated 1979
• Arabelos and Tscherning 1988
• Arabelos and Tscherning 1991
• Arabelos and Tziavos 1995
• Araki and Suzuki
• Arbabmir and Ebrahimi 2020
• Ardalan and Grafarend 2001
• Ardalan and Safari 2005
• Ardalan et al 2002
• Ardalan et al 2009
• Arens et al 2010
• Argentiero et al 1976
• Argyris et al 1989
• Argyris et al 1990
• Ariane Launch Vehicle A 1977
• Ariffin and Arsad 2022
• Arinchev 2020
• Aritonang et al 2022
• Ariyanto 2015
• Armantrout and Hafen 1997
• Armendariz et al 1962
• Armenise 2010
• Armin et al 2025
• Armstrong 1989
• Armstrong 2010
• Armstrong 2014
• Armstrong and Schlumberger 1990
• Army Aviation Board Fort Rucker Al 1960
• Army Ballistic Missile Agency 1959
• Army Materiel Command Alexandria Va 1975
• Army Missile Command Redstone Arsenal Al 1961
• Army Scientific Advisory Panel Washington Dc 1975
• Army Scientific Advisory Panel Washington Dc 1975
• Arnas 2021
• Arnas and Casanova 2020
• Arnaud 1968
• Arndt et al 2011
• Arnett 1993
• Arnold 2013
• Arnold 2013
• Arnold et al 1977
• Arnold et al 2018
• Arockiam et al 2012
• Arora 2002
• Arora and Ananthasayanam 2003
• Arora and Goyal 2017
• Arora et al 2003
• Arorat and Vinh 1965
• Arribas et al 2023
• Arrick 1960
• Arritt et al 1973
• Arrow et al 2003
• Artamanov 1963
• Arthur and Kemp 2025
• Artitthang et al 2010
• Arun and Sriram 2007
• Arı et al 2025
• Asad et al 2017
• Asad et al 2020
• Ascent Trajectory Analysis and 2022
• Asciolla 2026
• Ash and Weinberg 1983
• Ash et al 1980
• Ash et al 1998
• Ashby 1978
• Ashenberg and Broucke 1993
• Ashizawa 2023
• Ashkenazi et al 1990
• Ashok et al 2025
• Ashok Gandhi et al 2020
• Ashraf and Haq 2023
• Ashraf and Nafees 2011
• Ashry et al 2022
• Asl and Farahani 2013
• Aslanov 2017
• Aslanov and Doroshin 2002
• Aslanov and Sizov 2020
• Asmar and Renzetti 1994
• Asmus 2019
• Asnada and Sulistyono 2020
• Assaly 1969
• Assem et al 1985
• Assessing missile system reliability 1972
• Assessing Warfighting Capabilities of 2015
• Assessment of candidate-expendable launch 1984
• Assonitis et al 2024
• Astorg and Barreau 1995
• Asundi et al 2017
• Aswathy et al 2013
• Atamanchuk 2025
• Athavale and Singhal 2001
• Athearn 2015
• Atherton 1978
• Atlas Agena-18 Lunar Orbiter 1966
• Atlas Agena-25 Applications Technology 1967
• Atlas Centaur 77 GOES-J 1995, Atlas Centaur 77 GOES-J Wet Dress
• Atlas SOHO Booster and 1995
• Atlas-Agena flight performance for 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance fo
• Atlas-Agena flight performance for 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance fo 2
• Atlas-Agena performance for the 1969
• Atlas-Centaur AC-16 flight performance 1970
• Atlas-Centaur AC-17 performance for 1972
• Atlas-Centaur AC-18 performance evaluation 1971
• Atlas-Centaur AC-19 and AC-20 1971
• Atlas-Centaur flight performance for 1968
• Atlas-Centaur flight performance for 1968
• ATLAS/AGENA-24. Lunar Orbiter-5. Flash 1967
• Atlas/Agena-26 orbiting geophysical observatory-5 1968
• Atlas/Centaur launch-on-time study Final 1965
• Atlas/Centaur Pioneer G operations 1973
• Atlas/Centaur-26 Intelsat 4 F3 1971
• Atlas/Centaur-29 Intelsat 4 F5 1972
• Atlas/Centaur-29 Intelsat IV F5 1972
• Attitude Control and Navigation 2025
• Auboin 1992
• Auclair and Wells 1970
• Audah et al 2010
• Audric et al 2023
• Augath et al 1998
• Augustine 1997
• Auner 2013
• Austen et al 2002
• Australia and extended nuclear 2013
• Auton 2019
• Aveta et al 2023
• Avrutov 2017
• Avrutov and Pozniak 2023
• Avrutov et al 2017
• Avrutov et al 2022
• Avrutov et al 2022
• Avsar et al 2015
• Awad and Hassan 1995
• Axell et al 2015
• Aydemir and Saranlı 2012
• Aynul Islam and Rubel Molla 2025
• Ayran et al 2026
• Ayre and Lee 1965
• Ayres-Sampaio et al 2015
• Azevedo and Buonomo 1999
• Azhari et al 2020
• Azier et al 2022
• Azimov 2013
• Azimov and Bishop 2025
• Azimov and Bishop 2026
• Azmin et al 2024
• Azmin et al 2024
• Azodi et al 2022
• Aït-Lakbir et al 2026
• B. et al 2019
• Baarda and Alberda 1962
• Baba et al 1991
• Baba et al 1994
• Baballe 2024
• Babb and Fuller 1962
• Bacchus and Hendrix 1965
• Bacchus et al 1975
• Bachman et al 1966
• Bachynski 1965
• Backus et al 1985
• Bacsardi and Imre 2010
• Badal and Vincent 1970
• Baddour and Quitter 1968
• Badea et al 2025
• Badekas and Mueller 1968
• Baer and Morrow 1984
• Bagautdinov et al 2025
• Bagherbandi and Tenzer 2013
• Bagley and Billions 1963
• Bagley and Billions 1963
• Bahgat 2007
• Bahgat 2019
• Bahm and Hoffman 1971
• Bahrami 1977
• Bai 2006
• Bai et al 2014
• Bai et al 2014
• Bai et al 2015
• Bai et al 2016
• Bai et al 2018
• Bai et al 2018
• Bai et al 2020
• Bai et al 2025
• Bainum and Reiss 1995
• Bainum et al 1996
• Bairamov and Bairamov 2022
• Baird and Bergman 1970
• Bairstow and Barton 2007
• Bajrami Lubishtani et al 2023
• Bakeman 1962
• Baker 1955
• Baker 1967
• Baker 1968
• Baker 1969
• Baker 1986
• Baker and Kramer 1979
• Baker and Kramer 1982
• Bako 2026
• Bako and Kusche 2023
• Bako et al 2022
• Bako et al 2024
• Bakırcı 2024
• Balaji and Jerry Alexander 2015
• Balakrishnan and Chaussee 1988
• Balakrishnan and Shen 1996
• Balas 2012
• Balasubramaniam and Johnson 2020
• Balbirnie et al 1975
• Balcomb 1972
• Baldesi et al 2008
• Baldus et al 2013
• Baldwin et al
• Balepin 2001
• Balepin 2006
• Balesdent et al 2010
• Balesdent et al 2010
• Balesdent et al 2011
• Balesdent et al 2012
• Balesdent et al 2022
• Ball 2019
• Ballard 1992
• Ballay et al 2002
• Balling and Batista 1968
• Ballistic Missile and Aerospace 1961
• Ballistic Missile and Space 1960, Ballistic Missile and Space Elect
• Ballistic Missile and Space 1960, Ballistic Missile and Space Techn
• Ballistic missile defence ‘Technology 2009
• Ballistic missile defence 1986
• Ballistic Missile Defense 2020
• Ballistic Missile Defense Abbreviations 2024
• Ballistic Missile Defense and 2013
• Ballistic Missile Defense BMD 2017
• Ballistic missile defense cooperation 2020
• Ballistic missile defense in 2020
• Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies 2014
• Ballistic Missile Defense, Still 2001
• Ballistic Missile Early Warning
• Ballistic Missile Early Warning 2004
• Ballistic missile flight testing 1981
• Ballistic Missile Fundamentals How 2006
• Ballistic Missile Office Norton Afb Ca 1986
• Ballistic Missile Proliferation 2006
• Ballistic Missiles and Regional 2008
• Ballistic Systems Div Norton Afb Ca 1962
• Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1994
• Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1995
• Ballistic, cruise missile, and 1996
• Balmino 1975
• Balmino 2003
• Balmino et al 1976
• Baltaci and Shortt 2023
• Baltic Sea Chart Datum
• Balzer and Belsley 1973
• Bamberg et al 2018
• Bamberg et al 2026
• Ban et al 2022
• Bandari 2021
• Bandyopadhyay 2010
• Banerjee and Coppey 1975
• Banerjee and Padhi 2017
• Banerjee and Utreja 1975
• Banerjee et al 2019
• Banerjee et al 2024
• Banevičienė 2026
• Bang 2026
• Bang et al 2024
• Bangert and Cunningham 1988
• Banken et al 2022
• Banno and Kinefuchi 2023
• Bao et al 2019
• Bao et al 2023
• Baozhong Cheng et al
• Bar-Itzhack 1981
• Bar-Itzhack and Goshen-Meskin 1988
• Bar-Itzhack and Harman 2004
• Baran et al 2013
• Barasch et al 1981
• Baraskar et al 2024
• Barato et al 2021
• Barbera 1980
• Barilaro et al 2025
• Barkova 2022
• Barnett 1962
• Barnett 1966
• Barnwal et al 2024
• Barr 1991
• Barret 1997
• Barret 1998
• Barrett 1963
• Barrett 1969
• Barrett 1997
• Barrett 2011
• Barrios and Brown 1966
• Barrios and Motai 2017
• Barron and Timmerhaus 1969
• Barry 2022
• Barrère 1977
• Barsi and Kassemi 2008
• Bartamian et al 2007
• Bartel et al 1988
• Bartels et al 2010
• Barthelemy et al 1987
• Barthelmes and Dietrich 1991
• Barthle and Riley 1966
• Bartholomé 1981
• Bartolome Calvo and Hannemann 2009
• Barton 1961
• Bartone et al 2001
• Bartone et al 2002
• Barty et al 2009
• Barun and Ozkazane
• Barzaghi et al 2016
• Barzaghi et al 2026
• Barzegar Gerdroodbary et al 2014
• Basana et al 2024
• Basar and Ghosh 2023
• Basic Model of Constellation 2022
• Basic Observation Concepts and 2003
• Basic Principles Of Satellite 2002
• Basic Principles of Satellite 2013
• Basic principles of strapdown 2004
• Basics of Missile Guidance 2007
• Basil et al 2021
• Bastos et al 2001
• Bataleblu and Roshanian 2015
• Bateman et al 1966
• Bates and Young 2012
• Batrakov 1963
• Batten 1965
• Batthula et al 2022
• Battie et al 2012
• Battin 1964
• Battin 1965
• Battin 2002
• Battistini and Menegaz 2017
• Battiston et al 2017
• Battle and Gottlieb 1964
• Baucom 1995
• Bauer 1967
• Bauman 2010
• Baumann 1961
• Baumann and Pellander 2020
• Baumann et al 2011
• Baumeister 2014
• Baumeister 2015
• Baumgartner 1997
• Baxter 2020
• Bayari and Sadoun 2011
• Bayle et al 2002
• Bayoud and Sideris 2003
• Bayoud and Skaloud 2008
• Bazarov 1998
• Beal et al 1965
• Beam 1964
• Beardslee 1964
• Beasley 2004
• Beatty and Psiaki 2025
• Beck and Beach 2003
• Becka et al 2008
• Becker 1973
• Becker and Becker 2015
• Becker et al 2015
• Beckman et al 2018
• Bedford 1995
• Beer and Lennox 1965
• Beer and Lennox 1966
• Beers et al 2013
• Begin et al 2012
• Behm 2021
• Beich and Veth 2010
• Beier 1988
• Beitia et al 2017
• Belancik
• Belcher
• Belcher
• Belikov and Petrovskaya 1991
• Belk et al 1997
• Bell 1995
• Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1954
• Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1955
• Bell et al 1991
• Bell et al 1992
• Bellany 2006
• Bellany 2013
• Bellany 2021
• Belletti Araque et al 2021
• Bellows et al 1984
• Belousov and Krivosheev 2023
• Belousov and Ponomarev 2016
• Belov et al 1999
• Belsterling 1965
• Beltracchi and Nguyen 1992
• Beltran and Kosvic 1966
• Belyaev and Istomin 2010
• Belzer and Cho 1988
• Ben Temim
• Benabdellah 2026
• Bender 2001
• Bendoukha et al 2017
• Benedict 2015
• Benedikter et al 2021
• Benedikter et al 2022
• Benedikter et al 2025
• Benfriha et al 2026
• Benito et al 2017
• Benjamin and McConnaughey 1991
• Benjamin and Rajeev 2020
• Bennett 2025
• Benson and Mason 2011
• Benson et al 1968
• Bentley et al
• Bentley et al 2023
• Benton 1989
• Bentoutou 2005
• Bentsman et al 1991
• Benzing et al
• Berbert 1960
• Berg et al 2018
• Berger 1975
• Berger and Ligier 1978
• Berggren et al 1948
• Bergh 1990
• Bergh et al 1982
• Berglund and Wilkins 2003
• Berglund et al 2005
• Berglund et al 2006
• Berglund et al 2007
• Berglund et al 2009
• Bergmans et al 1997
• Berioli et al 2003
• Berioli et al 2007
• Berkane and Tayebi 2021
• Berman 1966
• Bermudez 2024
• Berning et al 2023
• Berns and Lacovic 1968
• Berns et al 1968
• Berns et al 1968
• Bernstein 1982
• Bernstein and Janssen 2021
• Bernstein et al 1949
• Bernstein et al 2020
• Berque and Georges 1992
• Berry et al 1981
• Bershadskyi et al 2022
• Bertelrud et al 1992
• Berthelot 2025
• Bertiger et al 1993
• Bertram 1999
• Bertucchi 2001
• Bestetti et al 2019
• Betar et al 2026
• Bettella et al 2013
• Betti and Sansò
• Betti and Sansò 1986
• Bettinger 2019
• Bettinger 2021
• Bettis and Hosder 2010
• Bettis et al 2011
• Bettner 1995
• Betts and Frederick 2010
• Betz 1967
• Beusch 1965
• Bevington and Marttila
• Beynon 1982
• Bezick
• Bezkorovainyi et al 2021
• Bhale et al 2006
• Bhargavi Yadav Manche and Yadav Manche 2024
• Bhat et al 1993
• Bhatia and Geller 2020
• Bhatt and Kumar 2025
• Bhattacharjee and Mukherjee 2024
• Bhattacharjee et al 2023
• Bhattacharji 1970
• Bhattacharji 1973
• Bhattacharji 1980
• Bhattacharji 1984
• Bhattacharji and Ray 1981
• Bhojan et al 2026
• Bhope et al 2025
• Biagioni 2000
• Bialecke et al 1970
• Bialla and Simon 1990
• Bian et al 2025
• Bian et al 2026
• Biao et al 2024
• Bibeau and Rubinstein 2000
• Bichler 2015
• Bickford 1968
• Bickford and Gage 1991
• Bidel et al 2020
• Bidwell 1967
• Bieber 1967
• Biertümpfel et al 2020
• Biertümpfel et al 2021
• Bifurcation Analysis for the 2004
• Bilandzic 2019
• Bilen 2005
• Biliaiev et al 2024
• Biliske and Patel 2024
• Billet 1964
• Billman 1975
• Bills and Eriksson 1965
• Bin 2017
• Binder 1993
• Binder 1995
• Binder et al 1997
• Bingham 2021
• Binion 1964
• Binion et al 1962
• Binkley 2019
• Birbasov et al
• Birol 2021
• Bishop 2013
• Bishop and Dicristina 1967
• Biswas 1986
• Bitharis et al 2017
• Bittle and Plummer
• Bityurin and Bocharov 2014
• Bizouard and Gambis 2009
• Bjerhammar 1969
• Bjerhammar 1969
• Bjorklund et al 1979
• Blaas and Wiggenraad 1986
• Blachier et al 1972
• Black 2020
• Black et al 1967
• Black-Branch 2020
• Black-Branch and Fleck 2020
• Blackmon 2020
• Blackmore et al 2010
• Blackwell 1966
• Blades and Redgrave 2000
• Blades et al 1999
• Blaha 1983
• Blair et al 2011
• Blais and Provins 2003
• Blake 1989
• Blake and Esselman 1961
• Blakseth et al 2025
• Blanchard 1978
• Blanchet and Bartos 2001
• Blanchet et al 2001
• Blaney and Thienel 1991
• Blaszak and Fahrenholz 1960
• Blelloch and Coe 2000
• Blelloch et al 1999
• Blelloch et al 2000
• Blevins 1952
• Bleviss 1976
• Blewitt 2015
• Blewitt et al 1992
• Blewitt et al 2013
• Blick et al 2009
• Blitzer 1957
• Blitzer 1959
• Blitzkow and Fairhead 1995
• Blodgett et al 1986
• Blois et al 2023
• Blois et al 2025
• Bloomer 1999
• Bloßfeld et al 2015
• Blum 1966
• Blum and Dambeck 2020
• Blume 1975
• Blumenthal and Denton 1962
• Bláha et al 1996
• BniLam et al 2025
• Bo et al 2024
• Bo Zhang et al 2007
• Bob 2011
• Bobbitt 1988
• Bobbitt 1988
• Boccolini et al 2008
• Bocian et al 1970
• Bodele et al 2002
• Bodkin et al 2023
• Bodle and Hackley 1975
• Boduroğlu and Sakarya 2023
• Boedecker and Stürze
• Boedecker et al 1995
• Boedeker et al 1968
• Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1943
• Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1961
• Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1962
• Boeing Co Seattle Wa 1962
• Boelitz et al 2003
• Bogdanoff et al 2017
• Bogdanov and Golovan 2017
• Boggs 2004
• Boglis and Stoica 2020
• Bogucki et al 2026
• Bohlig et al 2025
• Bohlouri et al 2020
• Bohm and Perermann 1987
• Bohman et al 2024
• Bohne 1964
• Boiko et al 2024
• Bolandi and Abrehdari 2018
• Bolender and Doman 2005
• Bolender and Doman 2006
• Boley and Byers 2021
• Boliubash 2025
• Bollino et al 2006
• Bollino et al 2006
• Bolotin and Doroshin 2011
• Bolotin and Doroshin 2011
• Bolotin and Savin 2022
• Bolotin and Vyazmin 2015
• Bolotin and Vyazmin 2017
• Bolotin and Vyazmin 2018
• Bolotin and Vyazmin 2021
• Bolshinskiy et al 2015
• Bolshinskiy et al 2017
• Bolt 1981
• Boltz 2004
• Bonalli et al 2020
• Bondarenko et al 2024
• Bondarenko et al 2025
• Bonenberg and Glomsvoll 2016
• Bongers et al 2025
• Bonin 2013
• Bonivert et al 1989
• Bonnabel et al 2006
• Bonnal and Naumann 1999
• Bonnal et al 2009
• Bonney 1960
• Bonnin et al 2022
• Bono et al 1964
• Boone and Bettinger 2021
• Bordelon 1962
• Bordelon et al 2002
• Bordelon et al 2003
• Bordelon et al 2003
• Borelli and Carroll 1967
• Borelli and Colombo 2026
• Borhani-Darian et al 2020
• Borio 2016
• Borio 2018
• Borio et al 2016
• Born et al 1972
• Bornholdt et al 1986
• Borodacz and Szczepański 2023
• Borovik et al 2019
• Borrelli and Pandolfi 1991
• Borrelli et al 2009
• Borrelli et al 2010
• Borst et al 1984
• Bosch
• Bosch 2003
• Bosch et al 2000
• Bosy et al 2009
• Botai and Combrinck 2012
• Botai et al 2013
• Botai et al 2016
• Botez et al 2026
• Bouchard 1988
• Boucher 1990
• Boucher and Altamimi 1986
• Boucher and Altamimi 1993
• Boucher et al 1990
• Boucher et al 1998
• Boudreaux et al 2012
• Boulding 2021
• Bouley et al 2010
• Boumalek et al 2021
• Boumalek et al 2024
• Bouman 2011
• Bouman and Koop 2001
• Bourdelle et al 2019
• Boury and Filipuzzi 2001
• Bouslog et al 1993
• Boutelle et al
• Bowamn 1975
• Bowen 2000
• Bowen 2000
• Bowen 2000
• Bowen 2000
• Bowen 2000
• Bowen 2010
• Bowen and Marchetta 2022
• Bower and Thomas 2018
• Bowers 2022
• Bowers and Hiim 2021
• Bowie 1917
• Bowine 1965
• Bowlin 2001
• Bowman 1967
• Bowman 2002
• Bowman and Knippenberg 1966
• Bowman and Savin 1959
• Bowman and Speyer 1987
• Boyarsky et al 2010
• Boyarsky et al 2010
• Boyd 1963
• Boyd et al 1967
• Boyd et al 2005
• Boykin and McNair 1966
• Boylan et al 2005
• Boynton 1967
• Boynton 1968
• Boysan et al 2007
• Bozajian 1973
• Brace and Shultz 1980
• Bracken 1982
• Bradford and Crocker 2002
• Bradford and St. Germain 2010
• Bradley 1987
• Bradley 2006
• Bradley et al 2018
• Braga-Illa 1969
• Braga-Illa and Snider 1968
• Braithwaite 1962
• Bramson 1969
• Brandenburg 2011
• Brandon 1994
• Branets 2020
• Brashears 2024
• Brathwaite and Saleh 2009
• Braun et al 1970
• Braun et al 1995
• Braun et al 1996
• Braun et al 2024
• Braun et al 2025
• Brazzel 1963
• Breckenridge and Treder 1978
• Bredlau 2026
• Breitsamter et al 2001
• Brennan 1967
• Brennecke and Lelgemann 1983
• Brennecke and Lelgemann 1984
• Brevault
• Brevault and Balesdent 2021
• Brevault et al 2016
• Brevault et al 2017
• Brevault et al 2020
• Brevault et al 2020
• Briden et al 2024
• Briden et al 2025
• Briden et al 2025
• Briese et al 2018
• Briese et al 2020
• Brighter Than the Sun 2022
• Brinda and Dasgupta 2005
• Brinda and Dasgupta 2006
• Brinich 1958
• Brink et al 2010
• Brinton et al 1994
• Britain and US National
• Britain and US National 2004
• British Nuclear Weapons after
• Brito et al 2015
• Britting 1971
• Brock and Franke 2004
• Brock et al 2019
• Brockmann et al 2021
• Brodersen 1970
• Brodie 1985
• Brodnick et al 2015
• Brodnick et al 2016
• Broglio 1961
• Brookes 1994
• Brooks 1961
• Broomby and Trifoni 2024
• Brouk and DeMars 2021
• Broumandan and Lachapelle 2018
• Broumandan et al 2016
• Broumandan et al 2016
• Broumandan et al 2020
• Broumandan et al 2025
• Broumandan et al 2026
• Brouwer and Hori 1961
• Brouwer and Hori 1961
• Brower and Hori 1960
• Brown 1975
• Brown 1976
• Brown 1977
• Brown 1986
• Brown 1987
• Brown 2002
• Brown 2013
• Brown 2022
• Brown 2022
• Brown 2022
• Brown and Edwards 1959
• Brown and Littlefield 2010
• Brown and Nelson 2005
• Brown and Olds 2005
• Brown and Olds 2006
• Brown et al 1959
• Brown et al 1964
• Brown et al 1967
• Brown et al 1970
• Brown et al 1983
• Brown et al 2000
• Brown et al 2006
• Brown et al 2009
• Brown et al 2023
• Browne 1964
• Browning 1993
• Broxmeyer 1962
• Brozena 1984
• Brozena 1991
• Brozena and Peters 1995
• Brozena et al 1989
• Bruckart 1993
• Brummer 1963
• Bruner and Ohlson 1979
• Bruni
• Brunner 1984
• Brunner 1984
• Bruno and Pavlov
• Brusch 1976
• Brusch 1977
• Brusch and Reed 1972
• Bruton et al 2002
• Bruyere et al 2004
• Brykczynski et al 1993
• Brzezinski 2019
• Bu et al 2022
• Bu et al 2026
• Bucey 2006
• Bucha and Sansò 2021
• Buchar 1958
• Bucher 1975
• Buckmann et al 1989
• Buckmann et al 1992
• Buckner et al 2026
• Bucy 1979
• Budhkar
• Buegler 1970
• Buehrle et al 2010
• Buell 1964
• Building Polaris 1994
• Bulat et al 2024
• Bulirsch and Chudej 1991
• Bulkeley 2020
• Bull 2010
• Bull et al 1996
• Bull et al 2001
• Bull et al 2001
• Bullard 1963
• Bullard 1965
• Bullock
• Bullock and Johanson 2021
• Buning et al 2004
• Bunn 2004
• Buontempo 2015
• Burcham and Diamond 1980
• Burchett et al 2021
• Burdess 1996
• Burdett 1946
• Bureau Of Naval Weapons Washington Dc 1962
• Bureau Of Naval Weapons Washington Dc 1963
• Burgess 2020
• Burghes 1974
• Burke
• Burke et al 1996
• Burke et al 2013
• Burke et al 2024
• Burkhardt and Schoettle 1996
• Burkhart and Smith 1962
• Burkhart and Smith 1964
• Burkhart et al 2006
• Burkholder 1970
• Burko and Price 2005
• Burks 2026
• Burnett and Podesta 1965
• Burns 1971
• Burns 2003
• Burns 2006
• Burns et al 1983
• Burren 1979
• Burrows 1984
• Burrows 2008
• Burrows and Roth 1992
• Burstein 1967
• Burstein et al 1972
• Burton et al 2008
• Bury et al 2018
• Bury et al 2019
• Bury et al 2021
• Burša 1974
• Burša 1974
• Burša 1997
• Burša and Pěč 1993
• Burša et al 1990
• Buschek 2001
• Buschek 2003
• Buschek and Dold 2001
• Business Forecasting for Communication 1966
• Busse and Kreuzer 1967
• Bussiere and Prel 1994
• Butas et al 2001
• Butner and Gartrell 1992
• Butt et al 2009
• Butu et al 2016
• Buursink 1998
• Bużantowicz 2015
• Byczkowski and Rao 2026
• Byerly 1957
• Bynum and Hamlet 1965
• Byrd and Kynard 2007
• Byrne et al 1996
• Byrns and Morford 1976
• Byron and Morse 1968
• Byungje Lee et al 2005
• Bénet, and Guinamard 2026
• Böckmann et al 2009
• Böhm et al 2025
• Bülbül and Cetin 2024
• Błażejczyk and Zagórski 2026
• C.R. et al 2026
• Cabib et al 2009
• Cable et al 2011
• Cabot and Nelson 2003
• Cady and Blackmon 1974
• Caffall et al 2005
• Cagle 1977
• Cai 2014
• Cai and Fang 2022
• Cai and Zhuang 2025
• Cai et al 2013
• Cai et al 2013
• Cai et al 2013
• Cai et al 2016
• Cai et al 2018
• Cai et al 2019
• Cai et al 2024
• Cai et al 2024
• Cai et al 2026
• Cain and Snelling 2022
• Cairns 1970
• Cairns et al 2025
• Calculation of Satellite Position 2011
• Caledonia 1991
• Calhoun 2000
• Calhoun 2010
• Calibration against orientation drifts 2014
• California Univ Regents Berkeley 2007
• Calise and Brandt 2002
• Calise and Brandt 2004
• Calise et al 1997
• Calise et al 1998
• Calise et al 2000
• Call and Mason 1990
• Call and Mason 1992
• Callaghan 1958
• Callaway 1963
• Callot 1981
• Cameron 1977
• Cameron 2003
• Campanella et al 1988
• Campbell
• Campbell 1962
• Campbell 1963
• Campbell and Thomas 2025
• Campbell et al 1988
• Campell and Ladd 1968
• Can Missile Defenses Overturn 2006
• Candy
• Canestorp 2006
• Cankaya and Arnold 2006
• Canniff and Madigan 1969
• Cannon and Rochester 1981
• Canoy and Bettinger 2023
• CanSat mini-satellite project. Test 2018
• Canuto and Colangelo 2014
• Canuto and Massotti 2008
• Canuto and Massotti 2010
• Cao 2014
• Cao and Li 2016
• Cao and Zhang 2019
• Cao et al 2011
• Cao et al 2021
• Cao et al 2023
• Cao et al 2023
• Cao et al 2024
• Cao et al 2025
• Caparra et al 2016
• Caparra et al 2017
• Capece et al
• Capetanakis 1979
• Capitanio and Stavrinidis 1994
• Caplin
• Carbone and Loparo 2023
• Cardarelli
• Cardoni et al 2024
• Careers that Cover the 1984
• Carey 1967
• Carey and Joerger 2025
• Carlson 1971
• Carlson and Bott 1973
• Carlton-Wippern 1988
• Carman and Gibson 1967
• Carnahan 1970
• Carney 2001
• Carns 2023
• Carns 2023
• Carns 2023
• Carns 2023
• Carr et al 2012
• Carr et al 2012
• Carrera-Hernández 2020
• Carrizo et al 2020
• Carrión et al 2023
• Carrión et al 2023
• Carroll 1970
• Carroll 1988
• Carson et al 2011
• Carson et al 2011
• Carter 2011
• Carter and Crusan 1960
• Carter and Robertson 1990
• Carter et al 1969
• Carter et al 1969
• Cartwright 1999
• Casalino 2014
• Casalino and Casalino 1997
• Casalino and Pastrone 1999
• Casasent 1979
• Casasent 1984
• Casewell 1999
• Casewell 1999
• Casey 1971
• Casey 1995
• Casey-Stahmer 1981
• Casiano 2009
• Casiano et al 2009
• Casiano et al 2010
• Cass 1988
• Cassaro et al 2022
• Cassell et al 2019
• Castaldi et al 2023
• Castel 2019
• Castellani et al 1983
• Castellini et al 2010
• Castor et al 2025
• Castro et al 2014
• Cathcart
• Catlin 1964
• Cato 1964
• Catovic and Kljuno 2021
• Causey and Sohoni 1973
• Cavacece 2024
• Cavallari and Pucacco 2022
• Cavallini et al 2016
• Cavitation Instabilities and Rotordynamic 2017
• Cazenave and Ferestier 1971
• Cechowicz 2017
• Celani 2016
• Celani 2018
• Celebiler and Stette 1978
• Celenligil et al 1988
• Celms et al 2017
• Cenker et al 1996
• Centaur in retrospect 1968
• Centaur Upper Stage 1989
• Ceran 2026
• Ceriotti and McInnes 2014
• Cerre et al 1997
• Cervantes et al 2022
• Cervone et al 2005
• Cervone et al 2009
• Cha and Ko 2025
• Cha et al 2019
• Cha et al 2024
• Chabbi et al 2024
• Chachin and Azin
• Chacon 1966
• Chaddha 2010
• Chaddha 2011
• Chai et al 2020
• Chaillet 1965
• Chakrabarti et al 2024
• Chakraborty and Millward 1965
• Chakraborty et al 2024
• Chamberlin 1964
• Chambon
• Chandan 2024
• Chander and Krishna 2013
• Chander and Krishna 2013
• Chandler 2015
• Chandler 2019
• Chandler 2023
• Chandler 2023
• Chandler 2024
• Chandler and Herrera 2025
• Chandler et al 2026
• Chang 1979
• Chang 1979
• Chang 1980
• Chang and Nielsen 1990
• Chang et al 2018
• Chang et al 2021
• Chang et al 2022
• Chang et al 2023
• Changsheng et al 2006
• Channon and Barry 1967
• Chao 2024
• Chao and Chan 1992
• Chao et al 2010
• Chaofan et al 2014
• Chaowanapreecha
• Chaowanapreecha et al 2025
• Chapman 1992
• Chapter 10. Non-Destructive Countermeasures 1988
• Chapter 12 Methodology of 2013
• Chapter 13 Numerical Modeling 2013
• Chapter 2. Nuclear Weapons
• chapter 3 - Pakistan’s
• Chapter 3. Ballistic Missile 1986
• Chapter 4. Status and 1988
• Chapter 5. Ballistic Missile 1988
• Chapter 7. Ballistic Missile 1986
• Chapter 9 Heritage of 2009
• Chapter I Satellite Motion 1967
• Chapter IV Gravitational Potential 1967
• CHAPTER ONE. Extended Deterrence 2017
• CHAPTER SEVEN. Does the 1990
• CHAPTER TWO Second-Strike Counterforce 1990
• CHAPTER TWO. The Nuclear 2017
• Chapter V Determination of 1967
• Chapter VIII Determination of 1967
• Characteristics of Satellite Breakups 1989
• Chari et al 2024
• Charles and Hipkin 1995
• Chartres et al 2005
• Charyk 1966
• Chase 1980
• Chase 1992
• Chase and McKinney 2005
• Chase et al 1978
• Chasteen 2011
• Chasteen 2012
• Chato 2006
• Chatterjee
• Chatterjee and Stan 2024
• Chatterjee et al 2015
• Chatzinikos and Delva 2026
• Chau-Vo et al 2024
• Chauvin et al 1957
• Chawla et al 2010
• Che et al 2021
• Cheah et al 2025
• Cheatham et al 1960
• Chechin
• Chelouati et al 2021
• Chen 1964
• Chen 1995
• Chen 2016
• Chen 2026
• Chen and Chakravarthi 1994
• chen and chen 2024
• Chen and Cui 2016
• Chen and He 2025
• Chen and Park 2005
• Chen and Qin 2026
• Chen and Tseng 2011
• Chen and Wang 1988
• Chen and Xia 2016
• Chen and Zhou 2014
• Chen et al 1977
• Chen et al 1993
• Chen et al 1999
• Chen et al 2001
• Chen et al 2007
• Chen et al 2008
• Chen et al 2010
• Chen et al 2010
• Chen et al 2011
• Chen et al 2012
• Chen et al 2012
• Chen et al 2016
• Chen et al 2017
• Chen et al 2017
• Chen et al 2018
• Chen et al 2019
• Chen et al 2019
• Chen et al 2019
• Chen et al 2019
• Chen et al 2019
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2022
• Chen et al 2022
• Chen et al 2022
• Chen et al 2023
• Chen et al 2023
• Chen et al 2023
• Chen et al 2024
• Chen et al 2024
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2025
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen Liu et al 2016
• Chen* 2019
• Cheng 1954
• Cheng 2023
• Cheng and Farmer 2002
• Cheng and Feng 2019
• Cheng and Liu 1997
• Cheng and Tam 2014
• Cheng and Tapley 1999
• Cheng et al 2005
• Cheng et al 2013
• Cheng et al 2015
• Cheng et al 2016
• Cheng et al 2016
• Cheng et al 2017
• Cheng et al 2017
• Cheng et al 2018
• Cheng et al 2019
• Cheng et al 2019
• Cheng et al 2020
• Cheng et al 2020
• Cheng et al 2021
• Cheng et al 2021
• Cheng et al 2021
• Cheng et al 2022
• Cheng et al 2022
• Cheng et al 2023
• Cheng et al 2024
• Cheng et al 2024
• Cheng et al 2025
• Cheng et al 2025
• Cheng et al 2025
• Cheng et al 2026
• Chengchao et al 2018
• Cherniavskyi 2026
• Cherniavskyi et al 2026
• Chernikova et al 2019
• Chernodarov et al 2022
• Chernodarov et al 2024
• Cherry 1964
• Chesley 1964
• Cheuk et al 2012
• Chevron and Noren
• Chhabildas and Boslough 1993
• Chhabra et al 2026
• Chheda et al 2006
• Chi et al 2024
• Chia-Sheng Tsai and Szu-Lin Su
• Chiccine et al 1959
• Chichka et al 1987
• Chidambararaj and Sharma 2016
• Chiesa and Callabresi 1981
• Chiesa et al 2005
• Chikovani 2022
• Childers et al 1999
• Chin et al 1964
• Chin et al 2020
• Chin et al 2023
• Chin et al 2026
• China achieves first reusable 2026
• Ching 1971
• Ching and Rugge 1975
• Ching et al 2019
• Chiou et al 1997
• Chirayath and Bindu 2014
• Chircop and Kachoyan 2018
• Chireau 1966
• Chirila and Mihalache 2013
• Chitwood 1962
• Chiu 1987
• Chiu and Shih 2014
• Chiville and Shute 1965
• Cho 2010
• Cho 2023
• Cho et al 2004
• Cho et al 2013
• Cho et al 2021
• Cho et al 2022
• Cho et al 2024
• Choi and Jung 2019
• Choi and Kim 2024
• Choi and Kim 2025
• Choi and Kim 2026
• Choi and Lee 2023
• Choi and Moon 2022
• Choi et al 2002
• Choi et al 2009
• Choi et al 2024
• Choi et al 2026
• Choiriyah and Fadilah 2019
• Chorafas 1997
• Chou and Anderson
• Choueiri 2026
• Chovitz 1972
• Chovitz 1974
• Chovitz and Fischer 1959
• Chowdhury and Nair 2017
• Christensen 1980
• Christensen and Brunty 1996
• Christensen et al 1997
• Christian et al 1988
• Christian et al 1989
• Christiansen et al 2009
• Christie 2006
• Christie 2026
• Christison 2024
• Christoph 1985
• Christopher 2010
• Christopher 2014
• Chu and Chen 2017
• Chu et al 2019
• Chudej 1994
• Chun Chaesung 2017
• Chunfeng et al 2025
• Chung 2018
• Chung 2023
• Chung 2026
• Chung and Peebles 2004
• Chung et al 2022
• Chunling Wu and Chongzhao Han 2007
• Churchill et al 1969
• Chyad and Al-Saedi 2018
• Chymyrov et al 2020
• Cican et al 2014
• Cid et al 1983
• Cikanek 1986
• Cimbala 2011
• Cimbala 2012
• Cimbala 2014
• Cimbala 2020
• Cimbala 2025
• Cimbala 2026
• Cimino et al 2025
• Cimmino et al 2023
• Cimmino et al 2025
• Cipolletti et al
• Cirkovic 2021
• Ciufolini 1990
• Civek and Özgören 2017
• Civek-Coskun and Ozgoren 2013
• Claassen 1975
• Claggett and Langehough 1989
• Clapp 1965
• Clark 1967
• Clark 1967
• Clark 1970
• Clark 1999
• Clark and McLamb 1983
• Clark et al 1972
• Clarke 1980
• Clarke and Gutierrez 2000
• Clary and Narang 2019
• Claydon 1999
• Clayton and Posingies 1965
• Clem and Schaffert 1965
• Clement 1965
• Clement 1994
• Clement et al 2005
• Clemente 1958
• Clements et al 2022
• Clemmons 1965
• Clemmons 1965
• Clemons III and Chang 2006
• Clerc 2018
• Cliff 1989
• Cline and Wilmoth 1984
• Cloutier and Swan
• Coakley
• Coates and Horton 1970
• Cocaul et al 2025
• Cockburn and Robertson 1974
• Cockrell et al 2006
• Cockrell et al 2007
• Cody et al 1985
• Coelho Martins
• Coetsee et al 1995
• Coffee and Maganty 1996
• Coffin 1970
• Coffman and Debra 1975
• Cohen et al 1999
• Coirault 1980
• Colasurdo et al 1995
• Colasurdo et al 1996
• Colasurdo et al 1997
• Colby 2012
• Cole 1999
• Cole and Henning 1991
• Cole et al 2000
• Coleman 2000
• Coletta et al 1964
• Colicci et al 2025
• Collected Reports of the 1988
• Collilieux and Altamimi
• Collilieux and Altamimi 2012
• Collilieux et al 2010
• Collilieux et al 2010
• Collins 1990
• Collins 1990
• Collins and Miller 1962
• Collins et al 1986
• Collins et al 1990
• Collision Probabilities in Geosynchronous 1989
• Colombo 1979
• Colombo 1992
• Colonno and Alonso 2008
• Colquitt 1968
• Colson and Thomas 1977
• Colvin and Locke 2024
• Combrinck 2010
• Combustion Instability Analysis Analytical 1995
• Combustion Instability Analysis Application 1995
• Combustion Instability Analysis Calculations 1995
• Combustion Instability Analysis Effects 1995
• Combustion Instability Analysis Numerical 1995
• Combustion Instability and Transient 2007
• Comellini and Casu 2024
• Comfort 1973
• Common Cause Case Study 2006
• Communication Satellites 2006
• Communication Satellites 2014
• Communication satellites for socio-economic 1970
• Communication Services Via Satellite 1992
• Communications Antenna Design for 1977
• Communications Satellite Constellations 2025
• Communications Satellite Corp Washington Dc 1980
• Comparison of Modern Global 2019
• Compellence in a Nuclear 2005
• Composite for anti-missile system 2005
• Composition of Laser Inter-Satellite 2022
• Compton and Tolson 1966
• Compton and Tolson 1967
• Compton et al 1979
• Computer for missile-guidance systems 1956
• Concept Analysis Corp Plymouth Mi 1989
• Concio et al 2023
• Conclusion minimum deterrence to 2014
• Conclusion Nuclear Deterrence and 1990
• Conclusion the future of 2020
• Conclusion The Meaning of 2019
• Conclusion to Part 2 2019
• Cone 1976
• Cong-cong et al 2017
• Conner and Gebhardt 1971
• Conner and Thompson 1963
• Connolly 1968
• Connor and Harrell 1998
• Conrad 1976
• Consequences of Space Debris 2004
• Constancis and Sorine 1992
• Constantino Gomez 2024
• Constellation Multi-Objective Optimization Design 2019
• Construction of mm-Level Terrestrial 2009
• Contreras et al 2026
• Conze 1993
• Coogan 2015
• Cook 1953
• Cook 1963
• Cook 1963
• Cook 1965
• Cook 1966
• Cook 1995
• Cook 1996
• Cook and Craig 1980
• Cook and Vanhooser 2008
• Cooke 2006
• Coombs et al 1999
• Cooper 1961
• Cooper 1968
• Cooper et al 2024
• Cooperman
• Coppen 2022
• Corban 1988
• Corban et al 2001
• Corey 1999
• Corliss and Schwenk 1971
• Corriveau et al 2006
• Cosens and Newton 1988
• Cosenza et al 1962
• Cossette et al 2020
• Cost and Weeks 1980
• Cost Effectiveness Comparison of 1966
• Cost Estimates for Removal 1989
• Costa and Sachs 2002
• Costa et al 2000
• Costakis and Lorenzo 1968
• Costanzo and Ransom 2017
• Cosyn et al 2003
• Cosyn et al 2005
• Coulot et al
• Coulter and Holdeman 1979
• Coulter and Meehan 1981
• Counselman 1991
• Counter and Brinton 1975
• Counterproliferation, Conventional Counterforce and 2013
• Courtney Ray and Debra 1976
• Cowling 2011
• Cox 1987
• Cox 1988
• Cox 2007
• Cox et al 2022
• Cox et al 2025
• Coxe and Tatom 1962
• Coyle 2014
• Coyne and Hall 2023
• Craig and Reich 1981
• Craig et al 1980
• Cramer and Lee 1992
• Cramer et al 1988
• Cramer et al 1990
• Cranford 1969
• Crawford 1983
• Crawford 1998
• Crawley and Maunder 1966
• Crawshaw and Maxey 2023
• Creaser and Bauer 2024
• Creaser et al 1998
• Crenshaw 1983
• Crespo et al 2026
• Critical Speed Analysis of 2005
• Crocco 1951
• Crocco 1952
• Crocetto and Russo 1996
• Crocetto and Russo 1996
• Crocker and Greene 2017
• Crocker and Swenson 1968
• Crocker et al 2015
• Crocoll et al 2013
• Crombie 1989
• Crook and Tarrant 1998
• Crook et al 2016
• Crose 1965
• Crowe and Carlson 1970
• Crowther 1962
• Cruise Missiles
• Crupper et al 1988
• Cruz-Sanchez et al 2007
• Cruz-Sanchez et al 2008
• Cruz-Sanchez et al 2012
• Cruz-Sánchez et al 2010
• Cryogenic propellant fluid, properties 1967
• Cuadrat-Grzybowski and Gill 2024
• Cubic Corp San Diego Ca 1961
• Cucchi et al 2020
• Cuff 1994
• Cui 1990
• Cui 2012
• Cui and Wang 2025
• Cui et al 2010
• Cui et al 2019
• Cui et al 2024
• Cui et al 2025
• Cuk 2008
• Culbertson 1965
• Culver and Rochow 1993
• Culver et al 2014
• Cunningham 1963
• Cunningham 1969
• Cunningham and Higgins 1970
• Cunningham et al 2024
• Curey 2013
• Curlander and Kiefer 1965
• Curran and O�Driscoll 2016
• Curran et al 2016
• Current GEO FSS Satellite 2000
• Current Orbital Debris Environment 1989
• Curtis et al
• Cusick and Kontis 2019
• Cusick et al 2020
• Cutting and Gates 1962
• Cutting and Gates 1963
• Cvrlje 1999
• Cyber Deterrence and Nuclear 2017
• Cyran and Quinn 1991
• Czajkowski 2021
• d’Agostino et al 2017
• D’Antuono et al 2024
• D.Yu. Brezhnev 2019
• D7.1 Satellite laser ranging 2003
• da Costa and Sachs 2003
• Da Cás 2021
• da Cás et al 2019
• Da Silva and Correia de Freitas 2019
• Da Silva et al 2016
• da Silva Fernandes 1989
• da Silva Fernandes and de Moraes 1989
• da Silveira and da Silva Fernandes 2023
• Dabas et al 2025
• Dachert 1997
• Dafler 1962
• Dagomes et al 2020
• Dahlene et al 1969
• Daho 2010
• Dai 2024
• Dai and Ray 1996
• Dai and Wang 2016
• Dai et al 2011
• Dai et al 2015
• Dai et al 2017
• Dai et al 2019
• Dai et al 2022
• Dai et al 2025
• Dai et al 2026
• Daiber et al 1966
• Daidzic et al 1991
• Dak and Radhakrishnan 2022
• Dalazoana et al 2007
• Dale 1990
• Dale and Cox 1972
• Dallas and Jenkins
• Dalle and Rogers 2015
• Dalle et al 2016
• Dalle et al 2023
• Dalle et al 2024
• Dalton and Balakrishnan 1993
• Dalton and Balakrishnan 1996
• Daly 1967
• Daly and Tits 1983
• Damerval 1970
• Dan et al 2022
• Dancer et al 2008
• Dandan et al 2026
• Dangui et al 2009
• Daniel et al 2016
• Danis 1993
• Dankowych et al 1986
• Danuskhkodi 2001
• Daoudi
• Daras et al 2010
• Dardare 1966
• Daren and Jianbo 2002
• Darling 1948
• Darling et al 2012
• Darmansyah Putra Perdana and Heliani 2017
• Darmawan et al 2016
• Darnell 1966
• Das and Giri 2024
• Das and Padmanabhan 2022
• Das et al 2008
• Das et al 2014
• Das et al 2023
• Das et al 2024
• Dasaro 1970
• Dasgupta 1998
• Dasgupta and Ramakrishna 1985
• Dasgupta and Ramakrishna 1986
• Data analysis in connection 1968
• Data analysis in connection 1969
• Data for Some Liquid-Propellant 2016
• Datum problems
• Datum Transformations and Projections 2006
• Daugherty 1981
• Daum et al
• Davami et al 2025
• Davarian 1989
• Davidian 1987
• Davidson 1964
• Davies 1963
• Davis
• Davis 1965
• Davis 1979
• Davis 1988
• Davis and Couch 1980
• Davis and Gilbreath 1998
• Davis and McArthur 2008
• Davis et al 1965
• Davis et al 2002
• Davis et al 2007
• Davydovich and Petruk 2024
• Dawod and Al-Krargy 2025
• Dawod and Haggag 2025
• Dawod and Hussien 2025
• Dawod et al 2010
• Dawod et al 2019
• Dawod et al 2026
• Dawson and Bowles 2004
• Dawson and Bowles 2004
• Day 1990
• Dayman 1971
• Dayoub 2026
• Dayoub 2026
• Dayton 1963
• de Campos 1993
• de França et al 2022
• de Freitas et al 2002
• De Giorgi et al 2008
• de Iaco Veris 2020
• de Iaco Veris 2021
• de Lafontaine et al 2006
• De Leo 1963
• De Liu et al 2016
• De Luca et al 2026
• de Paula and Celestino 2019
• De Virgilio et al 1973
• de Vries et al 2023
• de Weck et al 2004
• Dean 2000
• DeAntona 1997
• DeBay and Richard 1963
• Debey 1960
• Debnath 2016
• DeBra et al 1981
• Deccia et al 2020
• Decentralized Control for an 1966
• DeCesaris et al 1997
• Decker and Gera 1968
• Deepak et al 2006
• Deere et al 2012
• Deese et al 1991
• Defence in the missile 2009
• Defending America from Ballistic 2024
• Defense Mapping Agency Washington Dc 1975
• Defense Science Board Washington Dc 1986
• DeForest 1977
• DeGaudenzi and Giannetti 1995
• Degelsmith et al 1993
• DeGeorge and Fletcher 2002
• Deghuria et al 2023
• Degnan
• Degnan 1993
• Degnan 1997
• Degnan 1998
• Degnan 1999
• Degnan 2023
• Degnan 2024
• Degnan and McGarry 1997
• Degrange 2018
• Dehart 1974
• Dehghanian et al 2012
• Dehls et al 2022
• Deiros et al 2025
• del Portillo et al 2019
• Delamata et al 2010
• Delaye 2000
• Delcher et al 1989
• Delgado and Rodrigues 2022
• Delhaise 1991
• Delhaise 1994
• DeLong et al 2007
• Delorey 1991
• Delporte and Sauvinet 1992
• DeMars et al 2014
• Demianov et al 2000
• Demidovich 2017
• Demir 2017
• Demirel and Demirci 2026
• Demiyanenko et al 2004
• Demjanenko et al 2003
• Demkowicz 2017
• Demory et al 2011
• Den 1966
• Deng 2015
• Deng et al 2020
• Deng et al 2023
• Deng et al 2026
• Deng et al 2026
• Deng et al 2026
• Deng et al 2027
• Deng Wanli et al 1990
• Denham 1965
• Denker 1989
• Denker et al
• Denker et al 1995
• Denoon 2021
• Denoon 2021
• Denoon 2021
• Denoon 2021
• Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1992
• Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1994
• Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1998
• Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 1986
• Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 1987
• Deprez and Giorgi 2021
• Deprit and Rom 1969
• Dequal et al 2021
• Derbidge and Dahm 1976
• Dermanis 1985
• Dermanis 1998
• Deryder et al 1988
• Desai and Kuzhiveli 2022
• Design criteria monograph on 1975
• Design of CLOS Guidance 2016
• Design of FIR Lowpass 2000
• Design of Gas-Pressurized Propellant 1992
• Design of Guidance Laws 2007, Design of Guidance Laws Implement
• Design of Guidance Laws 2007, Design of Guidance Laws Implement 2
• Design of Liquid-Propellant Space 1992
• Design of Propellant Tanks 1992
• Design of Rocket-Engine Control 1992
• Design of Thrust Chambers 1992
• Design of Turbopump Propellant 1992
• Desikan and Srinivasan 2018
• Desorptive Transfer A Mechanism 1975
• DeSpirito 2005
• Despond
• Despotakis 1987
• Deteriorative effects of both 1964
• Determination of Earth Gravity 2008
• Determination of Moving-Base Acceleration 2003
• Deterrence and Defense with 1961
• Deterrence and Defense with 2015
• Deterrence and Doomsday Nuclear 2022
• Deterrence and Intelligence in 2016
• Deterrence Under Uncertainty Artificial 2023
• Deterrence, Nuclear Avoidance, and 1989
• Detra and Hidalgo 1961
• DeTroye and Ellis 1994
• Dettling and McIntyre 1978
• Dettling and McLntyre 1979
• Deurloo et al 2011
• Development History of Laser 2022
• Development of a nuclear 1956
• Development of the geodetic 2012
• Development of the Orbital 1977
• Devote and Hart 2025
• Dew et al 2008
• Dewar et al 1993
• Dewitt 1969
• Dey et al 2018
• Dey et al 2024
• Dey et al 2025
• Deyle 2005
• Deyst 1968
• DFVLR Roentgen satellite 1987
• Dhekane et al 1999
• Dhinakaran et al 2025
• Dhuyvetter 1974
• Dhuyvetter and Lam 1989
• Di 2019
• Di Clemente et al 2006
• Di Corato et al 2013
• Di Matteo et al 2009
• Di Matteo et al 2011
• Di Monaco et al 2023
• Diao et al 2013
• Dickerson et al 1968
• Dickinson 1975
• Dickman 1990
• DiDonato 2007
• Diehl et al 1992
• Diersing
• Diersing and Jones
• Diersing and Jones 1993
• Differential Game-Based Interceptor Missile 2016
• Differential Geometry Applied to 2016
• DiFilippo and Campbell
• Difrancesco et al 1989
• Digonnet 2014
• Digonnet et al 2006
• Dileep et al 2015
• Dileep et al 2016
• Dillman 1996
• Dillman et al 2010
• Dillman et al 2013
• Dimc et al 2017
• Dimitrov 2019
• Dimitrov et al 2020
• Dimmer and Adam 2021
• DIN EN 16604-10 2014-12, Nachhaltigkeit
• Din et al 2016
• Ding et al 2005
• Ding et al 2016
• Ding et al 2017
• Ding et al 2021
• Ding et al 2022
• Ding et al 2023
• Ding et al 2025
• Ding et al 2025
• DiNonno and Cheatwood
• Dinonno et al 2016
• Dion 1967
• Diouf et al 2026
• Direct Broadcast Satellites 2012
• Direct Broadcast Satellites, Ted 2013
• Dirkx et al 2014
• Disinger 2009
• Dismantling Nuclear Weapons
• Dismantling Nuclear Weapons 2012
• Ditmar et al
• Ditmar et al 2011
• Divakaruni et al 2008
• Diz et al 2026
• Do 2026
• Do et al 2018
• Dobaczewska 1968
• Dobben et al 2024
• Dod and Popovich 1970
• Dodge and Ziemke 2015
• Dodt 1992
• Doerflinger et al 1997
• Does the United States 2014
• Doganalp 2016
• Doggett and Hanson 1962
• Doggett and Hanson 1963
• Dogruyol et al 2021
• Doherty et al 2013
• Doing away with Nuclear 2011
• Dokuchaev 2018
• Dolgih 2025
• Dolgopolov and Nikolayev 2024
• Dolgopolov et al 2025
• Doll et al 1993
• Dolton and Reed 1966
• Doman 2004
• Domestic satellite communications system 1992
• Donahue and Farrell 1979
• Donegan 1958
• Dong and Cai 2017
• Dong et al 2003
• Dong et al 2008
• Dong et al 2014
• Dong et al 2015
• Dong et al 2021
• Dong et al 2023
• Dong et al 2023
• Dong Gwan Lee et al 2015
• Dongjun et al 2018
• Donguk Yang et al 2015
• Donselman 1966
• Doornbos et al 2005
• Dorairajan
• Dorfman 1973
• Dorman and Lewis 1974
• Dorne and Shube 1968
• Dorosh and Leontiev 2014
• Dorres 1972
• Dossey 1960
• Dotson 2001
• Dotson and Engblom 2004
• Dotson and Tiwari 1996
• Dotson et al 1998
• Dotson et al 1998
• Dotson et al 1998
• Dotson et al 2014
• Dougherty and Speyer 1997
• Douglass 2014
• Douglass et al
• Dow 2001
• Dowdy and Debrock 1972
• Dowell et al 1974
• Dowgiallo et al 2013
• Dowty and Murphy 1995
• Doyle 2000
• Doğanalp 2022
• Draft International Convention on 2010
• Dragone 2000
• Draim and Stalzer 1960
• Drake et al 2004
• Drake et al 2004
• Dranitsyna and Sokolov 2023
• Dransfield and Miller 2025
• Draper et al 1965
• Draper et al 1965
• Dreher and Lyons 1990
• Dreher et al 1980
• Drenning and Stechman 1970
• Dresia et al 2023
• Dressler 2006
• Drew 1965
• Drewes
• Drewes
• Drewes 2011
• Drewes et al
• Drewes et al 2012
• Drexhage and Matthews 1964
• Driscoll 1967
• Drobyshev 2026
• Droege et al 2002
• Droll
• Drozdov et al 2020
• Drożdżewski and Sośnica 2018
• Drożdżewski and Sośnica 2021
• Drożdżewski et al 2019
• Druckmann and Ben-Asher 2012
• Drury 1999
• Du
• Du 2017
• Du 2017
• Du and Wie 2009
• Du et al 2008
• Du et al 2020
• Du et al 2021
• Du et al 2025
• Dual-Spin versus Three-Axis Stabilization 1971
• Duan and Zhong 2010
• Duan et al 2022
• Dubanchet et al 2012
• Dubois 1983
• Dubois and Habiballah 1991
• Dubois et al 1995
• Dubois-Matra and Bishop 2003
• Dubriske 2012
• Duchek et al
• Duck 1973
• Dudush and Snovydovych 2026
• Dudzinski 1981
• Dueri et al 2017
• Dufour 1966
• Dugger 1982
• Duke 1960
• Duke and Houghton 1966
• Duke-Woolley 2012
• Dukeman 2002
• Dukeman and Calise 2003
• Dukeman and Hill 2008
• Dumbacher and Reuter 2007
• Dummett 2020
• Dumont 1996
• Dumont et al 1986
• Dumrongchai et al 2021
• Dunbar and Silverman 1986
• Duncan 1965
• Duncan 1966
• Duncan 1967
• Dunker and Hill 2025
• Dunlap and Steinetz 2004
• Dunn 1997
• Dupont et al 2017
• Duprey and Saucier 2008
• Duquenne et al 1995
• Durin et al 2011
• Durteste 2007
• Dutta et al 2012
• Dutzmann and Ludtke 1969
• Duxbury 1979
• Dułowicz et al 2026
• Dwivedi and Bhargava 2018
• Dwivedi et al 2013
• Dwivedi et al 2026
• Dyer 1966
• Dzhuman 2023
• Dzhuman et al 2026
• Dzik et al 2024
• Dziubanek 2012
• Dönmez 2022
• Eaker and Ford 1965
• Eanes and Bettadpur 1996
• Earley 2021
• Early performance of the 1977
• Earnshaw 1966
• Earth oblateness in terms 1959
• Earth Observatory Satellite system 1974
• Easterling 1962
• Eastman 1992
• Eastman 1993
• Eastwood 1968
• Eastwood 1970
• Eastwood and Humphrey 1967
• Eastwood and Humphrey 1967
• Ebbs 1988
• Eberhart et al 2012
• Ebert and Manfletti 2026
• Ebrahimi et al 2011
• Ebrahimi et al 2011
• Edamana et al 2014
• Edelbaum and Pines 1969
• Edenburn and Trost 2000
• Edge and Powers 1974
• Edinger 1976
• Edirisinghe et al 2024
• Edmonds et al 1964
• Edmunds 1988
• Edwards 1969
• Edwards 1980
• Edwards and Foster 1973
• Edwards et al 2015
• Effect of Earth’s oblateness 2015
• Effect of transverse atmospheric 1959
• Effective lightweight design of 2013
• Effects of Liquid Propellant 1962
• Efimovskaya et al 2017
• Eggers 1958
• Eggers and Wachtenheim 1968
• Egorov 2019
• Egorov 2022
• Ehigiator and Oladosu 2018
• Ehmsen 1971
• Ehresman 2002
• Ehresman 2006
• Ehricke 1955
• Ehrlich and Liebetreu
• Ehrlich and Murdock 2015
• Ehrsam et al 1978
• Eickmans 2015
• Eilertson and Wing 1966
• Eitschberger and Grafarend 1974
• Ekimogloy et al 2026
• Eklund 2004
• Eko et al 2026
• El Habiby and Sideris 2007
• El Hassan 2020
• El-Ansary 2014
• El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024
• El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024
• El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024
• El-Baz and Ghanbarpour-Dizboni 2024
• El-Diasty et al 2007
• El-Enna 2003
• El-Enna 2004
• El-Naggar et al 2026
• Elango et al 2022
• Elango et al 2025
• Elash et al 2021
• Elchert 1982
• Elger 2023
• Elger 2025
• ElHalawany et al 2025
• Eliseev et al 2014
• Eljubrani et al 2022
• Elke and Pei
• Elke et al
• Elleman and Fitzpatrick 2019
• Ellerbrock and Ziegenhagen 2006
• Ellingsen 1991
• Elliott 1969
• Elliott and Rau 1968
• Ellis 2013
• Ellis and Lenske 1966
• Ellmann 2004
• Elmezayen et al 2023
• Elsayem et al 2026
• Elshambaky 2018
• Elshambaky et al 2018
• Elston 1963
• Elucidating conflict transformation with 2008
• Elwan et al 2021
• Elzufon et al 1965
• Elzufon et al 1966
• Eman Adel Elbehiry 2024
• Emdee 2012
• Emel’yantsev et al 2012
• Emel’yantsev et al 2015
• Emel’yantsev et al 2017
• Emmons et al 1967
• Emrich 2016
• Emrich 2016
• Emrich 2016
• Emrich 2023
• Emrich 2023
• Emrich 2023
• Endo et al 1995
• Endo et al 2025
• Engelis 1987
• Engelis 1988
• Enoki 2018
• Enoki et al 2019
• Enriquez 2025
• Ensworth 2013
• Environmental testing of the 1968
• Envisat-a new ESA satellite 1993
• Epstein and Anderson 1995
• Equations Of Motion In 1997
• Equations Of Motion With 1997
• Eramya et al 2008
• Erb and Kotanchik 1966
• Erdem et al 2013
• Erdos et al 2012
• Erickson 1976
• Erickson 2010
• Erickson 2020
• Ericsson 1969
• Ericsson 1970
• Ericsson 2001
• Ericsson and Guenther 1971
• Ericsson and Guenther 1971
• Ericsson and Pavish 1999
• Ericsson and Scholnick 1968
• Ericsson et al 1972
• Eriksen et al 1991
• Erikson 1964
• Erina Ariff et al 2021
• Erinda et al 2022
• Erkoç and Doğan 2022
• Ermakov et al 2002
• Ermakov et al 2025
• Erol et al 2020
• Ersoy et al 1987
• Erästö 2022
• Escaping Stalemate The New 2020
• Escartí-Guillem et al 2022
• Escher et al 1999
• Escobal 1964
• Escobal 1965
• Esfahanian et al 2011
• Eshagh 2021
• Eshagh 2021
• Eshagh 2021
• Eshagh 2021
• Eshagh 2021
• Eshagh and Abdollahzadeh 2012
• Esipenko et al 2019
• Eslami and Vieira 2020
• Esmaeilkhah 2019
• Esneu et al 2026
• Esswein and Psiaki 2019
• Establishment and Maintenance of 1966
• Estimation of Ideal Specific 2025
• Etters and Flurchick 1981
• Etzkorn 2001
• Eulitz 1964
• European inertial grade accelerometer 2000
• European Perspectives on Satellite 1966
• European Space Agency Activities 2001
• Evaluation Of Gravity Model 1997
• Evaluation of materials for 1967
• Evaluation on the Regenerative 2004
• Evans 1981
• Evans 1994
• Evans 1999
• Evans 1999
• Evans and Huber 1963
• Everaldo de Barros et al 2015
• Everett and Iyer
• Everett and Myler 1975
• Eves 2008
• Evolution of Radar and 2025
• Evolution of the Artificial 1989
• Ewart and Dergance 1978
• Ewing 1994
• Examples of measuring marks 2018
• Exertier et al 1993
• Exertier et al 2017
• Expendable Launch Vehicles for 1977
• Experimental Investigations of Unstable 1960
• Exploring Monopulse Feed Antennas 2022
• Explosive Fragmentation of Orbiting 1989
• Extended nuclear deterrence Frameworks 2013
• Extended nuclear deterrence in 2013
• Ezeigbo 1978
• Ezeigbo 1990
• Ezekiel 1980
• Ezell and Ezell 1984
• Factors utilized to comprehend 2009
• Fakoor et al 2017
• Falcone et al 2023
• Falk and Soland 1991
• Falkenrath 1994
• Fall et al 2008
• Fallon and Lyles 2011
• Falsone and Prandini 2017
• Fan et al 2024
• Fan et al 2025
• Fan et al 2026
• Fang 2014
• Fang and Wu 2017
• Fang and Xu 2025
• Fang and Xu 2026
• Fang et al 2014
• Fang et al 2015
• Fang et al 2020
• Fang et al 2024
• Fang et al 2025
• Fang et al 2025
• Fang et al 2025
• Fanming Liu et al 2010
• Fannelop 1967
• Fante 1972
• Fantino and Casotto 2008
• Farahmand et al 2004
• Faria et al 2024
• Farlik et al 2019
• Farmer and Hacker 1970
• Farrell 1968
• Farrell 2008
• Farrell et al 2022
• Farrior 1962
• Faruqi 2012
• Fashbaugh and Streeter 1965
• Fateev and Davlatov 2019
• Fatuev 2006
• Faulkner 1961
• Faulkner and Ward 1961
• Fauquet-Alekhine 2026
• Fauzan et al 2023
• Fay 1981
• Fazelinia et al 2024
• Fazilova et al 2018
• Fašková et al 2012
• Feasibility of an advanced 1975
• Featherstone 2002
• Featherstone 2003
• Featherstone 2003
• Featherstone 2007
• Featherstone and Kirby 2000
• Featherstone and Rüeger 2000
• Features of the Development 2023
• Fedele et al 2014
• Federal Fire Council Washington Dc 1967
• Federici et al 2021
• Fedicheva 2025
• Fedorov and Luk’yanova 2000
• Fegley et al 1965
• Fegley et al 1967
• Fei et al 2008
• Fei et al 2021
• Feldman 1953
• Feldman 1964
• Feldman 1964
• Feldman 1965
• Feldman 1965
• Feldman 1967
• Fell 1997
• Fellerhoff 1988
• Felsentreger 1966
• Felsentreger and Victor 1966
• Felski 2016
• Felski 2019
• Felt 2013
• Felux et al 2024
• Felux et al 2026
• Fending Off Nuclear Weapons 2013
• Feng and Grady 1969
• Feng and Wang 2007
• Feng and Yue 2026
• Feng et al 2019
• Feng et al 2020
• Feng et al 2020
• Feng et al 2024
• Fennell 1982
• Fennessey 1995
• Feodosiev and Siniarev 1959
• Ferguson 1964
• Ferguson 1999
• Ferguson and Davey 1985
• Fernandes et al 2025
• Fernandez
• Fernandez et al 2024
• Fernando and Charalambous 2026
• Ferreira et al 2011
• Ferreira et al 2025
• Ferreira Santos 2022
• Ferrer and Santos 2023
• Ferrer et al 2024
• Ferrándiz et al 2020
• Fesmire et al 2011
• Fetner 1961
• Ficarrotta 2001
• Fidler and Hays 2026
• Fidler et al 2025
• Filatyev 2000
• Filic 2018
• Filin and Mkrtchyan 2021
• Filipe et al 2021
• Filmer and Featherstone 2012
• Filmer et al 2014
• Filmer et al 2018
• Finch
• Finchum et al 2008
• Findley 1961
• Fine 1967
• Fine et al 1965
• Fine et al 1966
• Fink and Anderson 1982
• Finke 1990
• Finkleman 2014
• Finley and Parker 2010
• Finseth 1991
• Finson et al 1980
• Fio Rito 1964
• Fiore et al 2022
• Fiore et al 2024
• Fiore et al 2026
• First-order perturbations in the 1961
• Firstman 1962
• Firsyuk et al 2025
• Firth and Pankow 2018
• Firth and Pankow 2019
• Firth and Pankow 2020
• Fischbach 2014
• Fischer 1954
• Fischer 1961
• Fischer 1962
• Fischer 1966
• Fishel 1979
• Fishel 1981
• Fishel 1982
• Fisher 1989
• Fisher 2021
• Fiske et al 2006
• Fitzgerald 1974
• Fitzpatrick 2020
• Fitzsimmons 1996
• Flack et al 1969
• Flanigan 1989
• Flechtner 2026
• Fleck 1983
• Fleeman 2012
• Fleischman and Revels 1968
• Fletcher and Jaquet 1962
• Fletcher and Morrell 1960
• Flight engine performance evaluation 1977
• Flight performance of Atlas-Agena 1969
• Flight performance of Atlas-Centaur 1970
• Flittie and McFarlane 1991
• Floberghagen 2002
• Floberghagen 2002
• Floberghagen 2002
• Florence and Fischer 1983
• Flores and Gurkin 1982
• Flury and Rummel 2005
• Flury et al 2008
• Flury et al 2022
• Fodde et al 2022
• Fogel et al 2023
• Fok 2009
• Fomichev 2025
• Fong 1964
• Fong 2000
• Fong et al 1970
• Fong et al 2008
• Fontanella et al 2016
• Fontanella et al 2017
• Fontanella et al 2018
• Ford 2026
• Forde et al 2006
• Forden 2010
• Formulas and tables for 1938
• Foroughi et al 2017
• Foroughi et al 2018
• Foroughi et al 2025
• Foroughi et al 2025
• Foroughi et al 2026
• Forsberg et al 1997
• Forsberg et al 2007
• Forsberg et al 2015
• Forsbergbi et al 2012
• Foss and Whitcomb 1960
• Fossler and Prozan 1971
• Foster 1960
• Foster 1961
• Foster 1989
• Foster and Estes 1993
• Foster et al 1960
• Fotiou et al 2010
• Foulds et al 2024
• Fowler
• Fowler 1963
• Fowler 1980
• Fowler 1983
• Fowler 1990
• Fowler 1996
• Fowler 1998
• Fox 1969
• Fox et al 2025
• Fragola et al
• Fraiture 1989
• Frampton 2002
• Frampton 2002
• France’s Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine 2006
• Franck
• Franck and Maral 2002
• Franck and Maral 2002
• Francois
• Franke and Sommer 2024
• Franke et al 2023
• Frankel and Davis 2020
• Frankenthal 1964
• Franklin and Tinsley 1970
• Franze and Barz 2025
• Franze and Basov 2026
• França et al 2021
• Frasier and Gardiner 1965
• Frayssinet 2019
• Frayssinet et al 2013
• Frazier 1967
• Freed 1977
• Freeden 2021
• Freeden 2021
• Freeden et al 1999
• Freedman 1980
• Freeman and Robie 2021
• Freeman and Teets 1969
• Freese et al 1978
• Frei 1991
• Freitag 1960
• French 1968
• French 1987
• French 2010
• Fresconi and Rogers 2014
• Fresconi et al 2017
• Fresconi et al 2018
• Frey and Hagemann 1999
• Freymueller 2009
• Friang et al 1996
• Frick et al
• Fried and Richardson 1956
• Friedland 1965
• Friedlander 1975
• Friedlander and Soldner 1984
• Friedman 1993
• Friedman and Reed 1964
• Friedrich 1962
• Frigo 1986
• Frigo 1987
• Frigoli 2018
• Fritz 2009
• Fritz 2026
• Fritz and Sackheim 1982
• Froelich et al 1991
• From launch to transmission 2012
• Fromm et al 1992
• Frommknecht and Schlicht 2010
• Froyum et al 2012
• Frut 1989
• Frühling 2025
• Fu et al 2017
• Fu et al 2019
• Fu et al 2021
• Fu et al 2021
• Fu et al 2021
• Fu et al 2021
• Fu et al 2024
• Fubara and Mourad 1972
• Fubara and Mourad 1974
• Fudge 2000
• Fuell 2014
• Fuhrman 1978
• Fuhry 1999
• Fuhs 1963
• Fuhs et al 1966
• Fujikawa et al 2017
• Fujino and Ishikawa 2006
• Fujino et al 2008
• Fujita et al 1997
• Fujun et al 2020
• Fukushima et al 1992
• Fuler et al 1979
• Fuller 1973
• Funazaki et al 2022
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 2
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 3
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 4
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 5
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 6
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 7
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 8
• Fundamental Mechanisms of Combustion 1995, Fundamental Mechanisms of Combust 9
• Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation 2020
• Futter 2018
• Future Pattern of Communication 1966
• Future Satellite Gravimetry and 2005
• Fye 1966
• Förste et al 2024
• Förste et al 2025
• Gabriel and Helms 1970
• Gachet et al 2016
• Gad-El-Hak and Ho 1986
• Gadalla et al 1993
• Gaffin 1977
• Gagliardi et al 2025
• Gaiduchenko et al 2020
• Gain Limits of Electronically 1966
• Gainor 2013
• Gaitonde and Shang 1993
• Galante and Sanner 2012
• Gallagher and Cevallos 2021
• Galli
• Galligan 1997
• Gallo and Barrientos 2022
• Gallo and Barrientos 2023
• Gallo and Barrientos 2023
• Galloway and Barnaba 1983
• Gallucci et al 2012
• Galman 1965
• Galyagin et al 2017
• Gam et al 2009
• Gamba et al 2016
• Gambrell 1995
• Gandhe 2024
• Gandhi et al 2025
• Gandugade et al 2025
• Ganeko 1976
• Ganeko 1977
• Ganesan et al 2025
• Gang et al 2006
• Ganga et al 2023
• Gangeh et al 2023
• Gao 2010
• Gao and Li 2023
• Gao and Montenbruck 2026
• Gao and Tie 2017
• Gao and Yan 2021
• Gao and Zhu 2025
• Gao et al 1997
• Gao et al 2014
• Gao et al 2015
• Gao et al 2016
• Gao et al 2019
• Gao et al 2024
• Gao et al 2024
• Gao et al 2025
• Gao et al 2026
• Gao et al 2026
• Gao et al 2026
• Gaposchkin 1983
• Garah et al 2017
• Garba and Simpson 1968
• Garba et al 1968
• Garbeff et al 2019
• Garber 2017
• Garcia et al 1998
• Garcia et al 2020
• Garcia et al 2021
• Gardner et al 1991
• Garg and Nagla 2019
• Gargula 2025
• Garland and Hall 1958
• Garon et al 2003
• Garrett 1977
• Garrett et al 1978
• Garrick et al 2010
• Garrido Alzar 2019
• Garrido and Sagliano 2021
• Garrity and Husar 2021
• Garvey and Besnard 2005
• Garvey and Besnard 2006
• Garvey et al 2003
• Gates 1970
• Gates 2004
• Gates et al 1989
• Gath and Calise 1999
• Gath and Calise 2001
• Gath et al 2000
• Gattere et al 2020
• Gaudet and Furfaro 2012
• Gaudet and Furfaro 2023
• Gaver and Jacobs 1997
• Gavish 1997
• Gawlik and Riester 1970
• Gaynor and Cervisi 1984
• Gaynor et al 1992
• Ge and Cui 2018
• Ge et al 2016
• Ge et al 2017
• Ge et al 2018
• Ge et al 2020
• Gea and Vicker
• Gebre-Egziabher 2007
• Geckler 1960
• Gee and Mathias 2008
• Gee et al 2025
• Gehring and Mantz 1965
• Geiger et al 2020
• Geisler and McVittie 1966
• Geisser et al 2026
• Gelb and Sutherland 1968
• Gelb and Sutherland 1970
• Geller 2022
• Gely et al 2000
• Gemranova 2021
• Gendt et al 2011
• General Dynamics Corp Pomona Ca Pomona Div 1963
• General Dynamics Corp San Diego Ca 1992
• General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966
• General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966
• General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966
• General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966
• General Dynamics San Diego Ca Convair Div 1966
• General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961
• General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961
• General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1961
• General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1962
• General Dynamics/Astronautics San Diego Ca 1964
• General solution of the 1962
• Geng and McCullough 1997
• Geng et al 2023
• Geng et al 2023
• Geng et al 2024
• Geng et al 2024
• Geng et al 2026
• Genova 2005
• Geodesy satellite
• Geodetic Application 2001
• Geodetic Application 2023
• Geodetic Connection Between Mexico 1916
• Geodetic ground positioning
• Geodetic leveling
• Geodetic reference systems
• Geodetic refraction
• Geodetic satellite altimeter study 1969
• Geodetic Survey Division, Strategic 2012
• Geodetic Survey Division, Strategy 2012
• Geographic information � Geodetic
• Geographic information � Geodetic
• Geographic information. Geodetic codes
• Geoid Determination, Theory and
• George 1966
• George 1974
• George and Gupta 2011
• George and Sukkarieh 2007
• Georgiadou et al 1993
• Gerald and Runyan 1962
• Gerard 1966
• Gerasimov 2025
• Gerber 1975
• Gerharz 1963
• Gerlach 1965
• Gerlach and Fecher 2012
• Gerlach et al 2010
• Gershman 2026
• Gerstbach 1986
• Gerstl
• Gerus and Miller 1969
• Gerus et al 1967
• Gettatelli et al 2023
• Getting Nuclear Weapons Right 2017
• Geyling 1964
• Ghanbari et al 2022
• Ghanbari et al 2022
• Ghasseminejad 2018
• Ghedia 1999
• Ghizzo et al 2025
• Ghosh and Chattopadhyay 2014
• Ghosh and Chattopadhyay 2015
• Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay 2011
• Ghosh et al 2012
• Ghoshal 2018
• Giacaglia 1964
• Giacomoni 2014
• Giangaspero et al 2021
• Gibart
• Gibart et al 2024
• Gibart et al 2025
• Gibilterra 2015
• Gibson 1978
• Gibson 1985
• Gibson et al 1965
• Gielda et al 1990
• Giget 1992
• Gil et al 1993
• Gilbert 1959
• Gilbert 2003
• Giles 2015
• Giles and Monaghan 2014
• Gill and Ni 2019
• Gillespie 1956
• Gillespie 1965
• Gillespie 2004
• Gilligan et al 2014
• Gilliland 1985
• Gilson et al 2023
• Gilthorpe and Moore 1991
• Giménez et al
• Ginoux 1966
• Gintsburg 1963
• Gioia
• Gioulis et al 2025
• Giri and Ghose 2010
• Gitlein et al
• Giudici et al 2024
• Giudici et al 2024
• Giuliano et al 2010
• Giurgiutiu and Pomirleanu 2000
• Glaese and Kennel 1981
• Glaros
• Glaser 1988
• Glaser et al 2018
• Glaser et al 2020
• Glass and Martin 1963
• Glatt 1961
• Glei 1962
• Glennie and Schwarz 1999
• Glidden and Wilhite 2014
• Global Geodetic Observing System 2009
• Global Gravity Field Modeling 2017
• Global satellite project for 1982
• Gloger et al 2021
• Glomsda et al 2022
• Glomsvoll and Bonenberg 2016
• GNSS-aided INS loose coupling 2022
• GNSS-aided INS tight coupling 2022
• GOCE Gravitational Gradiometry in
• GOCE Satellite Determines Gravitational 2011
• Gockel 1993
• Godah 2013
• Godah et al 2018
• Goddard 1936
• Goel et al 2018
• Goertz 1995
• Goetz et al 2005
• Gogineni et al 1980
• Gold 1993
• Goldbeck and Kay 1957
• Goldberg 1966
• Goldberg 1967
• Goldberg 2005
• Goldberg and Gilchrist 2005
• Golden 1969
• Golden 1970
• Golden 1980
• Golden and Stewart 1970
• Goldman 1967
• Goldman and Miessner 1965
• Goldman and Miessner 1966
• Goldsborough 2005
• Goldshtein et al 2008
• Goli et al 2019
• Goli et al 2025
• Golikov et al 2025
• Golovan and Vyazmin 2023
• Golubek et al 2024
• Golubev et al 2019
• Gompert and Isaacson 1999
• Gompertz 1950
• Gondelach et al 2017
• Gong 2017
• Gong and Yu 2017
• Gong et al 2014
• Gong et al 2022
• Gong et al 2024
• Gong et al 2025
• Gong et al 2025
• Gontarovskyi et al 2023
• Gonzalez and Denny 1970
• González-Matesanz et al 2006
• Gonçalves et al 2024
• Goodall and Ewen 1987
• Gooding 1990
• Gooding 1990
• Gooding 1991
• Goodland 2026
• Goodman 2021
• Goodrum and Smolensky 1965
• Goodwin 1984
• Goos et al 2003
• Gordan 1987
• Gordon 1950
• Gordon 1964
• Gorman 1953
• Goswami et al 2023
• Gottwald 2024
• Gou et al 2024
• Gou et al 2025
• Goudarzi 2020
• Goudarzi 2022
• Goudarzi 2025
• Gould 1964
• Gould 1972
• Gourab et al 2021
• Gowan 2005
• Goyal et al 2018
• GPS Aided Inertial System 2007
• GPS positioning guide a 1995
• Grabbe 1988
• Grabowsky et al 1981
• Gradl et al 2019
• Graells and Carrabina 2016
• Graf 1977
• Graf and Trimble 1980
• Grafarend 1971
• Grafarend and Ardalan 1999
• Grafarend and Ardalan 2000
• Grafarend and Ardalan 2002
• Grafarend and Krumm 1995
• Grafarend and Okeke 1995
• Grafarend and Okeke 2007
• Graham 1958
• Graham 1958
• Graham 2009
• Graham 2014
• Graham 2015
• Graham and Ryan 1969
• Granetto et al 1999
• Grangé 1983
• Grant 2015
• Grant et al 1981
• Grantham 1969
• Graves 1972
• Graves and Gosse 2013
• Gravimetric vertical deflection determination 1979
• Gravity and Geoid 1995
• Gravity anomalies Statistical analysis
• Gravity Field Missions 2003
• Gravity Gradient Stabilization of 1966
• Gray 1965
• Gray 1975
• Gray 2014
• Gray 2015
• Gray 2021
• Gray and Alexander 1965
• Grayson 1975
• Greatrix 2012
• Greatrix 2015
• Greatrix 2018
• Greaves 1997
• Green 1994
• Green 2019
• Green and Tucker 1964
• Greene and Williamson 1981
• Greene et al 1990
• Greenfield 1960
• Greenstein 1968
• Greenstein 1969
• Greenwald 1971
• Greenwood 1979
• Greenwood et al 1970
• Gregory 2009
• Gregory and Wilcox 1970
• Gregson and Seto 2025
• Greig et al 1987
• Greiner 1973
• Grelecki and Wrobel 1966
• Gretz 1962
• Grewal and Henderson 1986
• Grewal et al 2025
• Grey 1953
• Grey 1954
• Gribben et al 1998
• Griffin
• Griffin et al 1999
• Griffin et al 2000
• Griffith and Byrd 1963
• Grigoriev and Proskuryakov 2024
• Grimm 1992
• Grimm 1993
• Griner 1967
• Griner 1967
• Grinstead et al 2010
• Grise and Douglas 2006
• Grishko et al 2025
• Groener et al 1980
• Groesbeck 1966
• Grondin
• Gronwall 1920
• Grosdemange and Schaeffer 1990
• Gross 1963
• Gross 2002
• Gross and Humphreys 2017
• Gross et al 2022
• Gross et al 2023
• Groten 1975
• Groten 2013
• Groten and Keller 1987
• Ground-Based Antennas for Satellite 1966
• Groutage 1980
• Groves 1975
• Grubelich et al 1993
• Gruber et al 2012
• Grubin 1975
• Gruenberg and Johnson 1964
• Gruhlke 2003
• Gruntman 2019
• Gryglaszewski 1963
• Gryte et al 2017
• Gryte et al 2024
• Gräßlin et al 2004
• Gründer 2026
• Gu 1975
• Gu and Liu 1995
• Gu et al 2014
• Gu et al 2021
• Gu et al 2023
• Gu Kang 2016
• Guadagnini et al 2023
• Guaitiao et al 2010
• Guan et al 2018
• Guan et al 2025
• Guang-Lin et al 2012
• Guangshang and Xiaosha 2006
• Guangyan et al 2018
• Guardabasso
• Guarino 1968
• Gubin et al 1971
• Guelman 2004
• Guelman and Golan
• Guernsey et al 2005
• Guida and D’Urso 2025
• Guidance Law Performance Analysis 2007
• Guier 1963
• Guier 1963
• Guier 1964
• Guier 1966
• Guier et al 1965
• Guimarães et al 2012
• Guimarães et al 2024
• Guizzaro et al 2022
• Gulczyński et al 2024
• Gulick and Miller 1982
• Gullahorn 1989
• Gully and Skelley 1975
• Gulmammadov 2009
• Gummett 1988
• Gunn 1989
• Gunn 1991
• Gunn et al 1993
• Guo 2014
• Guo and Bai 2009
• Guo and Fan 2022
• Guo and Wang 2025
• Guo and Xue 2020
• Guo and Xue 2023
• Guo and Yang 2023
• Guo and Zhao 2023
• Guo and Zhong 2023
• Guo et al 2012
• Guo et al 2015
• Guo et al 2016
• Guo et al 2016
• Guo et al 2017
• Guo et al 2018
• Guo et al 2018
• Guo et al 2020
• Guo et al 2020
• Guo et al 2020
• Guo et al 2020
• Guo et al 2020
• Guo et al 2021
• Guo et al 2021
• Guo et al 2022
• Guo et al 2022
• Guo et al 2023
• Guo et al 2023
• Guo et al 2024
• Guo et al 2024
• Guo et al 2024
• Guo et al 2025
• Guo et al 2026
• Guo et al 2026
• Guo et al 2026
• Guo et al 2026
• Guo-You and Muming 2020
• Guodong Ning et al
• Guoqing 2026
• Gupta 2022
• Gupta and Anilkumar 2015
• Gupta and Nagpal 2016
• Gupta et al 1979
• Gurav 2025
• Gurfil 2012
• Gurfil et al 1998
• Gurov 2001
• Gurria and López 2013
• Gurung et al 2023
• Guskov et al
• Gusman et al 2011
• Gusman et al 2011
• Gutman 2005
• Guy 2015
• Gwon and Ahn 2026
• Gwynne 2006
• Gyro and accelerometer technical 2006
• Götze and Anikiev 2026
• Götze and Li 1996
• Gülgün 2023
• Gündoǧan et al 2024
• Głębocki and Jacewicz 2020
• Ha et al 2024
• Haak 1994
• Haardt 2008
• Haberbusch and Meyer 2002
• Haberbusch et al 2004
• Habib 2012
• Habibi et al 2008
• Hablani 1994
• Hackstein et al 2025
• Hafemeister 2016
• Haffner 1966
• Haga 2024
• Hagan 1960
• Hagar and Alcock 1989
• Hagen and Kelliher 1967
• Hager and Marini 1969
• Hagger et al 2006
• Hagiwara 1972
• Haglund et al 1978
• Hagn et al 1965
• Hagopian 2002
• Hague 1979
• Hague and Levin 1978
• Haider and Sultan 2023
• Haines et al 2002
• Haines et al 2025
• Hajela 1978
• Haker et al
• Hakim et al 2020
• Hakima and Emami 2017
• Hakima et al 2022
• Halbe et al 2010
• Halbe et al 2014
• Hale 1978
• HaLevy et al 2021
• Hall 1886
• Hall 2001
• Hall 2003
• Hall 2019
• Hall and Shtessel 2005
• Hall and Williams 2000
• Hall et al 2000
• Hallett et al 1960
• Halmes et al 1998
• Hamadamen 2024
• Hamaker 1960
• Hamal and Jelinkova 1978
• Hamamoto et al
• Hamayun et al 2010
• Hamlet 1975
• Hamm and Tyras 1966
• Hammer 1971
• Hammer 1976
• Hampf et al 2024
• Hampson 1984
• Hampson et al 2026
• Han 2023
• Han and Cao 2019
• Han and Dang 2026
• Han and Kim 2003
• Han and Sabbagh 2022
• Han et al 2003
• Han et al 2019
• Han et al 2020
• Han et al 2021
• Han et al 2022
• Han et al 2022
• Han et al 2023
• Han et al 2026
• Hancock et al
• Hancock et al
• Hand 1968
• Handberg 2001
• Handberg 2015
• Handelsman 1959
• Handler 1989
• Hanford 1969
• Hanford 1980
• Hanin 1983
• Hanna and Stephens 1991
• Hannah and Maseyk 1989
• Hansen 2013
• Hansen et al 1963
• Hansen et al 2011
• Hanson 1963
• Hanson and Beard 2010
• Hanson and Pinson 2011
• Hanson and Pinson 2012
• Hanson et al 1992
• Hanson et al 1994
• Hanson et al 1998
• Hanson et al 2011
• Hao and Zhang 2021
• Hao et al 2012
• Hao et al 2017
• Hao et al 2018
• Hao et al 2019
• Hao et al 2022
• Haqq 2020
• Hara
• Hara 1994
• Hara et al 2016
• Harada et al 2024
• Hardesty 1970
• Hardgrove and Krieg 1984
• Harding and Lawson 1968
• Hardman 1999
• Hardtla 1978
• Hardy 1969
• Hardy et al 1967
• Hardy et al 1993
• Hargrove and Shalette 1968
• Hari Shankar 2016
• Harindranath and Arora 2024
• Harl et al 2010
• Harlan 1968
• Harlin and Cicci 2007
• Harlé et al 2023
• Harmatz 1996
• Harmon and Om 2003
• Harriman and Harrison 1984
• Harris 1914
• Harris 1963
• Harris 1964
• Harris and James 2000
• Harris and Pocha 1999
• Harris et al 1980
• Harrison and Swinerd 1995
• Harrje 1959
• Harrje and Sirignano 1966
• Harry 1992
• Hart et al 2007
• Hartana
• Hartfield et al 2011
• Hartunian et al 2007
• Hartwig 2016
• Hartwig and Clark 2022
• Harvazinski and Houba 2022
• Harvazinski et al 2024
• Harvey 1970
• Harvey 2008
• Harwell and Edelstein 1984
• Has the American Approach 2019
• Hasan et al 2021
• Hasegawa 1988
• Hasegawa 2025
• Hashimoto et al 2005
• Haskins 1999
• Hassall
• Hassan and Galla 2026
• Hassell and Ware 1962
• Hastings and Martin 1998
• Hastings et al 2001
• Hastings et al 2010
• Hatfield and Jumper 2012
• Hatfield et al 2016
• Hatsuda et al
• Hattis 1981
• Hattori 1980
• Hauck and Herzberger 1990
• Hauer et al 1963
• Haugen 1990
• Haugen et al 1993
• Hauk et al 2026
• Hauser 1972
• Hauser 1981
• Haviland 1963
• Havlicek et al 1995
• Hawarey 2026
• Hawkins and Ahmad
• Hayashi and Olte 1964
• Hayden et al 2012
• Haydon et al 2025
• Hayes and Pei 2024
• Hayhurst et al 2016
• Hayner et al 2025
• Haynes 2008
• Hayslett et al 1978
• He
• He and Lee 2018
• He and Qin 2013
• He and Xu 2018
• He and Yin 2025
• He et al 2015
• He et al 2016
• He et al 2016
• He et al 2016
• He et al 2017
• He et al 2018
• He et al 2019
• He et al 2020
• He et al 2020
• He et al 2021
• He et al 2021
• He et al 2022
• He et al 2023
• He et al 2023
• He et al 2024
• He et al 2024
• He et al 2025
• He et al 2025
• He et al 2026
• He et al 2026
• He et al 2026
• Head 1981
• Heaney et al 2024
• Heat Transfer Stability Analysis 1960
• Heath et al 1965
• Heath et al 1967
• Heath et al 1968
• Heck
• Heck and Rummel 1990
• Heck et al 1983
• Heffron 1970
• Heffron 1971
• Hegarty et al 2018
• Hegarty et al 2019
• Hegland 1966
• Hehl 1995
• Heidrich and Braun 2017
• Heimer 2018
• Hein 1995
• Heine 1987
• Heinssen et al 2015
• Heister 2008
• Heister 2011
• Heitz 1971
• Helgert 1992
• Heliani and Hidayat 2016
• Heller and Jordan 1975
• Hellings 1973
• Hellman 2006
• Helm 2002
• Helmy 1981
• Hem 1965
• Hempel and Cartland 1980
• Hemsch 1985
• Hendee and Nichols 1965
• Hendrick 1977
• Hendrickson 1965
• Hendrix et al 2022
• Henning et al 2024
• Henrard 1982
• Henriksen 1977
• Henriksen 1977
• Hepler 1958
• Hercules Powder Co Kenvil Nj 1963
• Herique et al 2025
• Heritage Foundation Washington Dc 1996
• Herman and Butler 1992
• Hermance 1961
• Hermann 1965
• Hermann 1998
• Hermes 1994
• Hernandez
• Hernandez et al 2025
• Herr and Schoenman 1973
• Herrick 1968
• Herring et al 2009
• Herrington et al 2019
• Herrmann 1996
• Herrmann and Akin 2005
• Herzberg 1970
• Herzog et al 1998
• Hesselbacher and Huffman 1975
• Heterogeneous engineering and the 1994
• Heuston et al 1967
• Hexner and Pila 2010
• Hibben and Rowell 1974
• Hibey and Naidu 1987
• Hickey 1975
• Hickey et al 2023
• Hicks and Greenberg 1981
• Hicks and Paller 2025
• Hidalgo 2000
• Higgins 2007
• Higgins and Salmon 2008
• High Speed Schlieren Studies 1960
• High-Speed Wind Tunnel Test 2005
• Higher-Order Sliding Modes for 2016
• Higuera and Menz 1967
• Hilburger 2018
• Hilburger et al 2012
• Hilburger et al 2017
• Hild et al 2022
• Hildebrand 1979
• Hill 1997
• Hill et al 1969
• Hill et al 2024
• Hillig and Schilling 2026
• Hillsley and Robbins 1964
• Hilton et al 1962
• Himeno et al 2001
• Himeno et al 2003
• Himeno et al 2005
• Himpler 1975
• Hinckel 1995
• Hipkin 1995
• Hipkin 2002
• Hiraki and Uchiumi 2015
• Hiraki et al 2019
• Hiraki et al 2019
• Hirt and Claessens 2011
• Hirt and Seeber 2007
• Hirt and Wildermann 2018
• Hirt et al
• Hirvonen 1954
• Hisler 1965
• History of Nuclear Weapons 2002
• Hitt et al 2013
• Hix 1968
• Hj Sulaiman et al 2012
• Ho 2008
• Ho and Rahman 2006
• Ho and Rahman 2012
• Hobbs and Harries 2012
• Hodara and Swift 1967
• Hoder and Bergamo 1996
• Hodge et al 1981
• Hoeber 2010
• Hoeber et al 1996
• Hoefener and Stone 1981
• Hoene 1996
• Hofeller 1965
• Hoff 1967
• Hoffman 2019
• Hoffman et al 2024
• Hoffmeyer 2000
• Hofmann 2017
• Hoge 1974
• Hoge et al 1988
• Hohmann 1959
• Hohmann 1963
• Hohn and Gülhan 2017
• Holdstock 2003
• Holdstock 2003
• Holguin 2006
• Holguin 2012
• Holguin and Labbee 1988
• Holladay et al 2026
• Holland
• Holley et al 1976
• Holley et al 1996
• Holliday 1989
• Holmans and Dehoff 2016
• Holmes 2000
• Holmes et al 1997
• Holmes et al 2001
• Holmes et al 2002
• Holota
• Holota
• Holota 1995
• Holota 1997
• Holota and Kern
• Holst and Rogers 1983
• Holster 1973
• Holt 2007
• Holt et al 2015
• Hong and Choi 2017
• Hong et al 2005
• Hong et al 2006
• Hong et al 2022
• Hong et al 2024
• Hong et al 2024
• Hong et al 2026
• Hongwei Han et al 2016
• Honkawa and Yoozbashizadeh 2019
• Hook 1999
• Hooper and Kostusak 1991
• Hooshyar and D’Agostino 2023
• Hoover et al 1997
• Hopkins 1981
• Hopkins 1993
• Horan 2002
• Hord 1958
• Horing et al 2025
• Horneman
• Horneman and Kluever 2004
• Horneman et al 2010
• Hornick 1973
• Hornus et al 2026
• Horton 1964
• Horvath and Blum 1966
• Hosack and Stromsta 1969
• Hosangadi and Madavan 2008
• Hoskins 2014
• Hoss et al 2020
• Hossain 2025
• Hosseini et al 2011
• Hosseini-Pishrobat and Tatar 2025
• Hostetler 2005
• Hotate and Kikuchi 2001
• Hotate and Murakami 1988
• Hotate and Tabe 1986
• Hotate et al 1988
• Hotter 1967
• Hou and Gramoll 1998
• Hou and Gramoll 1998
• Hou et al 2014
• Hou et al 2022
• Hou et al 2023
• Hou et al 2023
• Hou et al 2026
• Hough 1980
• Hough 1982
• Hough 1988
• Hough 1989
• Hough 2020
• Houston et al 2009
• Hovater et al 2006
• Hove and Shih 1977
• Howard 1996
• Howard and Hansen 2006
• Howard et al 2013
• Howe 2002
• Howe and Monfort 1973
• Howerton and Hathaway 1994
• Hoy 1989
• Hoyhtyä et al 2019
• Hoyhtyä et al 2021
• Hoyt 1985
• Hoyt and Forward 2000
• Hrinchenko 2020
• Hrinda 2009
• Hsiao and Hwang 2010
• Hsu and Tekippe 1984
• Hsu et al 2026
• Hu
• Hu 2004
• Hu 2009
• Hu 2009
• Hu 2015
• Hu 2019
• Hu 2025
• Hu and Du 1994
• Hu and Liu 2025
• Hu and Zhou 2010
• Hu et al 2005
• Hu et al 2012
• Hu et al 2016
• Hu et al 2018
• Hu et al 2018
• Hu et al 2019
• Hu et al 2020
• Hu et al 2021
• Hu et al 2021
• Hu et al 2021
• Hu et al 2022
• Hu et al 2022
• Hu et al 2023
• Hu et al 2023
• Hu et al 2024
• Hu et al 2025
• Hu et al 2025
• Hu et al 2026
• Hu et al 2026
• Hu et al 2026
• Hu TS. Selezneva M.S. Proletarskiy A.V. Neusypin K.А. 2021
• Hua 1998
• hua and yan 2018
• Huang 1993
• Huang 2000
• Huang 2019
• Huang and Brown 1967
• Huang and Dai 2023
• Huang and Huzel 1992
• Huang and Weber 1998
• Huang and Yao 2019
• Huang et al 1964
• Huang et al 1996
• Huang et al 1999
• Huang et al 2014
• Huang et al 2016
• Huang et al 2017
• Huang et al 2018
• Huang et al 2019
• Huang et al 2020
• Huang et al 2022
• Huang et al 2022
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2024
• Huang et al 2025
• Huang et al 2025
• Huang Wei-quan et al
• Huber 1964
• Huber 1965
• Huber and Gonzales 1997
• Huber and Sims 1965
• Huber and Sims 1967
• Huckfeldt et al 2024
• Huddle 1992
• Hudeley et al 2022
• Hudon-Castillo and Thilloy 2024
• Hudson 1971
• Hudson 1987
• Hudson 2005
• Hudson 2008
• Hudson 2014
• Hudson and Hunter 1987
• Hudson et al 1981
• Hudson et al 1999
• Huebner et al 1988
• Huebner et al 2009
• Huff and Kerrebrock 1954
• Hughes and McNelis 1999
• Hughes and McNelis 2010
• Hughes et al
• Hui et al 2021
• Hui Li et al
• Hulka 2008
• Hull and Muzumdar 1993
• Hull and Salguero 1994
• Hull et al 1981
• Hull et al 1983
• Hulley et al
• Hulliger et al 2026
• Hultqvist 1990
• Humad and Dudás 2024
• Human 2001
• Humble 2024
• Hume 1968
• Hummel et al 1980
• Humphrey 1961
• Humphrey 1999
• Hung and Hunt 1964
• Hung et al 1988
• Hung et al 1991
• Hung et al 1992
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunley 2008
• Hunt et al 2015
• Hunter 1972
• Hunter 2026
• Hunter and Bomforö 1931
• Hunter et al 1985
• Hunter et al 2020
• Huo et al 2014
• Hupe et al 2026
• Hurley 1972
• Hurley and Carrie 1972
• Hurova 2024
• Hurwitz 1966
• Hussain 2020
• Hussein and de Weck 2025
• Husson 1963
• Husson and Spiers 1964
• Hutchins and Pace 2006
• Hutchinson and Olds 2004
• Hutchison 2011
• Huyan et al 2020
• Huzel and Huang 1967
• Hwang
• Hwang 1964
• Hwang 2019
• Hwang and Ahn 2022
• Hwang et al 2006
• Hwang et al 2018
• Hwang et al 2024
• Hwang et al 2025
• Hwee Rhak Park 2015
• Hyde and Argueta 2025
• Hydrogen peroxide hybrid rocket 1994
• Hydrostatic bearings for cryogenic 1969
• Hynek 2010
• Hypervelocity Impact and Upper-Stage 1989
• Hypervelocity instrumentation aids ICBM 1959
• Hysell 2007
• Hájková 2011
• Ibrahim and Saleh 2021
• Ifenna Okoli et al 2021
• Iftikar and Hall 2024
• Igarashi et al 1998
• Ignatowicz and Dąbrowski 2025
• Igor et al
• Ihde 1995
• Ihde et al 1998
• Iida et al 1998
• Ikawa 1992
• Ikehara 2003
• Iliff and Hadgigeorge 1969
• Ilk et al
• Illing 1970
• Ilukhin et al 2014
• Ilyukhin 2021
• Imado
• Imado and Kuroda 1992
• Imado et al 1995
• Imado et al 1998
• Imai and Wada 2025
• Imamura et al 1994
• Imbro et al 1975
• Immich and Hufenbach 1994
• Imoto 2016
• Imoto et al 2025
• In-flight control and guidance 2006
• Inagaki et al 2006
• Inatani et al 1992
• Incerto et al 1962
• Inertial Navigation 2000
• Inertial Navigation Error Analysis 2020
• Inertial Navigation System 2001
• Inertial Navigation System 2023
• Inertial navigation system alignment 2004
• Inertial Navigation Systems 2006
• Influence of the Choice 2024
• Ingber 1965
• Ingebo 1961
• Inglis 1964
• Inglis and Luther 1997
• Inglis and Luther 1997
• Ingram 2026
• Injector Head for RD-170 2007
• Inman 2002
• Inoue and Guimarães 2025
• Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas
• Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 2
• Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 3
• Instability Phenomenology and Case 1995, Instability Phenomenology and Cas 4
• Instrumentation For Research On 1960
• Integrated Design of Estimator 2016
• Integrated Guidance and Control 2016
• Integrated Missile Design 2007
• Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Mobile Networks 2001
• Intelisano et al 2025
• Intelligent Communication Satellite System 2023
• Intelligent transport systems. Mobility
• Inter-Satellite Laser Capture, Aiming 2022
• Inter-Satellite Laser Link Tracking 2022
• Inter-Satellite Link Laser Modulation 2022
• Intercept Monitoring Satellite 1968
• International Great Lakes Datum 1993
• Interplanetary guidance system requirements 1966
• Interplanetary guidance system requirements 1967
• Introduction of nuclear weapons 2008
• Introduction The Meaning of 2019
• Introduction Theory and Nuclear 2000
• Introduction to Liquid-Propellant Rocket 1992
• Introduction to Part 2 2019
• Introduction to Satellite Communications 2008
• Introduction to Satellite Communications 2017
• Introduction. Why Nuclear Weapons
• Introduction. Why Nuclear Weapons 2014
• Investigating the dynamics of 2024
• Investigation of separation of 1968
• Inzhevatov 2021
• Ioane and Radu 1995
• Iorio 2007
• Iqbal et al 2021
• Iran’s Medium and Long-Range 2015
• Iran’s Shorter Range Missiles 2015
• Irfan et al 2025
• Iriarte et al 2012
• Irradiation test and preselection 1974, Irradiation test and preselection
• Irradiation test and preselection 1974, Irradiation test and preselection 2
• Irvine 2003
• Irwanto 2016
• ISAS’s New Launch Vehicle 1990
• Isby 2003
• Isgrig et al 1969
• Ishibashi et al 1995
• Ishida et al 2015
• Ishihara 1983
• Isik et al 2022
• Isotope reentry vehicle design 1968
• Israeli et al 2009
• Ito and Sakai 2021
• Ito and Sakai 2023
• Iudice et al 2024
• Ivancic et al 1992
• Ivanco 2016
• Ivanco and Keller 2012
• Ivanco et al 2020
• Ivanco et al 2021
• Ivanco et al 2024
• Ivanov 2021
• Ivanov 2021
• Ivanov 2022
• Ivanov and Borisov 2014
• Ivanov et al 1993
• Ivanov et al 2006
• Ivanov et al 2007
• Ivanov et al 2011
• Ivanov et al 2018
• Ivanov et al 2023
• Iwai et al 2023
• Iwakawa et al 2015
• Iyer 2026
• Iyer and Bufton 1977
• Izotov 1959
• Izsak 1966
• Jablonski and Elkiss 1993
• Jacchia and Slowey 1963
• Jacchia and Slowey 1964
• Jackson 1955
• Jackson 1973
• Jacob and George 2024
• Jacobi 1966
• Jacobs 1964
• Jacobs 1965
• Jacobs and Yeager 1975
• Jacobson and Powers 1972
• Jacobus 1964
• Jacoby 1960
• Jada et al 2026
• Jaemyeong et al 2019
• Jaensch and Markl 1991
• Jaffe 1965
• Jaggers 1974
• Jaggers 1976
• Jaggers 1977
• Jain et al 2023
• Jain et al 2026
• Jaita Sharma 2023
• Jaita Sharma 2023
• Jakes 1961
• Jakimczyk et al 1971
• Jakob and Kim 2020
• Jakob and Kim 2020
• Jalali-Naini 2004
• James Dwyer 2016
• Jamilnia and Naghash 2012
• Jamison 1968
• Jancso and Kraselsky 1999
• Jang and Park 2026
• Jang et al 1975
• Jang et al 2011
• Jang et al 2025
• Jangra et al 2026
• Janicijevic 2003
• Janikowski 2025
• Jankovic and Paul 2016
• Japan and Ballistic Missile 2001
• Japan and extended nuclear 2013
• Japan’s ballistic missile defense 2020
• Japan’s Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine 2006
• Jarmark 1986
• Jaroszewicz and Szustakowski 1995
• Jaroudi and McDonald 1964
• Jasani 2020
• Jastrow and Pearse 1957
• Jategaonkar et al 2006
• Jawad and Ahmad 2026
• Jayan and Raghunandan 2003
• Jayan et al 2024
• Jayanthi and Jain 2019
• Jayaseelan et al 2022
• Jazede 1962
• Jazwinski 1972
• Jebril et al 2008
• Jedrey et al 1992
• Jee et al 2014
• Jee et al 2014
• Jee et al 2016
• Jeffreys 1938
• Jehn 2002
• Jekeli 1991
• Jekeli 1994
• Jekeli 1997
• Jekeli 1998
• Jekeli 2011
• Jekeli 2011
• Jekeli 2021
• Jekeli and Dumrongchai 2003
• Jekeli and Garcia 2001
• Jekeli and Kwon 1999
• Jekeli et al 2009
• Jekeli et al 2012
• Jenab et al 2015
• Jenab et al 2016
• Jeng and Lin 1999
• Jeng and Litchford 1991
• Jenkin et al 2002
• Jenkin et al 2004
• Jenkin et al 2024
• Jenkin et al 2024
• Jenkins and Roy 1968
• Jensen 1980
• Jensen 2000
• Jensen 2001
• Jensen 2005
• Jensen and Forsberg 2018
• Jensen et al 2019
• Jensen et al 2024
• Jensen et al 2025
• Jensen et al 2025
• Jensen et al 2026
• Jeon 2023
• Jeon et al 2013
• Jeon et al 2013
• Jeon et al 2021
• Jeon et al 2024
• Jeong et al 2007
• Jeong et al 2022
• Jesen 1977
• Jetevator for rocket engine 1998
• Jeyakumar and Biswas 2023
• Jeyakumar et al 2005
• Jha 2024
• Jha and Jha 2021
• Jha et al 2003
• Ji et al 2007
• Ji et al 2026
• Jia and Ma 2014
• Jia et al 2007
• Jia et al 2012
• Jia et al 2020
• Jia et al 2023
• Jia et al 2024
• Jia et al 2025
• Jiachun and Ximei 1990
• Jian-hua et al 2008
• Jianbin et al 2005
• Jiandong et al 2020
• Jiang 1997
• Jiang and Deng 2025
• Jiang and Le 2026
• Jiang and Li 2023
• Jiang et al 2006
• Jiang et al 2007
• Jiang et al 2017
• Jiang et al 2018
• Jiang et al 2018
• Jiang et al 2018
• Jiang et al 2019
• Jiang et al 2019
• Jiang et al 2020
• Jiang et al 2021
• Jiang et al 2021
• Jiang et al 2022
• Jiang et al 2024
• Jiang et al 2024
• Jiang et al 2024
• Jiang et al 2025
• Jiang et al 2025
• Jiang et al 2026
• Jiang et al 2026
• Jianguo et al 2016
• Jianguo et al 2019
• Jianping 1995
• Jianping et al 2024
• Jiao et al 2024
• Jiao et al 2025
• Jiapan and Yongshan 2021
• Jiaxun et al 2024
• Jie et al 2011
• Jie Liang, Zhihui Li, Xuguo Li and Weibo Shi 2020
• Jilian Li et al 2010
• Jin 1995
• Jin and Kang 2007
• Jin et al 2010
• Jin et al 2013
• Jin et al 2019
• Jin et al 2024
• Jing and Yuan-pei 2015
• Jing Zhang et al 2015
• Jing Zhu and Roy
• Jingdong and Kun 2017
• Jinxiu et al 2009
• Jiurong 1995
• Jo and Ahn 2021
• Jo and Ahn 2022
• Jo and Choi 2025
• Jo and Yoo 2023
• Jo et al 2020
• Jo et al 2021
• Jo et al 2021
• Jodei et al
• Jodei et al 2008
• Johann et al 2020
• Johannessen 1964
• Johannsen et al 1993
• Johns 1966
• Johnson 1964
• Johnson 1970
• Johnson 1973
• Johnson 1975
• Johnson 1985
• Johnson 1991
• Johnson 1994
• Johnson 2000
• Johnson 2001
• Johnson 2005
• Johnson 2015
• Johnson 2023
• Johnson 2023
• Johnson and Grimm 1976
• Johnson and Matthews 1978
• Johnson and Mosely 1964
• Johnson and White 1964
• Johnson et al 1998
• Johnson et al 2003
• Johnson et al 2004
• Johnson et al 2004
• Johnson et al 2006
• Johnson et al 2007
• Johnson et al 2020
• Johnson et al 2021
• Johnston 1966
• Johnston 1996
• Johnston 1998
• Johnston et al 2021
• Joint Chiefs Of Staff Washington Dc 2012
• Joint Conference on Lifting 1960
• Jonathan 2018
• Jones 1966
• Jones 1969
• Jones 1991
• Jones 1992
• Jones 2024
• Jones and Cross 1971
• Jones and Farmer 1966
• Jones and Farmer 1967
• Jones and Moore 1987
• Jones and Walters 2007
• Jono et al 2007
• Joon-Gyu Ryu et al 2013
• Jopling and Stameris 1970
• Jorasch et al 1979
• Jordan 1972
• Jordan 1972
• Jordan 1978
• Jordan and Buffington 1987
• Jordan and Center 1986
• Jorris 2014
• Jortner and Martinez 1964
• Joseph and Payne 1995
• Joseph et al 2003
• Joseph et al 2026
• Joshi 1997
• Joshi and Jiss 2011
• Joshi and Sivan 2005
• Joshi and Sudhir Kumar 2014
• Joshi et al 1994
• Josloff and Peterson 1994
• Jouhaud et al 2007
• Joyce et al 2005
• Joyner and Sabatella 1990
• Ju et al 2022
• Juan et al 2015
• Juang and Radharamanan
• Juarez 1961
• Jubba Honnaiah et al 2024
• Judice et al 2022
• Jun-chao and Xiao-kuan 2016
• Junaid R and Beebi M 2015
• Junchun et al 2006
• Juncosa and Young 1953
• Junfeng Wang et al
• Jung 2019
• Jung 2022
• Jung and Hwang 2024
• Jung and Kwon 2008
• Jung and Rabinowitz 2019
• Jung and Weiss 2021
• Jung et al 2010
• Jung et al 2016
• Jung et al 2017
• Jung et al 2018
• Jung et al 2020
• Jung et al 2023
• Jung et al 2024
• Jung et al 2025
• Jung et al 2025
• Jung et al 2025
• Jurado et al 1990
• Jurd 1990
• Jusko et al 2026
• Justice 1965
• Jutty K et al 2000
• Jäggi et al 2010
• Kabaoğlu 2026
• Kabe 1998
• Kabe 2000
• Kachler and Beaurain 2005
• Kacynski et al 1991
• Kadbane et al 2020
• Kadhim 2020
• Kaehr and Spector 1980
• Kaertner 2006
• Kahar et al 1997
• Kahle et al 1978
• Kahler and Roy 1965
• Kahn et al 1979
• Kaidong et al 2006
• Kain et al 1978
• Kaiser et al 1964
• Kajioka et al
• Kajioka et al 1992
• Kaku 1990
• Kakudo et al 2021
• Kakudo et al 2025
• Kalden 2007
• Kaled Da Cás et al 2012
• Kalil and Martikan 1963
• Kalirajan and Joshi 2016
• Kalmeijer et al 2026
• Kalmykov et al 2009
• Kalmykov et al 2024
• Kalogeris 1966
• Kaloop et al 2021
• Kamal
• Kamal 2008
• Kamalvand et al 2004
• Kambrath and Thuluvath 2025
• Kameda et al
• Kameda et al 2000
• Kamei
• Kamenskii and Martirosov 2021
• Kamijo 1983
• Kamijo and Nosaka 1988
• Kamijo et al 1981
• Kamijo et al 1982
• Kamimura et al 2012
• Kaminski 1996
• Kaminski 1997
• Kaminskis and Forsberg 1997
• Kamp et al 1985
• Kamran 2023
• Kanagasabapathi Chandirakala 2026
• Kanda 2013
• Kanda et al 1994
• Kandel and Acharya 2025
• Kang and Kang 2015
• Kang et al 2019
• Kang et al 2021
• Kanhere and Gao 2023
• Kanmuri et al 1989
• Kanner and Hengel 2001
• Kanner and Reinarts 2001
• Kanner et al 2002
• Kanter 1966
• Kao and Bethel 1992
• Kapelyushin et al 2023
• Kaplan 1961
• Kaplan 1993
• Kaplan and Boyd 2019
• Kaplan et al 1962
• Kapp 1978
• Kara et al 2007
• Kara et al 2007
• Kara-Omar et al 2019
• Karagöz et al 2024
• Karaismailoglu et al 2025
• Karako 2016
• Karasuwa et al 2017
• Karbon and Nothnagel 2019
• Karbon et al 2019
• Karczmarz et al 2023
• Kariminejad et al 2026
• Karl 2006
• Karlitepe 2026
• Karnad 2020
• Karp 1991
• Karp 2004
• Karp 2019
• Karpov 1994
• Karr et al 2014
• Karrenberg and Lueders 1963
• Karsaev 2020
• Karthikeyan Kalirajan and Ashok Joshi 2023
• Kartuzova and Kassemi 2019
• Kartuzova et al 2026
• Kasaeian et al 2020
• Kasdorf 1952
• Kasdorf 1953
• Kasenda and Kearsley 2002
• Kashani 2006
• Kashima et al 1991
• Kashiwagi 1968
• Kashkovsky 2014
• Kashkovsky et al 2014
• Kashyap 2025
• Kassemi et al 2018
• Kasser et al
• Kato 1999
• Kato 2001
• Kato 2017
• Kato et al 1995
• Kato et al 2021
• Katsurayama and Abe 2012
• Kau 1975
• Kau et al 1983
• Kauderer 1989
• Kaufman 1970
• Kaufman 1971
• Kaufman 1972
• Kaufman and Cohen 1971
• Kaul 1980
• Kaula 1961
• Kaula 1961
• Kaula 1963
• Kaula 1963
• Kaula 1963
• Kaula 1963
• Kaula 1963
• Kaula 1966
• Kaula 1966
• Kaula 1966
• Kaula 1967
• Kaula 1967
• Kaula et al 1963
• Kaur 2019
• Kaur Chawla and Malhotra 2019
• Kaushik 2025
• Kawabe 1999
• Kawada 2004
• Kawaguchi and Inaba 2002
• Kawamoto et al 2018
• Kawamoto et al 2025
• Kawamura and Azimov
• Kawamura et al 2025
• Kawanami et al 2020
• Kawanami et al 2021
• Kawasaki et al 2019
• Kawase 2003
• Kawato et al 2003
• Kawatsu 2019
• Kawatsu et al 2013
• Kawatsu et al 2020
• Kayama and Takenaka 1980
• Kayhan 2016
• Kayhan and Montorsi 2012
• Kayton 1964
• Kazama et al 1992
• Kc 2019
• Ke and Wang 2017
• Ke et al 2020
• Kearsley and Holloway 1989
• Kearsley et al 1998
• Keast 1961
• Kechichian 1997
• Kechichian and Kelly 1989
• Kechichian et al 1983
• Keeney 2006
• Keeney 2006
• Kehan et al 2015
• Kehm et al 2017
• Keigler and Muhlfelder 1986
• Keihl 2025
• Keith 1995
• Kekunamullage et al 2026
• Keller 1982
• Keller 1982
• Keller and Hirsch 1993
• Keller and Ivanco 2010
• Keller and Sharifi 2005
• Kelley 2002
• Kelly 1959
• Kelly 1963
• Kelly et al 2019
• Kelly et al 2026
• Kemp and Clark 2000
• Kemp and Clark 2003
• Kempton and Riedl 2021
• Ken Gee and Lawrence 2013
• Kendall 1970
• Kendall 2000
• Kennedy 1995
• Kennedy and Fields 1962
• Kennedy et al 2002
• Kennel 1967
• Kenny et al 2006
• Kenny et al 2009
• Kent 1999
• Kenyon 1998
• Kenyon and Pavlis 1996
• Kenyon and Pavlis 1997
• Kerczewski and Fujikawa 1992
• Kern and Haagmans
• Kern et al 2025
• Kerr et al 2010
• Kerrisk and Masek 1966
• Kessler and Carson 1979
• Kestenbaum 1965
• Ketchum 1970
• Ketelaar et al 2007
• Ketner and Hess 1979
• Ketterle et al 2008
• Keuper 1960
• Kezirian 2021
• Kezirian et al 2024
• Khalfalla and Abousetta 2026
• Khalil et al 2025
• Khamlak 2025
• Khamlak 2026
• Khan et al 2017
• Khan et al 2026
• Khanlar Hashimov 2024
• Kharchenko et al 2024
• Kharisov et al 2008
• Kharisov et al 2008
• Khatniuk et al 2019
• Khoshnood et al 2009
• Khutorovsky et al 2007
• Kiamehr and Eshagh 2008
• Kibbey 2015
• Kibbey 2019
• Kidner 1993
• Kiehn 2020
• Kierski et al 2023
• Kikin 2016
• Kikin 2017
• Kikuchi et al 2018
• Kikumoto et al 1998
• Killian
• Killian et al 1994
• Kilpatrick 1965
• Kim
• Kim 1987
• Kim 2012
• Kim 2014
• Kim 2016
• Kim 2019
• Kim 2019
• Kim 2020
• Kim 2023
• Kim 2025
• Kim and Bae 2017
• Kim and Choi 2013
• Kim and Choi 2026
• Kim and Golnaraghi
• Kim and Gulhan 2011
• Kim and Jung 2024
• Kim and Kim 2025
• Kim and Kwon 2016
• Kim and Lee 2024
• Kim and Lee 2025
• Kim and Park 2018
• Kim and Shaw 1984
• Kim and Song 2015
• Kim and Song 2017
• Kim and Song 2019
• Kim et al 1990
• Kim et al 1996
• Kim et al 2000
• Kim et al 2006
• Kim et al 2008
• Kim et al 2008
• Kim et al 2010
• Kim et al 2010
• Kim et al 2013
• Kim et al 2013
• Kim et al 2013
• Kim et al 2015
• Kim et al 2016
• Kim et al 2017
• Kim et al 2018
• Kim et al 2019
• Kim et al 2020
• Kim et al 2021
• Kim et al 2022
• Kim et al 2023
• Kim et al 2024
• Kim et al 2024
• Kim et al 2024
• Kim et al 2025
• Kim et al 2025
• Kim et al 2025
• Kim et al 2025
• Kim et al 2026
• Kim et al 2026
• Kim et al 2026
• Kim et al 2026
• Kimura 2020
• Kimura et al 1995
• Kimura et al 2005
• Kimura et al 2008
• Kimura et al 2010
• Kindel 1993
• Kinefuchi et al 2020
• Kinefuchi et al 2022
• King 1980
• King and Salvaggi 1975
• King et al 2012
• King et al 2017
• King-Hele 1958
• King-Hele 1962
• King-hele 1965
• King-Hele 1972
• King-Hele and Cook 1965
• King-Hele and Cook 1966
• King-Hele and Cook 1974
• King-Hele and Walker 1987
• King-Hele and Walker 1989
• King-hele et al 1963
• King-hele et al 1964
• King-Hele et al 1965
• King-hele et al 1966
• King-Hele et al 1966
• King-Hele et al 1967
• King-Hele et al 1967
• King-Hele et al 1968
• King-Hele et al 1969
• King-Hele et al 1974
• King-Hele et al 1979
• King-Hele et al 1981
• Kinghele 1974
• Kingsbury and Vinson 1965
• Kinneen and Featherstone 2004
• Kinnersley et al 2003
• Kinoshita 1977
• Kinoshita et al 2015
• Kinsey et al 1987
• Kinslow 2005
• Kirby 1999
• Kirby 2003
• Kirby and Van Vooren 1964
• Kiris et al 2000
• Kiritani et al 2020
• Kirkpatrick 1989
• Kirschbaum and Sheridan 1966
• Kirschner 1992
• Kirschner et al 1988
• Kiser 1986
• Kishimoto et al 2022
• Kislik 1961
• Kita et al 2026
• Kitagawa et al 2004
• Kite et al 1965
• Kitsche 2010
• Kitsios and Lygeros 2005
• Kitts 1995
• Kivioja and Lewis 2013
• Kizhner et al 1999
• Klaisner 1968
• Klaver 1974
• Klein 1984
• Kleinert and Schleith 2010
• Kleinhesselink 1963
• Klem 1990
• Klenk 1964
• Klett 1968
• Klett 1968
• Kleusberg
• Kleusberg et al
• Klimas and Kilikevičius 2025
• Klimovskii 2006
• Kling 1989
• Klinkrad 1994
• Klinkrad 2017
• Klinkrad et al
• Klinkrad et al 2004
• Kloesel and Clark 2013
• Klopfer 1985
• Kluever 2007
• Kluever 2022
• Kluever and Horneman 2005
• Kluever et al 2009
• Knabe et al 2026
• Knapp 1999
• Knapp and Schwartz 1975
• Knaur 1966
• Knepp 1977
• Kniffen 1992
• Knight 2023
• Knight and Quinn 1971
• Kniss 1968
• Knoblach 1974
• Knoblauch et al 2012
• Knoll and Oglebay 1963
• Knott 1969
• Knowles et al 1999
• Knowles et al 2001
• Knudsen et al 2001
• Knudtson et al 2011
• Ko 1994
• Ko 2010
• Ko and Kim 2008
• Ko and Schuster 1983
• Ko et al 2006
• Ko et al 2007
• Ko et al 2019
• Kobayashi 2017
• Kobayashi 2024
• Kobayashi and Saperstein 1981
• Kobayashi et al
• Koch 2023
• Koch 2023
• Koch et al
• Koch et al 2021
• Kode and Shtessel 2021
• Kodet et al 2022
• Kodet et al 2024
• Koehnlein 1967
• Koelle 1981
• Koelle 1984
• Koelle 1986
• Koelle 1990
• Koelle 1992
• Koelle 1992
• Koelle 1998
• Koelle and Dodel 1988
• Koelle and Kleinau 1980
• Koenig 2018
• Koenig and Merle 1970
• Koenigsmann and Shotwell 2006
• Koh et al 2026
• Kohani et al 2021
• Kohlberg 1999
• Kohnlein 1966
• Kohno and Myra 2019
• Kohrs and Petersen 1998
• Koifman et al 1995
• Koike et al 2018
• Koike et al 2026
• Kokan et al 2014
• Kokora 2002
• Kolawole 2002
• Kolawole 2017
• Kolba 1982
• Kolbe 1992
• Kollo and Ellmann 2023
• Kolosov et al
• Komatsu and Takahashi 2025
• Kommunikation über Satelliten / 1981
• Komurasaki and Candler 1998
• Kondratiev 2019
• Koneshov and Mikhailov 2024
• Kong 2026
• Konin et al 2026
• Konov and Klimov 2024
• Konovaltsev et al 2019
• Koon and Greene 2002
• Koons 1980
• Kopp et al 2019
• Koppenwallner 2001
• Korea Research Institute for Strategy et al 2026
• Koritza
• Kornev 2024
• Kornev et al 2022
• Korte 2000
• Kosek and Kołaczek 1991
• Kosykh 2025
• Kotsakis and Katsambalos 2010
• Kotsakis et al 2002
• Kottas and Roumeliotis 2013
• Kou et al 2014
• Kouba and Mason 1962
• Koubek 1963
• Koumbarou et al 2024
• Kovalevsky 1971
• Kovalevsky 1986
• Kozai 1961
• Kozai 1961
• Kozai 1963
• Kozai 1964
• Kozai 1964
• Kozai 1966
• Kozai 1970
• Kozedra et al 2021
• Kozlov et al 1996
• Kozlov et al 2026
• Kościelniak 2015
• Kraft and Townsend 1963
• Krag 2012
• Krag et al 2013
• Kral et al 2004
• Kramberger and McCabe 1969
• Krause 1990
• Krause and Stein 1988
• Kravitsky 2007
• Krdžalić et al 2023
• Kreeger et al 1997
• Kreemer et al 2006
• Kreisel 2002
• Kreisler 1964
• Kreiter 1965
• Kreiter 1967
• Kremer and Mease 1995
• Kresnawan and Panuntun 2025
• Krevor and Wilhite 2007
• Krevor and Wilhite 2007
• Kreye et al
• Kreye et al
• Krieger 1982
• Krieger and Williams 1981
• Kriegsman 1966
• Krige et al 2013
• Krishna et al 2019
• Krishnamoorthy and Close 2015
• Krishnamoorthy and Close 2017
• Krishnan and Thakur 2024
• Krishnan et al 1992
• Krishnan et al 2016
• Krishnaswamy and Bugajski 2005
• Krisko et al 1999
• Krisko et al 2001
• Krivenko 2026
• Krivykh et al 2008
• Krivykh et al 2010
• Kroenig 2018
• Kroenig 2018
• Kross and Webb 1979
• Kross et al 1983
• Kruggel et al 1999
• Krunz and Sanfelice 2013
• Kruse et al 2023
• Kruzynski et al 2023
• Krylov 2021
• Krylov and Tolstikov 2021
• Krylov and Veremeenko 2020
• Krynski et al 2023
• Kryuchkov 2020
• Kryuchkov 2020
• Kryvoruka and Ashurst 1973
• Kubena et al 2016
• Kubicki et al 2020
• Kubo 1982
• Kucera et al 2025
• Kucharski et al 2015
• Kudas and Wnęk 2022
• Kudriashov et al 2018
• Kudryavtsev 1999
• Kudryavtsev and Safronov 2012
• Kuehne 1998
• Kuhar et al 2010
• Kuhlman 1963
• Kuhn
• Kuhn 2001
• Kui and Chuan-jin 2009
• Kujur et al 2020
• Kujur et al 2020
• Kujur et al 2021
• Kujur et al 2025
• Kujur et al 2026
• Kukushkin and Ivanchenko 1993
• Kulakova et al 2004
• Kulakova et al 2005
• Kulakova, et al 2006
• Kulesa 2021
• Kulesza and Akcali Gur 2023
• Kumagai 1963
• Kumar 1988
• Kumar 2004
• Kumar 2014
• Kumar 2020
• Kumar 2022
• Kumar and Dwivedi 2026
• Kumar and Jain 2021
• Kumar and Kumari 2014
• Kumar et al 1980
• Kumar et al 1994
• Kumar et al 1998
• Kumar et al 2002
• Kumar et al 2016
• Kumar et al 2021
• Kumar et al 2023
• Kumar et al 2026
• Kumar V V and Beebi M 2015
• Kumari and Selwal 2016
• Kumazawa et al 1992
• Kumru et al 2017
• Kumru et al 2018
• Kuncar et al 2018
• Kundrapu et al 2015
• Kundu and Bangham 2022
• Kunpeng He et al 2013
• Kuntz et al 1987
• Kunz 1967
• Kuo and Liu 2002
• Kuperman 1999
• Kupper et al 2020
• Kurela et al 2025
• Kurian et al 2025
• Kurihara et al 2020
• Kurita et al 2000
• Kuroda and Imado 1988
• Kuroda and Imado 1989
• Kuroda and Imado 1990
• Kuroda et al 1993
• Kuroishi 2000
• Kuroishi 2001
• Kuroishi 2009
• Kurtz 1990
• Kurtz and McNair 1964
• Kurudimath et al 2026
• Kurzius and Raab 1969
• Kusche and Springer 2017
• Kushwaha et al 2025
• Kusuma et al 2022
• Kutter 2006
• Kutter et al 2006
• Kuusniemi and Vemuri 2026
• Kuwabara et al 1968
• Kuwabara et al 1969
• Kuwahara et al 2009
• Kuwahara et al 2025
• Kuznetsov 1993
• Kuznetsov 2023
• Kwak et al 2018
• Kwasniak 2018
• Kwiecien 2017
• Kwon and Jekeli 2001
• Kwon and Jekeli 2002
• Kwon and Jekeli 2005
• Kwon et al 2005
• Kwon et al 2021
• Kéchichian 2021
• König et al 1999
• Kühtreiber and Abd-Elmotaal
• L. Johnson and W. Vaughan 2020
• Lacefield and Sprow 1994
• Lach 1989
• Lacovsky 2021
• Lacovsky 2021
• Lacovsky 2021
• Ladner 2016
• Laganelli 1980
• Lagunas et al 2024
• Lai and Bhavnani 1975
• Lai and Chao 2025
• Lailari 2002
• Laird 2019
• Laird 2019
• Laitone 1959
• Lakshminarasimha 1991
• Lakshminarayana et al 2026
• Lalithambika and Dasgupta 2007
• Lalithambika and Dasgupta 2021
• Lalithambika et al 2001
• Lall 1965
• Lam 2005
• Lamb and Marx 1999
• Lamb and Mayo 1967
• Lambeck 1970
• Lambeck 1971
• Lambert and Bizouard 2002
• Lambert et al 2011
• Lamberti et al 2000
• Lambeva 2021
• Lan and Li 2022
• Lan et al 2024
• Landers and Auman 2001
• Landers et al 1991
• Landers et al 2003
• Landherr and Klein 1987
• Landherr and Klein 1989
• Landis 1984
• Landon and Raymond 1982
• Lane and Redman 1970
• Lang 1996
• Lange and Parkinson 1965
• Langel et al 2021
• Langford 1965
• Langford 1966
• Langhenry and Parks 1991
• Langill 1965
• Langlade 2018
• Langley and Demetrick 1978
• Langston 1967
• Languisse 2026
• Lanin 2012
• Lanin 2012
• Lansard and Palmade 1998
• Lansard et al 1998
• Lant et al 2008
• Lantagne et al
• Laporte-Weywada 1993
• Large eddy simulation of 2023
• Larin and Tunik 2012
• Larkin 2002
• Larsen 2008
• Larsen et al 2025
• Larson 1965
• Larson 1973
• Laser Satellite Communications 2000
• Laser-driven fiber-optic gyroscope 2025
• Laskowski 1983
• Lassak et al 2013
• Lasser et al 2024
• Lauer 1981
• Launch mission summary COMSTAR 1981
• Launch mission summary FLTSATCOM-D 1980
• Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1981, Launch mission summary INTELSAT 5
• Launch mission summary Intelsat 1981, Launch mission summary Intelsat 5 2
• Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1982, Launch mission summary INTELSAT 5
• Launch mission summary INTELSAT 1982, Launch mission summary INTELSAT V
• Launch Vehicle and Payload 2022
• Launch vehicle dynamics
• Launch Vehicle Manufacturing 2022
• Launch Vehicle Performance 1963
• Launch Vehicle Performance and 2022
• Launch Vehicle Stability and 2022
• Launch Vehicle Stress Analysis 2022
• Launch Vehicle Systems
• Launch Vehicle Systems and 2022
• Launch Vehicle Topology Optimization 2017
• Launch Vehicles as Support 1966
• Laur et al 2024
• Laura and Virginia 2012
• Lauter 1988
• Lavine 1963
• Lavreau 2016
• Law 1997
• Law 2000
• Lawhead and Combs 1963
• Lawrence 1945
• Lawrence 1991
• Lawrence 1991
• Lawrence 1993
• Lawrence 1993
• Lawrence 1993
• Lawrence 1993
• Lawrence 1998
• Lawrence 1998
• Lawrence 1998
• Layachi et al 2025
• Layfield and Carpenter 1995
• Laying the Foundation India’s 2008
• Layton 1967
• Le Bel and Russell 1965
• Le et al 2023
• Leach and Decker 2010
• Leadbetter and Raney 1965
• Leahy and Williams 2007
• Leaman 1966
• Leberl et al 1988
• LeBlanc and Grannemann 1963
• Lebow 2019
• Lebrun and Ngendakumana 1990
• Leclère et al 2025
• Lecourt and Foucaud 1987
• Lederer 2021
• Ledu and Pollak 1968
• Lee 1974
• Lee 1976
• Lee 1985
• Lee 1988
• Lee 2018
• Lee 2023
• Lee 2026
• Lee and Ahn 2023
• Lee and Baek 2026
• Lee and Hwang 2024
• Lee and Jang 2019
• Lee and Johnson 2020
• Lee and Jung 2018
• Lee and Kim 2015
• Lee and Lee 2010
• Lee and Lee 2011
• Lee and Liu 1999
• Lee and Mesbahi 2012
• Lee and Roh 2013
• Lee and Stupik 2015
• Lee and Wright 2002
• Lee and Yun 2025
• Lee and Yun 2025
• Lee et al 1953
• Lee et al 1997
• Lee et al 1999
• Lee et al 2004
• Lee et al 2004
• Lee et al 2009
• Lee et al 2014
• Lee et al 2015
• Lee et al 2016
• Lee et al 2017
• Lee et al 2018
• Lee et al 2018
• Lee et al 2018
• Lee et al 2018
• Lee et al 2020
• Lee et al 2020
• Lee et al 2021
• Lee et al 2022
• Lee et al 2023
• Lee et al 2023
• Lee et al 2023
• Lee et al 2024
• Lee et al 2024
• Lee et al 2024
• Lee et al 2024
• Lee et al 2025
• Lee et al 2025
• Lee et al 2025
• Lee et al 2026
• Lee et al 2026
• Lee et al 2026
• Lee Kingsley 1967
• Lee-Glauser and Ahmadi 1993
• Leendertse 1961
• Leese 1966
• Lefevre 1988
• Lefevre 1993
• Lefevre 1996
• LeFevre and Jha 2008
• LeFevre and Jha 2009
• Lefevre et al 1987
• Lefèvre 1996
• Lefèvre 1997
• Lefèvre 2013
• Legendre et al 1980
• Lehmann 1995
• Lehmann 1996
• Lehmann 1999
• Lehmann 2000
• Lehmitz 2018
• Lehr 1969
• Lei and Hu 2012
• Lei et al 2011
• Lei et al 2017
• Lei et al 2026
• Lei et al 2026
• Lei Shi et al 2010
• Lei Wang et al 2011
• Leisgang and Benz 1992
• Leitman 1963
• Leitmann 1964
• Lemal
• LeMoyne 2005
• LeMoyne 2008
• LeMoyne 2008
• Lenihan 1962
• Lenning and Simko 1970
• Lennon and Poirter 1974
• Leo and Anderson 1998
• LEO Satellite Ground Station 2022
• Leonard 1961
• Leonardson and Foote
• Leonov and Grishko 2019
• Leontief 1986
• Leslie and Justus 2008
• Lessey 1989
• Lessing and Coate 1965
• Lester and Morgan 1964
• Lestrade et al 2017
• Letizia 2022
• Letizia et al 2024
• Leto et al 2016
• Lettieri et al 2018
• Leung and Calise 1992
• Leung and Calise 1994
• Levi and Stahlhuth 1977
• Levin 1963
• Levin and Smith 1967
• Levine 1964
• Levy 1962
• Levy et al 1984
• Lewak 1967
• Lewis 1989
• Lewis 2017
• Lewis 2020
• Lewis and Postol 1997
• Li 1989
• Li 1999
• Li 2011
• Li 2011
• Li 2011
• Li 2011
• Li 2013
• Li 2014
• Li 2017
• Li 2018
• Li 2020
• Li 2023
• Li 2023
• Li 2025
• Li 2025
• Li 2025
• Li 2026
• Li 2026
• Li 2026
• Li and Gao 2014
• Li and Gong 2018
• Li and Gong 2022
• Li and Guo 2012
• Li and Guo 2022
• Li and Hou 2023
• Li and Huang 2026
• Li and Lei 2025
• Li and Liu 2001
• Li and Liu 2009
• Li and Mourikis 2012
• Li and Mourikis 2013
• Li and Qiao 2018
• Li and Sideris 1997
• Li and Wang 2025
• Li and Zhang 2021
• Li et al 2005
• Li et al 2005
• Li et al 2007
• Li et al 2008
• Li et al 2009
• Li et al 2009
• Li et al 2009
• Li et al 2010
• Li et al 2011
• Li et al 2011
• Li et al 2012
• Li et al 2012
• Li et al 2013
• Li et al 2013
• Li et al 2013
• Li et al 2014
• Li et al 2014
• Li et al 2015
• Li et al 2015
• Li et al 2016
• Li et al 2016
• Li et al 2016
• Li et al 2016
• Li et al 2017
• Li et al 2018
• Li et al 2018
• Li et al 2018
• Li et al 2018
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2019
• Li et al 2020
• Li et al 2020
• Li et al 2020
• Li et al 2020
• Li et al 2020
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2021
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2022
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2023
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2024
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2025
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li et al 2026
• Li Jialei et al 2011
• Li Ruikang et al 2006
• Li Yongyuan et al 2013
• Lian et al 2004
• Lian et al 2020
• Lian et al 2022
• Liang and Han 2008
• Liang and Han 2011
• Liang and Kleinbub 1973
• Liang and Liu 2009
• Liang et al 2010
• Liang et al 2011
• Liang et al 2013
• Liang et al 2014
• Liang et al 2016
• Liang et al 2018
• Liang et al 2020
• Liang et al 2020
• Liang et al 2020
• Liang et al 2021
• Liang et al 2022
• Liang et al 2026
• Liang et al 2026
• Liang et al 2026
• Liang Wang and He-Hua Ju 2009
• Liao et al 2023
• Liao et al 2023
• Liao et al 2024
• Liao et al 2025
• Liaoni Wu et al 2008
• Liaw and Abed 1989
• Licata 1977
• Lichtenfeld 1964
• Lichtenstein 1960
• Lichtenstein 1968
• Lichtman and Reed 2015
• Lichtman and Reed 2016
• Liden 1971
• Lidtke et al 2014
• Liepins and Kalinka 2017
• Liever and Habchi 2004
• Liever and West 2016
• Liever et al 2016
• Life expectancy of communication 1988
• Liffring 2002
• Light 1960
• Lightweight, controlled expansion alloy 2005
• Likourezos 1993
• Lilliefors 1957
• Lim 2017
• Lim and George 1987
• Lim et al 2024
• Limerick 1987
• Limerick 1991
• Limón-González et al 2023
• Lin 1985
• Lin 1989
• Lin 2003
• Lin and Rubin 1979
• Lin and Shafroth 1983
• Lin and Xin 2019
• Lin and Zhan 2023
• Lin et al 1979
• Lin et al 1982
• Lin et al 1993
• Lin et al 1995
• Lin et al 1998
• Lin et al 2000
• Lin et al 2003
• Lin et al 2010
• Lin et al 2012
• Lin et al 2013
• Lin et al 2020
• Lin et al 2022
• Lin et al 2024
• Lin et al 2025
• Lin-lin et al 2015
• Lind and McIlwraith 1965
• Lindberg 1979
• Lindqwister et al 1993
• Linear acoustic gains and 1964
• Ling 2015
• Ling et al 2007
• Linkages to Iran’s Ballistic 2015
• Linsenmayer et al 1965
• Linsenmayer et al 1965
• Linskens and Mooij 2016
• Liou 2013
• Liou et al 2010
• Lippold 1980
• Lipton 1967
• Liquid Oxygen Quantity Instruments
• Liquid Oxygen Test of 2009
• Liquid propellant rocket engines
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 3
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 4
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 5
• Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 2006, Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 6
• Liquid Propellant Rocket-Engine Organizations 2006
• Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion 1995
• Liquid Rocket Engine Reliability
• Liquid Rocket Engine Thrust 2018
• Liquid-Propellant Droplet Vaporization and 2004
• Lisi 1987
• List and Shoup 2011
• Lithchfield 1995
• Liu 1967
• Liu 1974
• Liu 1982
• Liu 1992
• Liu 2008
• Liu 2016
• Liu 2017
• Liu 2017
• Liu 2023
• Liu 2024
• Liu 2025
• Liu 2025
• Liu and Alford 1979
• Liu and Chang 2015
• Liu and Cheng 1995
• Liu and He 2017
• Liu and Papadimitratos 2023
• Liu and Papadimitratos 2025
• Liu and Qizhi 1996
• Liu and Wang 2025
• Liu and Zhang 2022
• Liu and Zhu 2016
• Liu et al 1995
• Liu et al 2005
• Liu et al 2009
• Liu et al 2010
• Liu et al 2011
• Liu et al 2011
• Liu et al 2011
• Liu et al 2012
• Liu et al 2013
• Liu et al 2014
• Liu et al 2014
• Liu et al 2014
• Liu et al 2014
• Liu et al 2014
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2016
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2017
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2018
• Liu et al 2019
• Liu et al 2019
• Liu et al 2020
• Liu et al 2020
• Liu et al 2020
• Liu et al 2020
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2021
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2022
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2023
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2024
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2025
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liu et al 2026
• Liwei Zheng and Wuxing Jing
• Lloyd and Lipow 1963
• Lloyd and Sebeny 2006
• Lloyd et al 2013
• Lo 1979
• Lo 1999
• Lo et al 2021
• Lobbia 2015
• Locke 1950
• Locke 1981
• Loewy 1965
• Loewy 1966
• Loftus and Reynolds 1993
• Loftus et al 1993
• Logsdon 1992
• Lohmar
• Lohvynenko and Boliubash 2024
• Lona and Swaminathan 2025
• Long 1950
• Long 1990
• Long 2014
• Long 2014
• Long 2018
• Long et al 2026
• LONG TERM Storage for
• Long-Term Storage of Missile
• Longman 1972
• Longren 1970
• Longuski et al 2021
• Loomis 1974
• Loomis et al 2020
• Lootens 1961
• Lopatin
• Lopez et al 2025
• Lordos et al 2026
• Lorenzo 1995
• Lorenzo and Musgrave 1992
• Lorenzo et al 1998
• Lorenzo et al 2000
• Lortie 1966
• Lou et al 2016
• Lou et al 2025
• Loughrey
• Louie et al 1985
• Louka 2011
• Loukakis 2017
• Lovtsov and Karpov 2011
• Low cost computer subsystem 1975
• Low Earth Orbit LEO 2014
• Low Thrust Propulsion System 1974
• Low-Cost Satellites and Satellite 1990
• Low-density phenolic nylon nosecap 1965
• Low-earth orbit LEO mobile 1994
• Lowe
• Lowrey 1962
• Lowrey et al 1984
• Lowry 1966
• Lowry 1996
• Lu 1977
• Lu 1994
• Lu 1996
• Lu 1997
• Lu 2015
• Lu 2018
• Lu 2019
• Lu 2020
• Lu 2020
• Lu 2024
• Lu 2026
• Lu 2026
• Lu and Callan 2023
• Lu and Davami 2024
• Lu and Pan 2009
• Lu and Pan 2010
• Lu and Sandoval 2021
• Lu et al 2002
• Lu et al 2003
• Lu et al 2005
• Lu et al 2007
• Lu et al 2008
• Lu et al 2013
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2014
• Lu et al 2016
• Lu et al 2017
• Lu et al 2017
• Lu et al 2018
• Lu et al 2020
• Lu et al 2024
• Lu et al 2024
• Lu et al 2024
• Lu et al 2024
• Lu et al 2024
• Lu et al 2026
• Lu et al 2026
• Lu et al 2026
• Lubowe 1965
• Lubowe 1969
• Luc et al 2026
• Luca Massotti 2006
• Lucchesi et al 2015
• Lucchi et al 2024
• Lucci and Hodson 1975
• Luchinsky et al 2008
• Luchinsky et al 2010
• Ludvik 2016
• Ludvik 2019
• Lui 1996
• Luini and Capsoni 2013
• Luis et al 2024
• Lukacs and Yakimenko 2007
• Luke 1989
• Luke 1991
• Luke 1993
• Lum and Hines 1972
• Lum et al 2026
• Lumin and Sen 1993
• Lumpe 2019
• Lunar Communication Satellites 1966
• Lund 2001
• Lundquist 1967
• Lundquist 1967
• Lungu et al 2018
• Lungu et al 2018
• Luo and Baysal 1999
• Luo and Tsao 2024
• Luo and Xu 1991
• Luo et al 2016
• Luo et al 2017
• Luo et al 2022
• Luo et al 2022
• Luo et al 2023
• Luo et al 2024
• Luo et al 2024
• Luo et al 2026
• Lurui Xia et al 2008
• Lushchik et al 1993
• Lustig and Hayes 1969
• Luthcke et al 2006
• Luton 1963
• Lutsky et al 1973
• Lutz 1963
• Lutz 1964
• Lutz and Plotkin 1963
• Lux and Haidn 2009
• Luyện 2014
• Lv et al 2021
• Lv et al 2023
• Lv et al 2026
• Lv et al 2026
• Lviv Polytechnic National University et al 2024
• Lwangasi 1991
• Lwangasi 1993
• Lyddane 1984
• Lyles 1997
• Lynch 2001
• Lynn 1968
• Lyons 1974
• Lysandrou and Braun 2021
• Lyszkowicz 2011
• Lytal and Hoffman 2010
• Lytle and Spires
• Lyu et al 2025
• Léfèvre 1989
• López-Morales 2026
• Löcher and Kusche 2018
• Löcher and Kusche 2020
• Lönnqvist 2018
• Lüer et al 2025
• M.L.Jorlin et al 2026
• Ma 1990
• Ma 1994
• Ma 1996
• Ma 2011
• Ma 2014
• Ma and McKitterick 2012
• Ma et al 2012
• Ma et al 2014
• Ma et al 2014
• Ma et al 2018
• Ma et al 2018
• Ma et al 2020
• Ma et al 2020
• Ma et al 2021
• Ma et al 2021
• Ma et al 2022
• Ma et al 2022
• Ma et al 2023
• Ma et al 2023
• Ma et al 2024
• Ma et al 2024
• Ma et al 2025
• Ma et al 2025
• Ma et al 2025
• Ma et al 2026
• Ma et al 2026
• Ma et al 2026
• Ma et al 2026
• Maat 2010
• Macauley 2015
• MacCarthy 1954
• Macgregor 1964
• Mach
• Macheske et al 1993
• Machin and Daum 2026
• Machine learning�enabled missile system 2023
• Maciuk et al 2023
• Mackall et al 1998
• Mackall et al 1998
• Mackern et al 2009
• Mackinnon and Madden 1971
• Mackle
• MacLaren and Walkup 1964
• Maclay et al 2025
• Macmillan 1981
• Macomber 1984
• MacPherson 1963
• MacQueen 2010
• Macés-Hernández 2026
• Macêdo and Rocco 2019
• Maddux 1999
• Madigan 1969
• Madigan 1970
• Maeda et al 2019
• Maekawa 1996
• Magill and Wehe 2002
• Magill et al 2000
• Magree and Johnson 2013
• Magree and Johnson 2014
• Magree and Johnson 2015
• Magrini 1967
• Mahajan and Condon 2025
• Mahapatra et al 2016
• Mahapatra et al 2017
• Mahaseth et al 2022
• Mahle and Hyde 1992
• Mahmoodi and Kandelousi 2016
• Mahmoud et al 2006
• Mahmoud et al 2006
• Mahmoud et al 2017
• Mahon 1982
• Mahon and Wild 1984
• Mahony et al 2025
• Maicke et al 2026
• Main 1986
• Mainville et al 1995
• Maitra 2000
• Maity et al 2012
• Major LEO-MEO MSS Satellite 2000
• Majoros and Sarlat 1966
• Majumdar 2022
• Majumdar and LeClair 2024
• Majumdar et al 2007
• Majumdar et al 2008
• Majumdar et al 2016
• Majumder 2019
• Majumder and Sadhu 2016
• Majus 1983
• Makarewicz 2024
• Makhtoumi 2018
• Making Sense of Ballistic 2012
• Malcuit 2020
• Malcuit 2020
• Malik 1976
• Malik 1976
• Malik 2026
• Malik et al 2007
• Malik et al 2012
• Malik et al 2024
• Mall and Taheri 2022
• Mallet et al
• Mallick et al 2026
• Malmuth and Fedorov 2008
• Malmuth et al 2005
• Maloney 2007
• Malvern and Collins 2014
• Malys and Jensen 1989
• Malyshev and Bobronnikov 1998
• Malyuta et al 2019
• Mamdouh et al 2026
• Manandhar 2010
• Manandhar 2011
• Manandhar 2017
• Manandhar 2018
• Mancini and Schow 1966
• Mancini et al 2022
• Mancini et al 2023
• Mancini et al 2025
• Mandel et al 2019
• Mandell and White 1960
• Mandt and Neighbor 1982
• Manea et al 2009
• Mani et al 2000
• Manikonda and vanDoom 2008
• Manimaran et al 2018
• Manis et al 2025
• Manna and Deconinck 1992
• Manning 1991
• Manning 2009
• Manoussakis and Korakitis 2020
• Manwatkar et al 2016
• Manwatkar et al 2024
• Mao 2023
• Mao et al 2012
• Mao et al 2016
• Mao et al 2020
• Mao et al 2020
• Mao et al 2021
• Mao et al 2024
• Maorui Zhang et al 2010
• Maorui Zhang et al 2010
• Maples 1973
• Maram 1993
• Marcelo G.S. Bruno and Anton Pavlov
• Marchenko and Abrikosov 1995
• Marchenko et al 2002
• Marconicchio et al 1992
• Marcos 1990
• Marcos 2006
• Marcos et al 2008
• Marcos et al 2010
• Marcuccio and Heitkoetter 2018
• Marcum 2001
• Marcum et al 1965
• Marcus et al 1969
• Marcé 1994
• Maresca 1960
• Maria.M. Abustia and Marwa Ali Alzwam 2026
• Marinushkin and Podshivalov 2015
• Marjetič 2013
• Marjetič and Kregar 2016
• Markowitz and Morgan 1977
• Marks 1985
• Marr 2003
• Marra et al 2018
• Marsh and Chang 1976
• Marsh and Cowan 1994
• Marsh and Vincent 1973
• Marsh et al 1985
• Marsh et al 1987
• Marsh et al 1988
• Marsh et al 1989
• Marsh et al 1989
• Marshalek and Begley 1995
• Marsten 1975
• Marszałek 2021
• Marti 1995
• Martin 1961
• Martin 1973
• Martin 1984
• Martin 1993
• Martin 2004
• Martin 2007
• Martin and Manski 1989
• Martin and Manski 1991
• Martin and Oh 1979
• Martin Co Baltimore Md 1963
• Martin et al
• Martin et al 1993
• Martin et al 1998
• Martin et al 2016
• Martin et al 2024
• Martindale 2006
• Martine 1983
• Martinec and Pěč 1987
• Martinez et al 1990
• Martinovic and Cerro 2002
• Martinuşi and Gurfil 2011
• Martín et al 2011
• Martínez and Sánchez 2009
• Marussi 1952
• Marwege and Gülhan 2023
• Maryland Univ Baltimore 2000
• Masaki and Yakura 1968
• Masek 1978
• Masek 1978
• Mashayekhi and Kuhl 2024
• Mason 2009
• Mason and Starin 2005
• Mason and Starin 2011
• Mason et al 1979
• Mason-Smith 2017
• Masse and Wilhite 2010
• Mastro 2021
• Mastronardi et al 1979
• Masuda 1999
• Mateus et al 2009
• Mathavaraj and Padhi 2021
• Mathavaraj et al 2010
• Mathematical model filtering canonical 2019
• Mathematical Model for Space 2001
• Mather 1971
• Mather 2007
• Mather and Fryer 1970
• Mather et al 2005
• Mathews and Leszkiewicz 1988
• Mathiasen and Drinan 1965
• Mathis 2005
• Matousek and Sergeyevsky 1998
• Matson 1963
• Matsumoto et al 2013
• Matsumoto et al 2015
• Matsunaga et al 2017
• Matsuo and Kuroishi 2020
• Matthews 1957
• Matthews 2010
• Matthews et al 1981
• Mattice 1982
• Mattocks 1972
• Mattson 1965
• Maturing Nuclear and Missile 2008
• Matushin and Makhalov 2020
• Matveev et al 2018
• Matyszewski et al 2023
• Maupin
• Maurer 1995
• Mavromatidou and Vergos 2026
• Maxwell and Dorfman 1963
• May et al
• May-Lin Lim et al
• Mayank et al 2024
• Mayanna et al 2006
• Maybeck 1973
• Mayer 1981
• Mayer and Dassanayake 2025
• Mayer and Kruelle 1992
• Mayer and Tamura 1996
• Mayers et al 2009
• Mayfield and Rogers 1964
• Maynard 1969
• Maynard 2022
• Mayo 1967
• Mayo and Michael 1966
• Mazurova et al 2017
• Mazzaracchio 2016
• Mazzella 1997
• Mazzella et al 1979
• McAlees 1968
• McAmis et al 1991
• McAmis et al 1992
• McAnally and Engel 1979
• McBurney
• McCabe and DeMars 2019
• McCaleb 1995
• McCarthy 1980
• McCarthy 1981
• McCaskill 1970
• McCaskill et al 1971
• McCeney 1978
• McCGwire 2000
• McConkey 2003
• McConnaughey et al 1995
• McCormick and Compton 1986
• McCoy 1980
• McCoy 2017
• McCreary 1965
• McCrisken and Downman 2019
• McCubbine
• McCubbine et al 2017
• McCullough 2001
• McCutchen et al 1994
• McDavid et al 2008
• McDermott et al 1994
• McDonnell et al 1996
• McDonough 2002
• McDowell 2020
• McDowell and Williamson 1980
• McDowell and Williamson 1982
• McDuff 2018
• McEowen et al 2026
• McGarvey 1973
• McGee 2003
• McGill 2000
• McGinnis and Joyner 2005
• McHenry et al 1979
• McHugh 1994
• McIlwraith et al 2024
• McInerney et al 2019
• McKay 1966
• McKee 1998
• McKnight et al 2024
• McLafferty 1970
• McLendon and Baumann 1983
• McMahan 2020
• McMorrow 1977
• McNelis and Hughes 1998
• McNicholl et al 1988
• McNicholl et al 1988
• McNolty 1962
• McNolty 1965
• McNolty 1967
• Meadows 1963
• Meadows 1983
• Mease 1992
• Mease 1993
• Mease and McCreary 1985
• Mease and Van Buren 1994
• Mease et al 1999
• Meckler 1965
• Meckling 1961
• Meegama 2026
• Meeting on Ground Wind 1966
• Meginnis et al 2012
• Megla et al 2002
• Meheretu et al 2024
• Meheretu et al 2025
• Mehmood and Mohamme 2010
• Mehra 1971
• Mehrabian et al 2008
• Mehta 2016
• Mehta 2022
• Mehta 2023
• Mehta et al 2018
• Mei 1996
• Meiping Wu 2015
• Meisel et al 2005
• Meisel et al 2009
• Meisl 1986
• Meisl 1988
• Meisl 1989
• Meisl 1992
• Meister et al 2024
• Meister et al 2025
• Mejía-Kaiser 2009
• Mejía-Kaiser 2010
• Mejía-Kaiser 2020
• Mejía-Kaiser 2020
• Melcher and Morehead 2014
• Melchior 1990
• Melchior et al 1987
• Melese 2001
• Melin et al 2005
• Mellen
• Mellish 1981
• Mellquist et al 2024
• Melo et al 2012
• Melton et al 1993
• Melvin 1985
• Meng and Hsu 2019
• Meng et al 2017
• Meng et al 2017
• Meng et al 2018
• Meng et al 2023
• Meng et al 2024
• Meng et al 2025
• Meng et al 2025
• Menon and Ohlmeyer 2000
• Menon et al 2009
• Menon et al 2025
• Menou et al 2022
• Menzione et al 2016
• Mer et al 2016
• Mer et al 2016
• Meraz and Daniel 1963
• Merchant 1961
• Mercker and Akella 2011
• Mercury-Atlas 9 Press Kit 1963
• Mercury-Atlas NO. 2 Press 1961
• Meredith 1990
• Meredith 1993
• Merhav 1979
• Merino and Oneill 1980
• Merits of Liquid Propellant 2006
• Merlinge et al 2019
• Mermagen 1964
• Mermagen Sr. and Murphy 2001
• Merrill and Lorenzo 1988
• Merry 2007
• Merryman 1973
• Merson 1937
• Merson 1961
• Mertens and Tabeling 1965
• Mesick et al 2002
• Message 1960
• Metcalf 1976
• Method of Predicting Stability 2021
• Metsker et al 2018
• Metzger 1978
• Metzger and Jircitano 1975
• Meunier 1995
• Meyer 1992
• Meyer et al 2014
• Meyer et al 2019
• Meyer et al 2025
• Meyers and Weiderman 1988
• Mian 2021
• Miani et al 2022
• Miao et al 2022
• Micci and Habiballah 1996
• Michael A. Bolender 2006
• Michael et al 2003
• Micheau and Thiebolt 1998
• Middel and Schaffrin 1989
• Middleton and Sedgwick 1966
• Miele and Wang 2003
• Mielke et al 2025
• Mieritz et al 2026
• Miettinen 1982
• Migaud 2020
• Mihály and Bacsárdi 2023
• Mikhalev et al 2022
• Miki and Fujii 2018
• Milani and Melchioni
• Milani et al 1995
• Milgram and Bjorklund 1980
• Military Flexibility and Thermonuclear 2019
• Milkutat 1952
• Milleman 1967
• Milleman 1968
• Miller 1963
• Miller 1965
• Miller 1966
• Miller 1967
• Miller 1969
• Miller 1985
• Miller and Akella 2025
• Miller and Sitomer 1968
• Miller et al 2015
• Milliken 1963
• Milliken 1966
• Millner 1978
• Milne 2003
• Milne and Rotblat 2021
• Milshtein 2020
• Min et al 2013
• Minetto et al 2022
• Minford et al 1988
• Minford et al 1990
• Ming-Guang et al 2006
• Mingli et al 2006
• Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit 2018
• Miniature Integrating Gyro Design 1962
• Minimum deterrence and missile
• Minimum-Time Constant Acceleration Orbit
• Minnaar and Smit 2017
• Minvielle
• Mioc 1991
• Miotto and LePome 2003
• Miralles et al 2018
• Miranda and Kozuma 2023
• Mishra and Ghosh 2017
• Mishra and Sushnigdha 2025
• Misra 2024
• Misra and Bai 2020
• Missile defence as an 2016
• Missile Defense 2005
• Missile Defense and U.S.-Russian 2017
• Missile defense, deterrence, and 2015
• Missile Defense, Stability, and 1990
• Missile defenses and strategic 2016
• Missile Guidance and Control 2004
• Missile Guidance Software 2007
• Missile system arrays 1981
• Missiles, Nuclear Weapons, and 2014
• Mitanchey et al 2024
• Mitani et al 2021
• Mitch et al 2016
• Mitchell 1964
• Mitchell 1964
• Mitchell 1967
• Mitchell 1967
• Mitchell 1969
• Mitchell 1976
• Mitchell and Keeley 1985
• Mitchell and Palmer 1963
• Mitchell et al 2007
• Mitchell et al 2007
• Mitra et al 2021
• Mitre Corp McLean Va 2007
• Mitrovica and Peltier 1993
• Mittra et al 1983
• Miura 2010
• Miwa and Imado 1985
• Mixon 1973
• Mixture Ratio Stabilizer for 2008
• Miyahara 2020
• Miyahara et al 2021
• Miyahara et al 2022
• Miyahara et al 2023
• Miyamoto et al 2024
• Miyamoto et al 2026
• Miyashita et al 2022
• Miyashita et al 2024
• Miyashita et al 2024
• Miyashita et al 2025
• Miyauchi et al 1984
• Miyazawa et al 1993
• Miyazawa et al 1999
• Mo et al 2022
• Moal 2023
• Moatimid et al 2021
• Mobile Satellite System Services 2002
• Mobile Satellite System Services 2013
• Mobile Satellite Systems 2001
• Mobley and Jones 1989
• Moch 1966
• Mocio 2001
• Model Predictive Control Based 2020
• Modeling Liquid-Propellant Spray Combustion 2004
• Modeling of Slosh Dynamics 2008
• Modeling the Recovery of 2024
• Modernizing the U.S. Nuclear 2022
• Modi 1972
• Moe 1963
• Moe and Moe 1996
• Moe et al 1998
• Moeller et al 1988
• Moentmann 2001
• Mohamed and Mamatas 2012
• Mohamed et al 2023
• Mohamed Issa and Mohammad Abboud 2026
• Mohammadi et al 2015
• Mohammadkarimi and Nobahari 2018
• Mohammadkarimi et al 2025
• Mohammed 2001
• Mohammed 2014
• Mohammed Akshay et al 2023
• Mohan et al 2025
• Mohler 1965
• Mohler and Wheatley 1961
• Molina and Sansegundo 2010
• Molina et al 1996
• Molki and Ogbozor 2026
• Mollakhani et al 2026
• Momenthy 1964
• Mondal et al 2021
• Mondshein 1980
• Mongibello and de Luca 2008
• Monroe et al 2002
• Montag et al 1996
• Montenbruck et al 2022
• Montgomery 1967
• Montgomery 1984
• Montgomery and Conard 1980
• Monti et al 2006
• Moody and Nakai 1965
• Moody and Paik
• Moody et al 1982
• Moog et al 1979
• Mooij 2020
• Mooij and Gransden 2019
• Mooij and Wang 2021
• Mooij and Wang 2023
• Moon and Kim 2000
• Moon et al 2012
• Moon et al 2017
• Moon et al 2018
• Moon et al 2025
• Mooney 1962
• Moonier 1986
• Moore 1963
• Moore 1967
• Moore 1984
• Moore and Berman 1956
• Moore and Jenn 1990
• Moore and Meek 1999
• Moore et al 1993
• Moore et al 1996
• Moore et al 2005
• Moore et al 2011
• Moore et al 2024
• Moothedath et al 2014
• Moradi et al 2018
• Moral counterforce 1993
• Morales-Ospino et al 2023
• Morash et al 1995
• Mordachev et al 2024
• Moreau et al 1994
• Moreaux et al 2016
• Morelli and Matitti 1988
• Morey and Koshar 1961
• Morgado et al 2022
• Morgan 2017
• Morgan and Collins 1962
• Morgan et al 2001
• Morgan et al 2015
• Morgenthaler and Montoya 1991
• Mori et al 2019
• Moriarty 1966
• Moric and Kadyshev 2025
• Morine et al 1966
• Morinelli et al 2008
• Morino et al 2001
• Morio et al 2009
• Morita 1964
• Moritz 1966
• Moritz 1978
• Moritz 1979
• Moritz 1980
• Moritz 1983
• Moritz 1984
• Moritz 1988
• Moritz 1992
• Moritz 2000
• Morovat et al 2019
• Morozova 2022
• Morozova et al 2019
• Morris et al 2018
• Morrison 1970
• Morrison 1988
• Morrison and Strang 1976
• Morrison et al 1981
• Morrison et al 1982
• Morth 1966
• Moruzzi et al 2018
• Mosayebzadeh et al 2019
• Moscow Aviation Institute National Research University et al 2019
• Mosely 1980
• Moser 1958
• Moser 1965
• Moshaver 1991
• Moshaver 1991
• Moshaver 1991
• Mosher 1997
• Mosier 1992
• Moskowitz 1965
• Mosolov and Sidlerov 2019
• Moss and Wells 1967
• Moss et al 2006
• Mostafa et al 2018
• Motohara and Ohno
• Motohara and Ohno 1992
• Motomura 2025
• Motta et al 2024
• Mottley et al 1960
• Motz 2000
• Mou et al 2020
• Mou et al 2021
• Mourad 1974
• Mourad and Fubara 1974
• Mourad et al 1975
• Mourad et al 1977
• Mouri et al 1995
• Mousavi et al 2016
• Mousseau 2013
• Mousseau 2015
• Mouze-Mornettas
• Moyer 1963
• Mozgov et al 2013
• Mozhaisky
• Mphuthi 2025
• Mphuthi 2026
• Mphuthi and Odera 2025
• Mracek 2024
• Mu and iCai 2016
• Mu and Wang 2012
• Muehlner 1962
• Mueller 1964
• Mueller 1966
• Mueller 1966
• Mueller 1967
• Mueller 1976
• Mueller 1977
• Mueller 1993
• Mueller 2013
• Mueller and Durrant 1999
• Mueller and Mayer-Guerr
• Mueller and Perotti 1993
• Mueller and Wilkins 1986
• Mueller et al
• Mugler and Olstad 1960
• Muhammad et al 2018
• Mukambetov and Borovik 2022
• Mukhina and Filyashkin 2019
• Mukhopadhyay 1978
• Mukundan et al 2019
• Mukundan et al 2019
• Mukundan et al 2022
• Mulanax 1967
• Mulholland and Veillet 2000
• Mulić et al 2015
• Mulkey and Lineberry 2012
• Mullen and Gussenhoven 1983
• Mullen and Gussenhoven 1989
• Muller
• Mullick et al 2019
• Mullin and Mitchell 1968
• Multan 2020
• Multiresolution Analysis of Hydrology
• Mundt et al 2024
• Mundy et al 1997
• Munghemezulu et al 2018
• Munro 2022
• Munson 2000
• Munson and Jilla 2000
• Munters 2018
• Mupela
• Murai 2016
• Murakami and Fujiwara 2001
• Murashkin et al 2020
• Muratov et al 2011
• Murdock et al 2024
• Murillo
• Murillo and Lu 2010
• Murillo and Williamson 1979
• Murphy 1961
• Murphy 1970
• Murphy 1971
• Murphy 1972
• Murphy and Mermagen 2000
• Murphy and Rubesin 1965
• Murphy and Scallion 2005
• Murphy and Voss 1996
• Murphy et al 2000
• Murphy et al 2004
• Murray and Marsden 2001
• Mursaev and Zinkin 2021
• Murshan et al 2026
• Murty et al 2016
• Murugesan et al 2018
• Murzova et al 2021
• Musaev 2020
• Muse and Calise 2009
• Muse and Calise 2010
• Musen 1959
• Musen 1960
• Musgrave 1991
• Musgrave 1992
• Musielak 2025
• Mustafi et al 2008
• Mustafi et al 2010
• Mustafin et al 2027
• Muthaiah et al 2023
• Muthaiah et al 2025
• Muthu et al 2020
• Muthukumar et al 2019
• Muthukumar et al 2020
• Muzumdar and Hull 1995
• Muzumdar and Hull 1996
• Myers and Fesmire 2018
• Myers et al 2024
• Myra and Kohno 2019
• Myung Hwangbo and Takeo Kanade 2008
• Mäkinen 2023
• Müller 1972
• Müller and Petervari 2025
• Müller et al
• Müller et al 2008
• Müller et al 2017
• N.A. et al 2028
• Na and Cho 2015
• Nacht and Turk 1966
• Nadig and Lal 2018
• Nadjafi et al 2025
• Naftel and Powell 1985
• Naftel and Powell 1990
• Naftel et al 1986
• Nagabhushana et al 2014
• Nagai et al 2026
• Nagata et al 2026
• Nagorny
• Nagy 1978
• Nagy 1989
• Nagy 1990
• Nahavandchi 2004
• Nahavandchi and Sjöberg 1998
• Naidu et al 2025
• Nair 2015
• Nair and Joshi 2019
• Nair and Kukreja 2025
• Nair et al 2023
• Najder et al 2023
• Najder et al 2025
• Najder et al 2025
• Najiya et al 2023
• Najlaa Ozaar Hasan et al 2024
• Nakagawa et al 1988
• Nakagawa et al 1999
• Nakahashi et al 2002
• Nakajima 2024
• Nakajima and Fukatsu 2022
• Nakamura 1991
• Nakamura 2024
• Nakasato et al 2015
• Nakazawa et al 2023
• Nam
• Nam et al 2019
• Nance 1998
• Nandakumar et al 2019
• Nandakumar et al 2019
• Nandi et al 1993
• Nanri et al 2009
• Nanri et al 2010
• Nanri et al 2010
• Nanri et al 2010
• Nanri et al 2010
• Napolano et al 2024
• Napolitano et al 2017
• Narasimhappa et al 2016
• Narayan and Pandey 2015
• Nardi Rezende 2018
• Nardo and Sadler 1962
• Naresh et al 2025
• NASA 1960
• NASA 1968, Atlas-Centaur AC-12 flight performance
• NASA 1969, Atlas-Agena flight performance
• NASA Compendium of Satellite 1973
• NASA space vehicle design 1968
• Nash et al 1971
• Nash et al 1972
• Nasiri et al 2025
• Nassar and Elhosseny 1987
• Nassisi et al 2020
• Nassisi et al 2020
• Nast and Williams 1967
• Nast et al 2011
• Nath et al 1986
• Nathalie et al 2024
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1966
• National Geodetic Satellite Program 1977
• Naumova et al 2013
• Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake Ca 1960
• Navarro-Tapia et al 2016
• Navaz and Ntantis 2026
• Nave and Coffey 1973
• Naveh and Lorber 2001
• Navias 1991
• Navickas and Cheng 1990
• Navigation Error Analysis in 2021
• Nayak 2012
• Nazan 2023
• Nazarenko et al 1995
• Neal 1966
• Nebylov 2024
• Needham and Braasch 2020
• Needham and Braasch 2022
• Needhi et al 2024
• Neelans 1986
• Neely et al 2003
• Neema et al 2012
• Neer and Salvatore 1972
• Neice 1954
• Neighbors and Ryan 1992
• Neil 1973
• Neild 1986
• Neild 1990
• Nein and Head 1962
• Nelson 1965
• Nelson 1967
• Nemeth and Anderson 1989
• Nemeth and Anderson 1990
• Neoclassical Missile Guidance 2016
• Nerella and Shetty 2026
• Nerem 1994
• Nerem et al 1993
• Nesbitt 1946
• Nesline 1978
• Nesline 1979
• Nesline and Nesline 1986
• Nesline and Zarchan 1979
• Nesline and Zarchan 1980
• Nesline and Zarchan 1982
• Nestler 1977
• Netterfield 1992
• Nettle 1958
• Neumeyer and Hehl 1995
• Nevins 1975
• Newcomb 1967
• Newell 1955
• Newell and Rajagopal 1993
• Newlands 1973
• Newlin et al 1990
• Newman 1998
• Newsham 2021
• Newton 1963
• Newton 1968
• Newton 1969
• Newton et al 1961
• Newton et al 1964
• Newton et al 1965
• Ng and Benson 2017
• Nge et al
• Ngo and Blake 2003
• Ngoua Ndong Avele and Orlov 2026
• Nguyen 2008
• Nguyen 2014
• Nguyen and Yip 2010
• Nguyen et al 1988
• Nguyen et al 2025
• Ni et al 2014
• Ni et al 2023
• Nicacio et al 2018
• Nicastro et al 2025
• Nicholas et al 2000
• Nichols 1961
• Nichols 1974
• Nichols Research Corp Huntsville Al 1990
• Nicholson
• Nicoud et al 1993
• Nie et al 2020
• Nie et al 2021
• Niell 1988
• Nielsen 1982
• Nielsen et al 1998
• Nielsen et al 2011
• Nielsen et al 2012
• Niessen 1975
• Nigam 1964
• Nihal and Priyadarshi 2020
• Nikiforovskii et al 2022
• Nikolayev et al 2026
• Nilsen et al 2019
• Nilsson et al 2012
• Ning et al 2022
• Ning et al 2026
• Nishida et al 2018
• Nishiura et al 1985
• Nishiura et al 1986
• Nitin and Sandilya 2018
• Niu and Su 2023
• Niu et al 2020
• Niu et al 2022
• Nix 1959
• Noah and Elmusrati 2025
• Noble 1963
• Noble et al 1966
• Nofal
• Noh 2024
• Nola and Blue 2008
• Noll and Pearlman 2016
• Nolte and Stephenson 1973
• Nomura et al 2018
• Nomura et al 2019
• Non-linear throttling analysis of 1999
• Non-Rocket Space Launch and 2005
• Noneman 2002
• Nonlinear effects in instability 1964
• Noonan et al 1995
• Noor et al 2017
• Nordemann and Tonjes 2012
• Nordloh 1997
• Nordtvedt 1999
• Norgaard 2002
• Norman and Gardner 1986
• Norman and Gardner 1988
• Norman et al 1990
• North American Datum 1971
• Northrip 1975
• Nosaka 1994
• Nosaka et al 1993
• Nose cone “bends” to 1960
• Nosek 1982
• Nothnagel et al 2010
• Noton 1962
• Novack et al 2018
• Novák 2003
• Novák and Heck 2002
• Novák et al 2003
• Novák et al 2009
• Novák et al 2021
• Nowak 1967
• Nowak et al 2024
• Nowek and Stanton 1965
• Noyes 1975
• Nuclear Decision-Making and the 2019
• Nuclear Deterrence and Arms 2011
• Nuclear Deterrence and Proliferation 2023
• Nuclear Deterrence Critical Assessments 2005
• Nuclear Deterrence Policies and 2021
• Nuclear Deterrence The Record 1994
• Nuclear Disarmament
• Nuclear exhaust system duct 1965
• Nuclear rocket engine cycle 1963
• Nuclear sharing and mutual 2021
• Nuclear Terrorism 2005
• Nuclear Weapons After the 2014
• Nuclear Weapons and New 2015
• Nuclear weapons and the 2007
• Nuclear Weapons and the 2013, Nuclear Weapons and the Atlantic
• Nuclear Weapons and the 2013, Nuclear Weapons and the Preservat
• Nuclear Weapons and the 2026, 19 Nuclear Weapons and the END of
• Nuclear Weapons and the 2026, Nuclear Weapons and the END of th
• Nuclear Weapons and Their
• Nuclear Weapons Policy 2009
• Nuclear Weapons Remain Elusive 2016
• Nuclear Weapons, Strategic 2025
• Nuclear Weapons, Tactical 2025
• Nuclear Zero and Beyond 2013
• Nugroho et al 2019
• Nugrohoi et al 2012
• null
• Numerical Method and Simulations 2016
• Numerical Optimization on Approach 2016
• Numerical Studies on the 2003
• Nunes and Sakamoto 2024
• Nurre and Taheri 2026
• Nurse et al 1978
• Nurse et al 1978
• Nurçe 2023
• Nuthalapati 2024
• Nyland 1996
• Nyoka et al 2022
• Nyoka et al 2022
• Nyoka et al 2024
• O’Connor
• O’Connor 1975
• O’Connor 2019
• O’Hare and Anderson 1993
• O’Keefe 1959
• O’Malley et al 2015
• O’Neill 1963
• O’Neill 2011
• O’Neill et al 2025
• O’Rourke 2010
• O’Toole
• Oakes 2021
• Obenson 1974
• Obering and Henry A. 2006
• Oberoi et al
• Oberst 2017
• Oblateness perturbations 2012
• Ocaya and Malevu 2025
• Ochi 2003
• Oconnor 1966
• Odalovic 2013
• Odalovic 2016
• Odalovic et al 2015
• Odalović et al 2018
• Odalović et al 2019
• Odera and Fukuda 2017
• Odion Iyinomen 2022
• Odom 1958
• Odom 1972
• Oduyebo et al 2022
• Ogasawara and Nishioka 2001
• Ogi and Murakami 2000
• Ogilvie-White 2021
• Ogman 1980
• Ogut et al 2018
• Oh and Kang 2022
• Oh et al 2017
• Oh et al 2019
• Oh et al 2021
• Ohern and Rodenberger 1974
• Ohlmeyer and Phillips 2006
• Ohlmeyer et al 2001
• Ohlmeyer et al 2010
• Ohm and Alberty 1982
• Ohm et al
• Ohman 1967
• Ojima et al 1998
• Okano 2015
• Okayasu et al 1983
• Okayasu et al 2002
• Okeefe 1961
• Okeefe 1964
• Okochi and Haberfeld 2025
• Okon-Fafara and Wajszczyk 2020
• Okuno and Watanabe 1992
• Oland and Kristiansen 2023
• Olberding 1984
• Olds 1992
• Olds 1998
• Olds and Lee 1996
• Olds and Marcus 2002
• Olesen et al 2002
• Oleson 1999
• Oleson and Myers 1996
• Olgiati et al 1995
• Oliphant and Japikse 1999
• Oliveira and Zesta 2019
• Oliveira et al 2012
• Oliveira et al 2020
• Oliver and Stephanou 1963
• Olivieri and Francesconi 2020
• Olsen 1966
• Olsen 2011
• Olson and Sunkel 1982
• Olson and Sunkel 1983
• Olte 1966
• Olte 1967
• Oman 2000
• Omar and Wersinger 2015
• Omar et al 2011
• Ompusunggu and Bey-Temsamani 2015
• Omran and Bazzocchi 2024
• Oms 2003
• On the adoption of 2011
• Ono et al 1987
• Operational BASE Missile TEST 2021
• Oppenheimer and Doman 2003
• Oppetit et al 1987
• Optimal Guidance Laws with 2016
• Optimal Replacement Policies for 1962
• Optimization of Network Configurations 1966
• Oravetz and Sandberg 1969
• Orbit Position Control for 1966
• Orbit/launch vehicle tradeoff studies 1974
• Orbital Debris from Upper-Stage 1989
• Orbital Debris Hazards Assessment 2001
• Orbital lifetime capabilities of 1975
• Ordonneau et al 2001
• Orikasa et al 2013
• Orlin and Orlov 2019
• Ormsby and Long 1980
• Ornedo et al
• Orr 1985
• Orr 1986
• Orr 2010
• Orr and Hall 2009
• Orr and Russell
• Orr and Russell 2024
• Orr and Shtessel 2008
• Orr and VanZwieten 2012
• Orr et al 2014
• Orr et al 2015
• Osada et al 2017
• Oshman and Arad 2001
• Oshman and Koifman 2003
• Osman et al 2024
• Osoro and Oughton 2022
• Oss 1966
• Ostner 1962
• Ostonen et al 1995
• Oswell 1963
• Ota and Takahashi 2025
• Othman et al 2025
• Otsu 2008
• Otsu et al 2009
• Otsubo et al 1997
• Otsubo et al 2026
• Ott 1986
• Ott and Folkman 2017
• Otten 1966
• Ottenberg 1991
• Ottinger and Van Nice 1966
• Ottinger and Van Nice 1966
• Otto and Flage 1960
• Ou and Du 2022
• Ouellette and Sconzo 1968
• Ouellette and Sconzo 1968
• Oughton et al 2023
• Ouyang et al 2021
• Ouyang et al 2021
• Ouyang et al 2023
• Ovcharenko et al 2018
• Ovchinnikov and Zaramenskikh 2011
• Ovchinnikov et al 2024
• Ovchinnikov et al 2025
• Overstreet 1997
• Overview Military Satellite Communication 1976
• Owens-Fahrner et al 2025
• Oz and Kara 2024
• Ozaki et al 2025
• Ozelsel
• Ozkan et al 2026
• Oznamets and Do 2026
• Pace et al 2008
• Pachler et al 2026
• Pachter et al
• Padavano et al 1992
• Padhi 1999
• Page 1970
• Page and Rogers 1977
• Pages and Achipa 2026
• Paikrao and Meshram 2024
• Pail 2023
• Pail et al
• Paing 2023
• Paiva and Slusher 2005
• Paiva and Slusher 2009
• Pala et al 2022
• Palaia et al 2019
• Palaszewski 1990
• Palaszewski 1999
• Palaszewski and Engelbrecht 1987
• Palaszewski and Powell 1991
• Palmeiro et al 2013
• Palmer and Mitchell 1966
• Palmore 2001
• Palmore 2002
• Palmore 2003
• Pamadi and Ohlmeyer 2006
• Pamadi et al 2004
• Pamadi et al 2005
• Pamadi et al 2006
• Pamadi et al 2007
• Pamadi et al 2009
• Pamadi et al 2009
• Pamadi et al 2011
• Pamadi et al 2012
• Pamadi et al 2016
• Pan 2026
• Pan and Lu 2010
• Pan and Sjöberg 1996
• Pan and Tang 2011
• Pan et al 2004
• Pan et al 2010
• Pan et al 2014
• Pan et al 2014
• Pan et al 2017
• Pan et al 2020
• Pan et al 2021
• Pan et al 2023
• Pan et al 2025
• Panahandeh and Jansson 2011
• Panahandeh et al 2010
• Pande 1994
• Pandey et al 2021
• Pandie et al 2026
• Pandya 2008
• Pang et al 2021
• Pang et al 2024
• Pang et al 2026
• Pankkonen 2011
• Panko and Tsimbal 2017
• Panneerselvam et al 1996
• Panxing Huang et al 2015
• Panzarella and Kassemi 2003
• Panzarella and Kassemi 2009
• Papa 1963
• Papajak et al 2024
• Papp 2019
• Paquette and Schuldt 2019
• Parallel Navigation 2007
• Paraskevas et al 2023
• Pardini and Anselmo 1999
• Pardini and Anselmo 2016
• Pardini and Anselmo 2016
• Pardoe and Steines 1966
• Parhi et al 2015
• Parisot and De Vleeschouwer 2011
• Park 2013
• Park 2014
• Park 2025
• Park and Ahn 2020
• Park and Jeon 2024
• Park and Oh 2024
• Park and Oh 2025
• Park and Park 2015
• Park and Park 2017
• Park and Shin 2024
• Park and Vadali 1998
• Park et al 2018
• Park et al 2020
• Parker 1979
• Parker 1979
• Parker and Summerfield 1964
• Parker et al 2011
• Parkinson 1991
• Parkyn 1958
• Parkyn 1958
• Parlier 1996
• Parrott 2020
• Parry et al 1989
• Parsons 1964
• Part I Inertial Navigation 1997
• Partyka et al 2023
• Parveen and Verma 2024
• Pascall 1989
• Pascall 1993
• Pascucci et al 2015
• Pasik et al 1975
• Pasqual and DeLaurentis 2012
• Passive Device Intermodulation Analysis 1977
• Pastuszko et al 2024
• Patel 2013
• Patel 2016
• Patel 2016
• Patel and Subbarao 2024
• Patel and Williams 2024
• Patel et al 1997
• Patel et al 2025
• Patera 2005
• Patera 2006
• Patera 2008
• Paternain et al 2013
• Patha et al 1972
• Patil 2022
• Patra et al 2016
• Paul et al 1973
• Paul et al 1974
• Paul et al 2026
• Paus and Well 1996
• Pavlath 1992
• Pavlath 1993
• Pavlis 2002
• Pavlis et al 2000
• Pavlis et al 2015
• Pavlov 2019
• Pawnikar 2025
• Pay 1970
• Payne 1994
• Payne 1995
• Payne 2019
• Payne and Rubin 1974
• Payne et al 1975
• Pearce 1972
• Pearlman 1972
• Pearson and Manandhar 2016
• Pearson et al 2017
• Pease 2003
• Peat and Goodwin 1993
• Pedatzur 1994
• Peebles 2008
• Peglow and Rynne 1993
• Pei
• Pei 2021
• Pei 2023
• Pei and Rothhaar 2015
• Pei et al 2021
• Peidou et al 2025
• Peidou et al 2026
• peijie et al 2025
• Peiliang and Rummel 1991
• Peiyuan et al 2013
• Peiyuan et al 2013
• Peled-Eitan and Rusnak 2024
• Pelensky 1976
• Pelevin et al 2012
• Pell et al 1977
• Pella 2018
• Pelle et al 2025
• Pellegrino and Scheeres 2018
• Pelton 1992
• Pelton 2013
• Pelton 2015
• Pelton 2015
• Pelton 2015
• Pelton 2017
• Pelton 2017
• Peláez et al 1997
• Pempie 2003
• Pempie and Ruet 2003
• Pempie and Vernin 2001
• Peng and He 2026
• Peng and Smith 1996
• Peng and Wang 2026
• Peng and Zheng 2007
• Peng et al 1987
• Peng et al 2006
• Peng et al 2019
• Peng et al 2024
• Peng et al 2025
• Peng et al 2025
• Peng et al 2026
• Peng Liu et al 2017
• Pengxin et al 2015
• Penna et al 2013
• Penner and Olfe 1968
• Penny 1993
• Penny and Swan 1993
• Penzo 1970
• Peoples 2008
• Peoples 2009
• Pepe et al 2014
• Pepper 1977
• Pepper 1979
• Pepper 1984
• Perdijk et al 2025
• Pereira and Pacino 2010
• Perek 1993
• Perek 2000
• Perek 2004
• Peretz 1984
• Perez et al 1989
• Perez et al 2012
• Perez et al 2024
• Perez-Rivera 2026
• Performance Analysis of Powered 2008
• Performance evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1968
• Perini 1974
• Perkins 1976
• Perlmutter and DePierre 1965
• Perosanz et al 1997
• Perrin 2023
• Perrotta et al 1998
• Persen 1969
• Pert 1978
• Perturbations of Satellite Orbits 2008
• Pervaiz et al 1994
• Pervez et al 2019
• Peshekhonov 2020
• Peters 2001
• Peters and Foote 1982
• Peters and Hall 1963
• Peters et al 2004
• Peters et al 2006
• Peterschmidt 1999
• Petersen 1998
• Peterson et al 2012
• Petrenko 2025
• Petrishchev 2017
• Petrovic et al 2015
• Petrovskaya 1995
• Petrovskaya 1997
• Petrovskaya and Vershkov 2011
• Petrovskaya and Vershkov 2014
• Petters 1952
• Pettey 1956
• Peverley 1962
• Pezzella and Votta 2009
• Pfaffenzeller and Pail 2022
• Pfifer et al 2009
• Phadke and Talole 2012
• Phalosa et al 2023
• Pham et al 2023
• Pham Sy
• Pharokhipanah and Bouckenooghe 2024
• Philipchuk 1953
• Philippe and Stepanov 2023
• Phillips 1963
• Phillips 1966
• Phillips 1969
• Phillips 2006
• Phillips and Chisholm 1995
• Phillips and Kryvoruka 1973
• Phillips et al 2007
• Phipps and Phipps 2010
• Physical Mechanism and Numerical 2016
• Piacesi et al 1963
• Piao et al 2019
• Piatak and Sekula 2019
• Piatak et al 2015
• Piatak et al 2016
• Piatak et al 2019
• Piccone 1965
• Pick 1985
• Pidvysotskyi 2021
• Piecewicz 1942
• Piersol 1977
• Pietkiewicz 2019
• Pietrzyk et al 1993
• Pifer 2020
• Pihlström 2026
• Pijoan 1970
• Pillon et al 2025
• Pinardell Pons and Noomen 2019
• Pinchuk et al 2021
• Pines 1967
• Ping Lu et al 2014
• Pinier 2012
• Pinier and Niskey 2011
• Pinier et al 2015
• Pinrod et al 2017
• Pinson
• Piotrowski 1989
• Pires and Alonso 1990
• Piretzidis and Sideris 2020
• Pitoňák et al 2023
• Pitts and Murbach 1984
• Piña et al 2002
• PLA Missile Forces-The Second 2013
• Plachta 1999
• Plachta 2001
• Plachta 2004
• Plachta 2006
• Plachta and Guzik 2014
• Plachta and Kittel 2002
• Plachta et al 2006
• Plachta et al 2008
• Plachta et al 2014
• Plachta et al 2016
• Plachta et al 2017
• Plachta et al 2018
• Plag 2000
• Plaisted and Leonessa 2008
• Plane 1963
• Plane 1964
• Plane 1964
• Plane 1964
• Plasma propulsion for rocket 2011
• Plastinin et al 2005
• Platt and Hanner 1965
• Platus 1967
• Platus 1975
• Platus 1978
• Platus 1979
• Platus 1980
• Platus 1980
• Platus 1983
• Platus 1998
• PlEPER et al 1967
• Ploen et al 2006
• Poddar and Kumar 2019
• Podder et al 2024
• Podolchak 2019
• Poehler 1961
• POGO prevention of H-2 1994
• Poland and Domingo 1991
• Poley et al 1988
• Polifko et al 1991
• Political Constraints Influencing Communication 1976
• Polk 1962
• Polk et al 2015
• Polkowska and Chimicz 2024
• Pollack 1971
• Pollack 2011
• Pollak 1962
• Pollin 1973
• Polynomial Approach for Design 2016
• Pontani 2014
• Popov 2025
• Popov et al 2019
• Portelli et al 2010
• Porter 1981
• Porterfield 2020
• Portz 2004
• Possel 1998
• Possible Nuclear Weapons Programs 2009
• Post Echo II Passive 1966
• Post-war missile defence and 2009
• Postcrisis perspectives the prospects 2020
• Postek and Pachelski 2017
• Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce
• Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce 2
• Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1965, Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Ce 3
• Postflight Evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1966
• Postflight evaluation of Atlas-Centaur 1967
• Potter 2006
• Potts 1970
• Potts 1981
• Poubeau et al 2015
• Povinelli et al 1984
• Powell 1962
• Powell 2003
• Powell and Cruz 1991
• Powell et al 1991
• Power Sources, Transfer, and 1971
• Powers 1960
• Pozzobon et al 2010
• Prabhakar and Quinn 1994
• Prabhakar et al 2013
• Practical Techniques for the 2016
• Practice of Precise Cost 2025
• Praczyk and Zalewski 2026
• Pragluski 1965
• Praks et al 2024
• Prasad 2022
• Prasanna et al 2005
• Pratt 1976
• Pre-programmed flight path of 2018
• Precise Orbit Determination Using 2024
• Precise Reentry Estimation Using 2024
• Preisner and Kabacik 2006
• Preliminary launch vehicle flight 1967
• Pressurization of Liquid Propellant 2019
• Preston 1967
• Preventing the Spread of
• Preventing the Spread of 2012
• Prevereaud et al 2012
• Price 1953
• Price 1964
• Price 1968
• Price 1970
• Price 1988
• Price 1997
• Price 2008
• Price and Flandro 1987
• Price and Greenberg 1988
• Price and Warren 1973
• Priceman and Sama 1966
• Pride et al 1960
• Priester 1963
• Princeton Univ Nj 1952
• Principles of Laser Inter-Satellite 2022
• Priyadarshi and Mittal 2010
• Priyadarshi et al 2020
• Prizevoits 1961
• Probabilities of non-penetration and 1956
• Problems in inertial guidance 1970
• Proceedings of the NASA 1964
• Prochazka and Hamal 2002
• Prochazka et al 2002
• Prokhorenko 1996
• Prokopenko 2026
• Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
• Proskurin and Batrakov 1961
• Prudential counterforce 1993
• Prudviraj et al 2020
• Psiaki and Humphreys 2020
• Puening 1990
• Pullen and Enge 2012
• Punga and Campbell 1962
• Puri et al 2026
• Purinton et al 2011
• Pustovyi 2026
• Putney et al 1992
• Puttasuwan et al 2022
• Puzanov et al 2024
• Pytanowski 1999
• Pâquet et al 1997
• Pérez Roca
• Qaumi 2021
• Qayyum and Kim 2021
• Qazi et al 2006
• Qi et al 2014
• Qi et al 2022
• Qi et al 2024
• Qi et al 2024
• Qian et al 2012
• Qian et al 2015
• Qiang et al 2019
• Qiang Wu and Wei Wang 2016
• Qiao and Zhang 2026
• Qiao et al 2023
• Qin and Richards 1992
• Qin et al 2016
• Qin et al 2025
• Qin et al 2026
• Qing et al 2025
• Qinggui and Wei 2011
• Qiu et al 2022
• Qiuhong et al 2014
• Qu et al 2017
• Qu et al 2019
• Qu et al 2024
• Qu Pingping et al 2013
• Quackenbush 2006
• Qualitative analysis of the 1964
• Quan and Jian 2026
• Quan et al 2015
• Querol and Camps 2017
• Quillin and Parry 1962
• Quinchia et al 2012
• Quinlan 2009
• Quinlan 2009
• Quinlan et al 2011
• Quinn 1980
• Quinter 1970
• Quitter and Reiss 1968
• Qureshi et al 2025
• R. C. Mehta 2023
• Raab 1973
• Rabah et al 2016
• Rabenhorst 1966
• Rachman and Priyatikanto 2018
• Radhakrishnan and Ozana 2025
• Radhakrishnan et al 2016
• Radhakrishnan et al 2018
• Radhakrishnan et al 2021
• Radiation effects analysis for 1964
• Radiation Effects on a 1961
• Radio/optical/strapdown inertial guidance study 1968
• Radio/optical/strapdown inertial guidance study 1969
• Radioisotopes applied to lubrication 1963
• Radomski 1995
• Radomski et al 1988
• Radovanovic et al 2004
• Radovcich 1965
• Radoš et al 2024
• Radwan 2008
• Radwan 2013
• Radwan 2014
• Radzik and Maral 1994
• Radzik et al 2010
• Raděj 1996
• Rafferty 1968
• Rafique and LinShu 2009
• Rafique et al 2009
• Rafique et al 2009
• Rafique et al 2010
• Rafique et al 2011
• Ragab 1992
• Ragab 1992
• Ragel and Farooq 2005
• Raharema et al 2026
• Rahim et al 2018
• Rahimi and Nikkhah 2020
• Rahimi and Nikkhah 2021
• Rahn et al 1996
• Raines and Davis
• Raines and Davis 1999
• Raines et al 1997
• Rainey 1964
• Rais 2020
• Raj et al 2023
• Rajagopalan 2000
• Rajapaksa and Wijerathna 2017
• Raji et al 2019
• Rakdham et al 2007
• Ralph 1965
• Ralph et al 2005
• Ram et al 2026
• RAM growth of the 1987
• Ramalingam et al 2008
• Ramalingam et al 2009
• Ramamurthi and Jayashree 1992
• Raman et al 2020
• Raman et al 2020
• Ramdani et al 2024
• Ramesh and Alimohammadi 2009
• Ramifications of nuclear weapons 2008
• Ramillien et al 2016
• Ramjatan et al 2015
• Ramjatan et al 2017
• Ramos 2003
• Ramsbotham 1989
• Ramsey et al 2019
• Ramírez-Arroyo et al 2026
• Rana and Chudoba 2016
• Randall 1970
• Randorf 2000
• Randrianalisoa et al 2011
• Ranganathan et al 2023
• Rangelova et al 2010
• Rangelova et al 2012
• Rangelova et al 2015
• Rankin et al 1969
• Rao 1994
• Rao and Reddy 2023
• Rao et al 1996
• Raouf et al 2020
• Raper 1981
• Rapp
• Rapp
• Rapp 1967
• Rapp 1968
• Rapp 1973
• Rapp 1973
• Rapp 1974
• Rapp 1979
• Rapp 1981
• Rapp 1981
• Rapp 1983
• Rapp 1993
• Rapp 2020
• Rapp 2025
• Rapp and Rhimbassen 2023
• Rasch and Robert A. 2013
• Rashleigh and Burns 1981
• Rasky et al 2006
• Rasoulzadeh and Shahri 2017
• Rastinasab and Hu 2019
• Rathakrishnan 2023
• Rathakrishnan 2024
• Rauch 1964
• Raudsandmoen et al 1993
• Raufu and Tata 2021
• Ravichandran and Cavaliere 2025
• Rawashedeh and Lumpp 2014
• Rawlins et al 2000
• Rawlins et al 2023
• Ray 1965
• Ray 2000
• Ray et al 2003
• Raymer 2016
• Raza and Wang 2022
• Raza et al 2024
• Razani 2018
• Razavi et al 2019
• Razgus et al 2024
• Rea 2003
• Rea and Bishop 2010
• Reading et al 2006
• Reali et al 2009
• Realism, institutionalism, and nuclear 2021
• Reardon 1997
• Rector 1982
• Reda et al 2004
• Redman and Pasiuk 1957
• Redmond 1975
• Reducing boil-off from cryogenic 1971
• Reed 2005
• Reed 2006
• Reed et al 2016
• Reentry flight predictions around 1994
• Reentry Maneuvering Vehicle Ascent 2025
• Reentry Trajectory Estimation 2024
• Reentry vehicle nosetip material 1977
• Reeves 1995
• Reeves et al 2025
• Regalado Reyes 2015
• Regional Ballistic Missile Defense 2021
• Regional Signs of Missile 2008
• Rehman 2024
• Rehman 2025
• Reich et al 1976
• Reid and Bettinger 2025
• Reigber
• Reigber et al 1988
• Reiger 1963
• Reilly 1971
• Reilly 1979
• Reilly et al 1973
• Reimer et al 2022
• Reinhardt and Yates 1993
• Reisenthel et al 2007
• Reisner and Shima 2011
• Reit 1998
• Relative Merits of Three-Axis 1971, Relative Merits of Three-Axis and
• Relative Merits of Three-Axis 1971, Relative Merits of Three-Axis and 2
• Reliability programs for commercial 1984
• Reliford et al 2026
• Rembeza 1993
• Remmer 1974
• Remmler and Theobald 1967
• Remote Sensing of Earth’s
• Removal of Orbital Debris 1989
• Ren 2025
• Ren et al 2019
• Ren et al 2021
• ren et al 2022
• Ren et al 2023
• Ren et al 2024
• Ren et al 2025
• Ren et al 2025
• Ren et al 2026
• Renard 1968
• Report on orbital debris 1989
• Resch 1984
• Research on target acquisition 2013
• Research on target tracking 2013
• Resource optimisation for geostationary 2023
• Rethinking Nuclear Weapons and 2020
• Reubelt et al
• Reubelt et al 2003
• Reubush 1999
• Reubush et al 2001
• Reudink and Yeh 1978
• Reudink et al 2020
• Reusable Booster System 2012
• Reusable Launch Vehicle 1995
• Reusable launch vehicle development 1995
• Review and progress of 2021
• Review and Prospect of 2026
• Rex 1997
• Rex 1998
• Rex et al 1999
• Rexer et al 2014
• Reyhanoglu and Alvarado 2013
• Reynales 1961
• Reynier and Evans 2009
• Reynolds 1993
• Reynolds and Mesbahi 2020
• Reynolds et al 2020
• Reynolds et al 2020
• Reynolds et al 2021
• Rezende 2021
• Rezunkov 2013
• Rhainds et al 1967
• Rhee et al 2025
• Rhisat and Molki 2024
• Ri et al 2026
• Riaz et al 2026
• Ricardi et al 1975
• Ricci et al 2022
• Ricci et al 2023
• Riccio and Schoenberg 1991
• Rice 1970
• Rice 1979
• Rice 2013
• Rice et al 1998
• Richards 1960
• Richards 1961
• Richards 1966
• Richards 1967
• Richards et al 1997
• Richardson et al 2014
• Richardus 2017
• Richeson and Pines 2007
• Richharia 1995
• Richharia 1999
• Richharia 1999
• Richharia 1999
• Richharia 1999
• Richman 1967
• Rickard 1963
• Ridderhof and Tsiotras 2018
• Ridderhof and Tsiotras 2021
• Rider 1967
• Rietbroek and Karimi 2026
• Rigali et al 1980
• Riley and Sterett 1970
• Rim and Koh 2020
• Rindal and Dahm 1967
• Ringland and Stubblefield 1965
• Rios-Neto 1975
• Rioseco Olave et al 2023
• Rishel 1967
• Ristic et al 2002
• Ritchie 2012
• Ritchie 2012
• Ritland 1989
• Rivera 1995
• Rivera-Lopez et al 2025
• Rivier et al 2019
• Rizk 2008
• Rizos and Coleman 1990
• Robbiani et al 2025
• Roberson 1958
• Roberson 1966
• Roberson 1968
• Robert 1996
• Roberts 1960
• Roberts 1994
• Roberts 2003
• Roberts 2021
• Roberts and Vallot
• Robertson
• Robin et al 2025
• Robinett and Eisler 1997
• Robins 1963
• Robinson 1972
• Robinson 1994
• Robinson 1998
• Robinson 2008
• Robinson and Norris 2017
• Robinson and Stanley 1992
• Robinson et al 1998
• Robust Autopilot Design for 2016
• Robust Optimal Trajectory Design 2022
• Robust Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Controller 2025
• Roch 1981
• Roche 2017
• Rochefort et al 1974
• Rockefeller and Alfred 1960
• Rocket Engine Nozzle Concepts 2004
• Rocket engine propulsion ‘system 1992
• Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1961
• Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1963
• Rocketdyne Canoga Park Ca 1963
• Rockower 1967
• Roda 1959
• Rodean 1959
• Rodighiero
• Rodriguez 1999
• Rodriguez 2007
• Rodriguez 2025
• Rodriguez and Aguilar 1995
• Rodriguez and Sonne 1997
• Rodriguez et al 2019
• Rodríguez and Appleby 2021
• Rodríguez et al 2019
• Rodríguez Fuentes and Parent 2026
• Roenneke and Cornwell 1992
• Roenneke and Well 1995
• Roenneke and Well 1996
• Roentgen Satellite ROSAT 1986
• Rogers 1953
• Rogers 1965
• Rogers 2004
• Rogers and Dragone 1996
• Rogers et al 2015
• Roh and Kim 1999
• Roh and Kim 2002
• Rohit Khorana 2023
• Rohr 2004
• Rohrschneider and Olds 2001
• Roithmayr 1991
• Roithmayr 2018
• Roithmayr and Pei 2024
• Rojas Ramirez 2025
• Roland et al 2016
• Roldan 1992
• Roloff 1957
• Roman 1965
• Roman et al 2009
• Roman et al 2025
• Romanenko and Yalovets 2025
• Romano et al 2024
• Romeo et al 2025
• Romere and Fossler 1971
• Romero 2015
• Romeshkani et al 2026
• Romo and Alvarez 2010
• Rosch and Schor 1990
• Rosecrance 1981
• Rosenbaum 1966
• Rosenbaum 1970
• Rosenbaum 1971
• Rosenboom et al 1999
• Rosengren and Arizona 2018
• Roshanian and Ebrahimi 2013
• Roshanian and Talebi 2008
• Roshanian et al 2018
• Ross 1969
• Ross and Madden 1994
• Ross and Womack 1973
• Ross and Young 1948
• Ross et al 2003
• Rossa et al 2025
• Rossi 2020
• Roth 1981
• Roth 2023
• Rothacher 2000
• Rothacher et al 2009
• Rothacher et al 2010
• Rothmaier et al 2021
• Rothmaier et al 2021
• Rothmund 2006
• Rothmund and Harlow 1999
• Rothschild and Schuster 1999
• Rothschild et al 2005
• Rotordynamic Analysis of a 2008
• Rounds and Marmar 1983
• Rousset et al 1992
• Rouxel et al 2023
• Rowell et al 1964
• Rowell et al 1996
• Rowland and Gupta 1974
• Rowlandson and Herlihy 1969
• Rowson 1962
• Ru et al 2022
• Ruan et al 2020
• Ruan et al 2023
• Rubin 1966
• Rublee 2020
• Ruchanurucks et al 2024
• Rudenko et al 2018
• Rudenko et al 2018
• Rudenko et al 2019
• Rudenko et al 2026
• Ruderman 2008
• Rudis et al 1995
• Ruffhead 2019
• Ruffhead 2022
• Ruffin 2002
• Ruffin 2008
• Ruffin 2017
• Ruffin et al 2018
• Ruffin et al 2019
• Rugescu et al 2014
• Rugescu et al 2014
• Rugge 1977
• Rugge and Ching 1975
• Rui et al 2026
• Ruina and Gell-Mann 1989
• Ruiz-de-Azua et al 2022
• Ruman and Karny 2019
• Rumbaugh 2018
• Rummel 1980
• Rummel 2000
• Rummel 2005
• Rummel and Teunissen 1988
• Runge 1977
• Runkel 1964
• Runkle and Drobnik 1979
• Runkle and Wolf 1995
• Runkle and Woodis 1979
• Runnels 2023
• Rupert 1965
• Rupniewski 2025
• Rusconi and Colombo 2026
• Rusconi et al 2024
• Rush 1973
• Rusnak 1993
• Rusnak 2003
• Rusnak 2010
• Russak 1973
• Russel 1966
• Russell 1962
• Russell 1964
• Russell 1976
• Russell and Arora 2012
• Russell et al 2012
• Rustamov et al 2020
• Rusten 2010
• Ruth 1968
• Ruth et al 1990
• Rutkowski 1986
• Rutledge 1993
• Ryan 1971
• Ryan 1981
• Ryan 1984
• Ryan and Verderaime 1993
• Rydlund and Densmore 2012
• Rykhlova et al 1993
• Ryle 1952
• Rynaski 1967
• Rødningen et al 2023
• Rühle 1993
• Rülke et al 2008
• S. Prasanraj 2019
• S.O. et al 2019
• S054-026, S054-CP090290-F1 engine throttling 1970
• Saba Kiran 2024
• Sabaghzadeh and Khansari 2022
• Sabater et al 2022
• Sabri Akresh 2013
• Sabri et al 2019
• Sabri et al 2023
• Saccone et al 2018
• Sacerdote and Sanso’ 2004
• Sacerdote and Sansò 2010
• Sachan and Padhi 2015
• Sachdev 1980
• Sachs and Moravszki 2002
• Sachuk et al 2020
• Sackheim 1994
• Sackheim and Gavitt 1999
• Sacko 2007
• Saddam’s Nuclear Weapons Program 2016
• Sadeghzadeh-Nokhodberiz et al 2021
• Sadiq and Ahmad 2009
• Sadovnikov et al 2016
• Saeki et al 2014
• Saeki et al 2015
• Saeki et al 2017
• Safing of H-l Second 1989
• Sagliano 2018
• Sagliano 2018
• Sagliano 2019
• Sagliano and Mooij 2018
• Saha et al 2006
• Sahu 1985
• Sahu and Heavey 2010
• Sahu et al 1998
• Sahu et al 2019
• Sai Naga Bharghava et al 2024
• Saida and Hotate 1997
• Saiki et al 2026
• Saisandeep et al 2017
• Saito et al 2024
• Sakaki et al 2015
• Sakaki et al 2016
• Sakowski et al 2019
• Salah et al 2023
• Salazar and Kintner 1981
• Sale 1964
• Saleh et al 2025
• Salerno et al 2002
• Sales and Pasini 2021
• Salient Satellites and Operators 2000
• Salmaso et al 2023
• Salmins et al 2026
• Saltzman et al 1999
• Samah and Redzua 2024
• Sambamurthi et al 1987
• Samotokhin 2021
• Sampietro et al 2018
• Sams 1960
• samy 2022
• Sanaei 2013
• Sanai et al 1976
• Sanal Kumar et al 2016
• Sanbad 2025
• Sances et al 2010
• Sanchez 2025
• Sanders 1993
• Sanders and Jerman 1993
• Sanders et al 2021
• Sandoval et al 2024
• Sandro
• Sanford et al 2003
• Sanjurjo Rivo
• Sankowski 2011
• Sanson et al 2019
• Sansone and Francesconi 2025
• Sansò and Sideris 2012
• Sansò and Sideris 2012
• Sansò and Sideris 2012
• Sansò and Venuti 2002
• Sansò et al 2019
• Sansò et al 2019
• Santangelo and Skentzos 2016
• Santiago 1996
• Santos 2004
• Santos and Sampaio 2021
• Saran and Tadaki 1982
• Sarathchandra
• Sarfaraz 2015
• Sarid et al 2023
• Sarkozy 1976
• Sarotte
• Sarotte et al 2019
• Sarychev 1962
• Sarzi-Amade et al 2016
• Sasaki 1984
• Sasamoto et al 2008
• Sasoh et al 2010
• Sasse 1988
• Satellite Altimetry 2003
• Satellite Communication 2007
• Satellite Communication 2008
• Satellite Communication 2017
• Satellite Communication in IPv6 2009
• Satellite Communication Networks 2023
• Satellite Communication System 2020
• Satellite Communications Signal Processing 2017
• Satellite Digital Communication Service 1986
• Satellite Fragmentation and Orbital 2020
• Satellite Fragmentation and Orbital 2025
• Satellite geodesy and geodynamics
• Satellite Gravimetry 2009
• Satellite Laser Ranging
• Satellite Lifetime Program 1964
• Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 2014
• Satellite Links 2002
• Satellite Links 2013
• Satellite Multiple Access 2008
• Satellite Multiple Access 2017
• Satellite Orbital Motion 2003
• Satellite orbital parameters and 2012
• Satellite Orbits 2008
• Satellite Orbits 2017
• Satellite Overview 2004
• Satellite project 1982
• Satellite Subsystems 2008
• Satellite Subsystems 2017
• Satellite Telecommunication Industries 2000
• Satellite Telecommunications 2000
• Satellites 2002
• Satellites 2013
• Satellites 2017
• Satellites for Rural Development 1979
• Sato et al 2020
• Satterfield and Akens 1958
• Saturn i launch vehicle 1964
• Saucillo et al 1991
• Sauer 1998
• Saugen and Adler 1991
• Saulson and Chang 2003
• Saulson and Chang 2004
• Saunders 1965
• Saunders 2003
• Saunders et al 2011
• Sauter et al 2006
• Savage 2018
• Savelyev 2023
• Savet 1961
• Savkin et al 2021
• Sawitz 1982
• Scala 1957
• Scarborough 1964
• Scarlett 2020
• Scatteia et al 2005
• Schaechter 1963
• Schaff et al 2000
• Schaffer 2012
• Schall 1991
• Schallhorn et al 1998
• Schanner and Soffel 2018
• Schappell et al 1972
• Scharf et al 2015
• Scharf et al 2017
• Scharle 1960
• Scheduling and Control of 1966
• Scheffran 2017
• Scheinert
• Scheinert et al 2007
• Scheller and Bierlein 1953
• Scherberg and Rubin 1953
• Schick 1977
• Schieb 2006
• Schierman and Hull 2005
• Schiffer 1964
• Schilling 2016
• Schlak 2001
• Schlegel 1966
• Schleich 1982
• Schleich 1982
• Schleich 1984
• Schlosser 1979
• Schlüter et al 1993
• Schmid 1966
• Schmid 1977
• Schmidt 1999
• Schmidt and Mann 1996
• Schmidt and Schmidt 1997
• Schmidt et al 1982
• Schmitt 2001
• Schmitt 2004
• Schoenman 1988
• Schoettle and Hillesheimer 1991
• Schoewe 1948
• Scholz et al 1992
• Schomer 1986
• Schoneman et al 2000
• Schopp et al 2010
• Schorr et al 2017
• Schouler et al 2021
• Schrama 2003
• Schrama et al 2005
• Schramm 1969
• Schreib 1988
• Schreiber 1956
• Schreiber and Kodet 2017
• Schreiber et al 2020
• Schreier et al 2006
• Schreiner and Roth
• Schreutelkamp and Hirt 2026
• Schriever 1960
• Schroder et al 2025
• Schroer 1966
• Schroeter 1976
• Schuabb et al
• Schug 2000
• Schuler et al 1972
• Schulz et al 2025
• Schurmann 1957
• Schuster 1992
• Schuster and Brown 1987
• Schuster et al 1986
• Schuster et al 1990
• Schuster et al 1990
• Schutte and Thoreau 2016
• Schwane and Hänel 1991
• Schwartz 1961
• Schwartz 1987
• Schwartz 1988
• Schwartz 1990
• Schwartz 1990
• Schwartz et al 1966
• Schwartz et al 2025
• Schwarz 1969
• Schwarz 1981
• Schwarz and Glennie 1998
• Schwarz and Li
• Schwarz and Li 1996
• Schwarz and Li 2000
• Schwarz and Wei 1995
• Schwarz et al 1992
• Schwarz et al 2002
• Schweppe 1964
• Schwintzer et al 1991
• Sciegienny et al 1978
• Science Communication Inc McLean Va 1960
• Scippa and Gil 1993
• Sclafani and Shankar 2015
• Scofield 1967
• Scofield 1968
• Scoggins 1979
• Scorse and Crassidis 2011
• Scorse et al 2010
• Scott 1963
• Scott 1963
• Scott 1964
• Scott and Ko 1968
• Scott et al 1983
• Seaborg 1968
• Seacat 1963
• Seaman and Thompson 1965
• Seaworth and Drubka 1992
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Sebestyen et al 2018
• Second-Strike Counterforce 2020
• Sedighi et al 2008
• Sedillo 1990
• See 1921
• Seeber 2003
• Seetharama Bhat et al 1992
• Segado et al 2010
• Segal 1964
• Segner 1968
• Sehga 1962
• Sehnal 1975
• Seidel 1965
• Seiple 1960
• Seitz and Sukin 2025
• Sekrecki 2023
• Selected Ballistic Missile Programs 2008
• Selected Cruise Missile Programs 2008
• Self-Steering Arrays for Satellite 1966
• Selim 2014
• Sellers 1948
• Senchev et al 2022
• Senchev et al 2024
• Sengoku and Sasaki 1989
• Senn and Siglin 1960
• Senobari 2010
• Seo 2021
• Seo and Kim 2026
• Seo and Kwon 2024
• Seo and Park 2025
• Seo et al 2018
• Seo et al 2022
• Seong et al 2021
• Seppelin 1974
• Sergienko et al 1995
• Sergueievna Zink et al 2020
• Serpas and Jekeli 2005
• Sesena 1997
• Sethi 2024
• Setterfield et al 2020
• Sewell 2023
• Seywald and Bless 1993
• Sforza 2017
• Sha et al 2026
• Shackelford 2004
• Shafer and Brock 2012
• Shafer and Brock 2013
• Shaferman and Shima 2010
• Shafiey Dehaj et al 2015
• Shah et al 2017
• Shahmirzaee Jeshvaghani et al 2015
• Shahzad Sana and Hu 2021
• Shalmaee et al 2024
• Shambaugh 2025
• Shan and Shi 2022
• Shan et al 2015
• Shan et al 2018
• Shan et al 2025
• Shandling and Platus 1985
• Shane and Fante 1967
• Shang 1990
• Shang 2025
• Shang and Gaitonde 1994
• Shang et al 2020
• Shangguan et al 2024
• Shankar and E 2023
• Shanmugan 1984
• Shannon
• Shao and Wang 2015
• Shao and Wang 2016
• Shao et al 2015
• Shao et al 2016
• Shao et al 2018
• Shao et al 2025
• Shao et al 2025
• Shaobing and Chi 2024
• Shapland 1964
• Sharaf et al 1989
• Sharenson 1966
• Shariff and Pullin 1998
• Sharifi-Tehrani et al 2020
• Sharma 1989
• Sharma 2021
• Sharma and James Raj 1988
• Sharma and Kaur 2014
• Sharma and Kumar 2013
• Sharma and Kumar 2013
• Sharma and Richards 2004
• Sharma and Shenvi 2026
• Sharpe and Galyean 1977
• Shaw and Womack 1984
• Shaw et al 1969
• Shaw et al 1995
• Shaw et al 2005
• Shearer 1997
• Sheer 1961
• Shefer 1990
• Sheiko 2025
• Shelswell 1999
• Shelton 1966
• Shen 1970
• Shen 1971
• Shen and Liu 2020
• Shen et al 2006
• Shen et al 2010
• Shen et al 2011
• Shen et al 2016
• Shen et al 2020
• Shen et al 2022
• Shen et al 2023
• Shen et al 2023
• Shengchao Shi et al 2016
• Shengnan et al 2021
• Shenming et al 2018
• Shennum 1964
• Sheporaitis et al 1976
• Sheppard 1970
• Sheppard 2000
• Shepperd and Staugler 1999
• Sheridan
• Sherman 1978
• Shi 2005
• Shi et al 2014
• Shi et al 2015
• Shi et al 2016
• Shi et al 2017
• Shi et al 2021
• Shi et al 2022
• Shi et al 2023
• Shi et al 2023
• Shi et al 2024
• Shi et al 2024
• Shi et al 2026
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shi et al 2027
• Shibuya et al 2014
• Shihui and Longxu 2008
• Shilav and Khosid 2020
• Shima and Golan 2008
• Shima et al 2000
• Shima et al 2002
• Shima et al 2004
• Shimamura 1999
• Shimoda et al 2001
• Shimura and Kamijo 1985
• Shin 2008
• Shin and Park 2026
• Shinar 1987
• Shinar and Shima
• Shinar and Tabak 1994
• Shinar and Turetsky 2005
• Shinar et al
• Shinar et al 1992
• Shindo et al 2019
• Shinnick 1966
• Shipplett 1983
• Shneydor 1998
• Shneydor 1998
• Shneydor 1998
• Shneydor 1998
• Shneydor 1998
• Shneydor 1998
• Shoganbekova et al 2024
• Shorikov and Kalev 2019
• Shorikov and Kalev 2019
• Shorikov and Kalev 2020
• Shorikov and Kalev 2020
• Short-Range Ballistic Missile Capabilities 2010
• Shouman et al 2021
• Shoyama et al 2024
• Shrestha 2026
• Shro 1968
• Shtark and Gurfil 2019
• Shtessel 2001
• Shtessel and Baev 2008
• Shtessel and Krupp
• Shtessel and Krupp 1997
• Shtessel and Tournes 2012
• Shtessel et al
• Shtessel et al 1997
• Shtessel et al 2000
• Shtessel et al 2002
• Shtessel et al 2003
• Shu et al 2023
• shu-zhi et al 2006
• Shuang and Pingyuan 2006
• Shukla et al 2023
• Shulga and Shcheglov 2021
• Shultz 2020
• Shum et al 1990
• Shure 1968
• Siby and Sreeja 2022
• Sichler et al 2018
• Sichler et al 2018
• Siddiqui et al 2013
• Sideris 2012
• Sideris 2015
• Sideris 2020
• Sideris 2021
• Siebenhaar and Campbell 1987
• Sieffupi 2006
• Sifer et al
• Sigal 2002
• Sigal 2020
• Sigal and Ben-Asher 2010
• Sigler 2019
• Siglin and Senn 1961
• Silber 2026
• Sillard and Boucher 2001
• Silva and Batista 2019
• Silva Guimaraes and d’Andrade Souto 2021
• Silvi et al 2024
• Silvius and Sherrill 1978
• Sim et al 2016
• Simas 1963
• Simav 2020
• Simav 2020
• Simav et al 2020
• Simmons 1972
• Simmons and Hall 1973
• Simon 1965
• Simon 1965
• Simon 1965
• Simon and Blake 1999
• Simon and Simon 1982
• Simons 1975
• Simpkin 2022
• Simpson 1950
• Simulation of Thermal Drift 2015
• Sinclair and Flowers 2010
• Sinclair and Flowers 2013
• Sindt 1973
• Singaravelu et al 2009
• Singelmann and Mueller 1948
• Singer et al 2016
• Singh 2017
• Singh 2020
• Singh and Bhashyam 1972
• Singh and Ghosh 2006
• Singh and Kumar 2025
• Singh and Singh 2016
• Singh et al 2005
• Singh et al 2007
• Singh et al 2016
• Singh et al 2022
• Singh et al 2024
• Singh et al 2026
• Singh et al 2026
• Singhal et al 2023
• Sinha and Shrivastava 1990
• Sinkiewicz et al 1974
• Sinovets and Alkış 2025
• Siphiwe Mphuthi and Achola Odera 2021
• Siracusa 2008
• Siracusa 2008
• Siracusa 2015
• Siracusa 2015
• Siracusa 2015
• Siracusa 2020
• Siracusa 2020
• Siracusa 2020
• Siry 1960
• Sisk 1993
• Sithara and Shenil 2022
• Sitzman and Drescher
• Sivadas 2020
• Sivakumar and Palaninathan 2012
• Sivalingam and Hagen 2023
• Sivalingam and Hagen 2026
• Sivolella 2014
• Sjoeberg 1978
• Sjöberg 1979
• Sjöberg 1989
• Sjöberg 1992
• Sjöberg 2009
• Sjöberg 2011
• Sjöberg 2011
• Sjöberg 2020
• Sjöberg and Bagherbandi 2017
• Skaggs et al 1967
• Skalandunas 1963
• Skarman 1978
• Skarpetis et al 2018
• Skelton 1966
• Slater 1956
• Slawecki et al 2026
• Sleeth 2004
• Slejko et al 2021
• Slifka 1960
• Sliusariev and Bilotserkovsky 2024
• Slivinsky et al
• Slivinsky et al 1995
• Slivinsky et al 1999
• Slivinsky et al 2002
• Slobbe et al 2019
• Slotnick et al 1994
• Slough 2023
• Smagowski and Kaniewski 2017
• Small nuclear thermal rocket 1993
• Smalley 1961
• Smeltzer 1975
• Smeltzer and Bowman 2002
• Smeltzer and Wagner 2022
• Smelyanskiy et al 2008
• Smirnov 2019
• Smirnov et al 2015
• Smit and Gorrell 2026
• Smith 1961
• Smith 1962
• Smith 1964
• Smith 1968
• Smith 1976
• Smith 1976
• Smith 1976
• Smith 1976
• Smith 1983
• Smith 2006
• Smith 2019
• Smith and Austin 1983
• Smith and Bender 1963
• Smith and Biezad 1986
• Smith and Chase 1976
• Smith and Huang 1986
• Smith and Kerr 1992
• Smith and Saeger 1964
• Smith et al 1957
• Smith et al 1974
• Smith et al 1976
• Smith et al 1982
• Smith et al 1989
• Smith et al 2000
• Smith et al 2005
• Smith et al 2012
• Smith et al 2013
• Smith et al 2017
• Smith et al 2024
• Smitherman and Woodcock 2012
• Smoot 1963
• Smythe 1962
• Snay 1990
• Snider and Coomber 1977
• Snoddy et al 2006
• Snodgrass 1955
• Snow 1975
• Snow 2019
• Snyder 2003
• Snyder and Muratani 1980
• Snyder et al 1965
• So 2016
• Sobel 1963
• Sobel 2015
• Sobh and Sheirah 2006
• Sohn et al 2002
• SOHO Payload Mate to 1995
• Soja et al 2016
• Sokolov and Pyltsov
• Sokolov et al 1996
• Sokolsky 2002
• Solanyk 1993
• Solberg 1993
• Soler and Snay 2004
• Soler and Snay 2011
• Soler et al 2014
• Soler et al 2016
• Soleymani and Bakhtiari 2026
• Solid propellant rocket motors
• Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 1960
• Solid Rocket Booster Reliability
• Soller et al 2017
• Solomon 1965
• Solomon and Tamiru 2026
• Soltanpour et al 2007
• Solymar 2021
• Somanath et al 1998
• Some Design Considerations for 1966
• Son et al 2012
• Son et al 2023
• Song 2016
• Song and Kim 2015
• Song and Weiss 2023
• Song et al 2011
• Song et al 2011
• Song et al 2012
• Song et al 2013
• Song et al 2017
• Song et al 2019
• Song et al 2020
• Song et al 2020
• Song et al 2021
• Song et al 2022
• Song et al 2022
• Song et al 2023
• Song et al 2024
• song et al 2025
• Song et al 2026
• Song et al 2026
• Soni 2021
• Sonmez and Bingol 2008
• Sonnenschein and Hutchinson 1990
• Sood 1988
• Soranna et al 2023
• Sorbello 1988
• Sorenson 1985
• Sosnica et al 2023
• Sostaric and Rea 2005
• Sotom et al 2017
• South Africa’s Nuclear-Tipped Ballistic 1992
• South Asia’s regional nuclear 2014
• South Korea and extended 2013
• Souverein et al 2019
• Soviet ABM Deployment
• Soviet ABM Deployment 2004
• Sowers 2002
• Sośnica et al 2015
• Sośnica et al 2018
• Space Debris An Analysis 2024
• Space debris Mitigation guidelines 2018
• Space Debris Production in 2001
• Space Launch Vehicle Structures 2022
• Space sustainability - Space
• Space sustainability. Adoption Notice
• Space systems - Detailed
• Space systems - Ground
• Space systems � Detailed
• Space systems � Launch-vehicle-to-spacecraft
• Space systems. Debris mitigation
• Space systems. Interface control
• Space systems. Launch-vehicle-to-spacecraft flight
• Space systems. Re-entry risk
• Space systems. Re-entry risk
• Space systems. Requirements of
• Space systems. Small-auxiliary-spacecraft SASC
• Space systems. Space debris
• Space systems. Space debris
• Space systems. Space debris
• Space systems. Space debris
• Space systems. Spacecraft and
• Space systems. Spacecraft interface
• Space systems. Spacecraft-to-launch-vehicle interface
• Space transportation system solid 1979
• Spacecraft Charging at High 1976
• Spacecraft Electromagnetic Docking and 2027
• Spacecraft tanks depend on 1974
• Spalding 1979
• Sparagna and McClinton 1966
• Sparrow 1964
• Sparta Inc Huntsville Al 1992
• Spassova 2017
• Spearman 1979
• Spearman 1985
• Specification for mating dimensions
• Spectrum Management in Satellite 2017
• Spencer 1999
• Spens et al 2021
• Spens et al 2022
• Sperling 1960
• Sperry Gyroscope Co Great Neck Ny 1963
• Sperry Gyroscope Co Great Neck Ny 1963
• Sperry Phoenix Co Az 1962
• Speyer 1997
• Speyer and Hull 1986
• Spicer et al 2025
• Spiegel 1962
• Spiekermann and Kabe 1998
• Spinardi 1994
• Spinardi 2007
• Spinardi 2010
• Spira 1966
• Spravka and Jorris 2015
• Springer 1994
• Springer 1994
• Springer 1996
• Springer and Pokora 1994
• Springer and Pokora 1994
• Springmann et al 2006
• Spurlock 1966
• Spurlock and Williams 2014
• Squire et al 2009
• Sreena and Thomas 2017
• Sreenivas Rao et al 2018
• Srinivasan et al 2005
• Srivastava 1984
• Srivastava et al 2010
• Srivastava et al 2016
• Srivastava et al 2017
• Srivastava et al 2025
• Sruthi and Nagaraja 2015
• St. Amand 1994
• Staas and Philip C. 1963
• Stability Testing Methodology Scaling 1995
• Stabilization of Future Synchronous 1971
• Stadler 1993
• Stadnyk
• Stafford et al 1999
• Stainback 1965
• Stallard 1976
• Stallard 1979
• Stallard 1980
• Stallard 1985
• Stallard 1990
• Stalony-Dobrzanski 1970
• Stamenkovich and Carvil
• Stampfl 1963
• Stampfl 1965
• Stanaway and Roberts 2015
• Stanaway et al 2013
• Stancil 1963
• Standoffs Nuclear Weapons in 2016
• Stanescu and Buzducea 2025
• Staniszewski 2001
• Stanković et al 2022
• Stark 1966
• Stark 2013
• Starkey 2003
• Starkey et al 2003
• Starnone and Biesbroek 2006
• Stassinopoulos 1971
• Stav 2004
• Stechman and Campbell 1973
• Stechman and Lawson 2006
• Stechman and Sumpter 1989
• Stefanski 2019
• Steff 2016
• Steffens and Mavris 2015
• Steffens et al 2015
• Steffens et al 2017
• Steigenberger et al 2022
• Stein et al 2016
• Steinberger 1997
• Steindl 1996
• Steinkogler 2016
• Steinmeyer and Frick 2015
• Stelkens-Kobsch
• Stenberg et al 2020
• Stenberg et al 2022
• Stenzel and Urrutia 2013
• Stepanov et al 2015
• Stepanyan and Hovakimyan 2005
• Stephen et al 1974
• Stephen et al 2019
• Stephens 1961
• Stephens 1965
• Stephens and Cartagena 2015
• Stephens and Hanna 1991
• Stephens et al 2007
• Sterba 2019
• Sterle and Koler 2019
• Stermer 1978
• Stern 2004
• Stern 2008
• Stern and Chu 1963
• Stern and Tallentire 1985
• Stern et al 2016
• Sternberg 2010
• Stetson 1964
• Stetson and Lewis 1977
• Stevens 1958
• Stevens 1979
• Stevens 1985
• Stever and Uman 1989
• Steward 1975
• Stewardson and Freeland 2020
• Stewart
• Stewart 1961
• Stewart 1963
• Stewart 1967
• Stickler and Keller 1998
• Stinson and Gross 1972
• Stiros and Pirazzoli 2005
• Stocker 2001
• Stocker 2004
• Stocker 2004
• Stockwell 1880
• Stockwell 1886
• Stockwell 1886
• Stockwell 1980
• Stojkovic and Brown 2024
• Stoker
• Stone 2006
• Stoner 1972
• Store-and-forward satellite communications system 1987
• Storey
• Storey et al 2015
• Stott and Shtessel 2010
• Stott and Shtessel 2012
• Stottler 2013
• Stoughton et al 1994
• Stout and Snell 1999
• Stovner and Johansen 2019
• Stower 2024
• Strange et al 1971
• Strange et al 1972
• Strangeland and Levak 1993
• Strat-X, ULMS and Trident 1994
• Strategic Missiles
• Strauss 1964
• Strauss and Bzik 1992
• Strauss and Owens 1978
• Strawa and Cavolowsky 1990
• Strawa et al 1988
• Streetman and Graves 1963
• Streich et al 2001
• Stricker 1989
• Strippoli et al 2013
• Strobl et al 2012
• Strohm 2011
• Stronge and Schulz 1977
• Stroud et al 2012
• Strugarek and Zajdel 2025
• Stuart et al 2016
• Stubbe 1990
• Stubbe 2017
• Stubbs et al 1997
• Stuber et al 2012
• Studhalter 1964
• Study of a passive 1965
• Study of integral launch 1969, Study of integral launch and reen
• Study of Integral Launch 1969, Study of Integral Launch and Reen 2
• Study of Integral Launch 1969, Study of Integral Launch and Reen 3
• Study of structural bending 1966
• Study to adapt solar 1972
• Su
• Su and Liu 2025
• Su and Liu 2025
• Su and Mullen 1972
• Su and Wang 2015
• Su et al 2013
• Su et al 2021
• Su et al 2021
• Su et al 2022
• Su et al 2022
• Su et al 2022
• Su et al 2023
• Su et al 2024
• Su et al 2025
• Su et al 2026
• Su et al 2026
• Sub-Strategic Nuclear Weapons, First 2017
• Subba et al 2022
• Suchitra et al 2014
• Suenkel 1980
• Suesser- Rechberger et al 2023
• Sugaipova and Neyman 2022
• Sughrue 2009
• Sugihara et al 2022
• Sukachevskyi 2026
• Sukenik 2004
• Sukhorutchenko 2022
• Sulaiman et al 2013
• Sullivan 1974
• Sultan 2021
• Sultanov and Glebov 2021
• Suman and Mishra 2025
• Sumathi and Usha 2014
• Sumathy et al 2026
• Summary of mission characteristics 1968
• Summerfield 1951
• Summerfield 1951
• Summerfield 1960
• Summerfield and Krier 1968
• Summers and Lepkowski 1992
• Sun
• Sun 2024
• Sun and Duan 2012
• Sun and van Kampen 2020
• Sun and Yang 2022
• Sun and Zhang 2011
• Sun and Zhao 2013
• Sun et al 1998
• Sun et al 2013
• Sun et al 2013
• Sun et al 2015
• Sun et al 2017
• Sun et al 2017
• Sun et al 2017
• Sun et al 2018
• Sun et al 2019
• Sun et al 2022
• Sun et al 2022
• Sun et al 2022
• Sun et al 2023
• Sun et al 2023
• Sun et al 2023
• Sun et al 2024
• Sun et al 2024
• Sun et al 2024
• Sun et al 2025
• Sun et al 2025
• Sun et al 2025
• Sun et al 2025
• Sun et al 2026
• Sun et al 2026
• Sun et al 2026
• Sun et al 2026
• Sun et al 2026
• Sun et al 2026
• Sundaram 2002
• Sundaram et al 2000
• Sundstrom and Brown 1969
• Sunken Reentry Vehicle 2013
• Sur and Thakur 2025
• Surender et al 2021
• Suresh et al 2009
• Suriani et al 1995
• Surma and Leciejewski 2020
• Surov and Alekseeva 2024
• Surzhikov 1999
• Surzhikov 2018
• Susilo et al 2018
• Sutherland et al 1968
• Suttles 1964
• Sutton 1968
• Sutton 1970
• Sutton 2006
• Sutton and Lariviere 1993
• Sutton and Sedano 2019
• Suwantong et al 2012
• Suzuki 2001
• Suzuki 2004
• Suzuki et al 1999
• Suzuki et al 2001
• Suzuki et al 2002
• Suzuki et al 2002
• Suzuki et al 2003
• Suzuki et al 2004
• Suzuki et al 2019
• Svehla 2018
• Svehla 2018
• Svehla 2018
• Svotina 2024
• Svotina and Cherkasova 2023
• Swaim 1968
• Swaim 1969
• Swain 1975
• Swain 1977
• Swain 1996
• Swaminathan and Lona C 2025
• Swaminathan et al 2020
• Swaminathan et al 2023
• Swanger and Guerrero Nacif 2022
• Swanger et al
• Swanger et al 2023
• Swanger et al 2024
• Swann 1960
• Swanson 1963
• Swanson 1977
• Swanson and Yeager 1971
• Swartz et al 1972
• Swaszek et al 2018
• Swathy et al 2018
• Swati 2022
• Swenson and Wahr 2011
• Swicker 1995
• Swicker 1998
• Syam et al 2025
• Syed et al 2007
• Synchronous Satellite Station-Keeping 1966
• Syring 2015
• Systems design study of 1973, Systems design study of the Pione
• Systems design study of 1973, Systems design study of the Pione 2
• Szabo 1962
• Szabo 1962
• Szajnfarber et al 2008
• Szatkowski 1985
• Szedula 1996
• Szenes 2023
• Szmuk et al 2017
• Szmuk et al 2019
• Szmuk et al 2020
• Szu 2023
• Szuszczewicz and Holmes 1976
• Sánchez 2012
• Sánchez and Freitas 2016
• Sánchez and Sideris 2017
• Sánchez et al 2018
• Sánchez et al 2022
• Sávio Aguiar et al 2022
• Sönmez et al 2025
• Sünkel 1985
• Słowak 2025
• Tabatabaei 2023
• Taber et al 2002
• Tactical and Strategic Missile 2019
• Tactical Missile Guidance Laws
• Tacussis et al 2016
• Taff 1979
• Taff 1982
• Tahsini and Farshchi 2007
• Tahsini and Mousavi 2014
• Takada et al 2009
• Takahashi 2015
• Takahashi 2022
• Takahashi et al 1990
• Takahashi et al 2012
• Takahashi et al 2013
• Takahashi et al 2014
• Takahashi et al 2014
• Takahashi et al 2014
• Takahashi et al 2014
• Takahashi et al 2016
• Takahashi et al 2016
• Takano and Nishino 2020
• Takeichi 2024
• Takemoto and Sugihara 2015
• Takida et al 2012
• Talbi et al 2023
• Taletović and Krdžalić 2017
• Talmadge 2023
• Tamura et al 2023
• Tan et al 2023
• Tanaka and Hiei 1984
• Tanaka et al 2022
• Tanck and Steadman 1998
• Tang and Najafi 2018
• Tang and Wen 2011
• Tang and Wu 2019
• Tang et al 2020
• Tang et al 2021
• Tang et al 2023
• Tang et al 2024
• Tangdamrongsub and Hwang 2016
• Tani et al 2008
• Tani et al 2010
• Tanil 2023
• Tanil et al 2016
• Tanil et al 2018
• Tannas 1966
• Tanno et al 2013
• Tanriverdi and Cavdaroglu 2017
• Tanyà et al 2026
• Tao et al 2001
• Tao et al 2006
• Tao et al 2014
• Tao et al 2024
• Tao et al 2024
• Tao Guo et al 2010
• Tao Guo et al 2010
• Tao Xu et al 2011
• Tapley 1997
• Tapley and Ries 1988
• Tapley et al 1975
• Tapley et al 1986
• Tapley et al 1990
• Tapley et al 1991
• Tapley et al 1993
• Tarantino and Saf/Sqs 2022
• Tardy and Kluever 2002
• Tariq et al 2026
• Tarpley and Lewis 1991
• Tarpley and Lewis 1992
• Tarpley and Lewis 1994
• Tarrant and Crook
• Tarrant and Crook 1996
• Tarrío et al 2024
• Tartabini et al 2003
• Tartabini et al 2007
• Tartabini et al 2008
• Tartabini et al 2011
• Tarygin 2020
• Tashker 1977
• Tatar 2026
• Tatsuta et al 2025
• Taub and Shima 2012
• Taur 2002
• Taur 2013
• Taur and Chern 1999
• Tautz 2003
• Tava and Suzuki 2002
• Taylo and Redus 1972
• Taylor 1975
• Taylor 1978
• Taylor 1998
• Taylor 2001
• Taylor 2024
• Taylor and Price 1974
• Taylor and Shurvinton 1992
• Tcybulskii 2014
• Teasley et al 2025
• Tebbe 1984
• Techniques for rocket engine 1965
• Tedrick 1962
• Tedrick 1963
• Tekawy et al 1996
• Teles and Samii 1993
• Tellier 1964
• Temperature error compensation for 2015
• Temperature estimation for a 2009
• Templeton et al 2010
• Templier
• Tennstedt et al 2021
• Tennstedt et al 2023
• Tenzer 2001
• Tenzer et al 2006
• Teofilatto 2024
• Teoste 1966
• Terasaki 1963
• Terasawa et al 2012
• Teren 1966
• Tereniak and Williams 1967
• TERRA Spacecraft 2001
• Terry et al 2025
• Terstegge 2007
• Teschner and Mundt 2023
• Teskey 1982
• Tesny and Hauser 2019
• Test and Evaluation of 2007
• Test Method for Determining
• Test Method for Determining 2011
• Testbed-18 Reference Frame Transformation 2023
• Testing Guidance Laws Performance 2007
• Testing, Defining and Delivering 2015
• Testoyedov et al 2017
• Tetley and Calcutt 1994
• Tetreault et al 2018
• Tetsuya 2003
• Teunissen 1985
• Teunissen 1985
• Tewell 1984
• Tewell and Buell 1985
• Tewell and Buell 1985
• Tewell et al 1983
• Thakur et al 2019
• Thamrin et al 2005
• Thanh Long 2017
• Thapar and Leon 1977
• Thareja and Lewis 1982
• Tharun et al 2025
• Thatcher 1950
• Thayer 1965
• The Aegis Ballistic Missile 2010
• The ALEXIS Small Satellite 1993
• The Ballistic Missile Context 2008
• The Ballistic Missile Defense 2020
• The Ballistic Missile Launch 2011
• The Ballistic Missile Threat 2010
• The Clementine Spacecraft composite 1994
• The Components of Nuclear
• The Components of Nuclear 2012
• The Computation of Ballistic 2025
• The Constellation Leo 2020
• The Counterforce Debate and 2019
• The Cuban Missile Crisis 2006
• The Cuban Missile Crisis 2013
• The Determination of the 1982
• The Development of Geodetic 2011
• The Development of Nuclear 2021
• The difference nuclear weapons 1993
• The Dynamics of Counterforce 2019
• The effect of mission 1993
• The Effects of Drag 1998
• The Entry Plasma Sheath 1970
• The European Communication Satellite 1974
• The European Communication Satellite 1982
• The FALCON Small Satellite 2004
• The fiber-optic gyroscope 1993
• The Generalized Missile Equations
• The Global Positioning System 2001
• The Global Positioning System 2023
• The improved accuracy programme 1994
• The inertial-satellite microelectromechanical gyro-vertical 2010
• The Influence of Erosive 1960
• The Influence of Liquid 2018
• The Inherent Contradictions of 2011
• The King Inertial Navigation 1962
• The Launch Loop 1985
• The least-squares solution to
• The Logic of Latent 2024
• The Lunar Orbiter A 1966
• The Mobile Satellite Channel 2008
• The Mobile Satellite Channel 2017
• The Movement to Ban 2022
• The Nuclear Debate ‘The 2019
• The Nuclear Debate and 2019
• The organization of the 1965
• The path of an 1961
• The Politics of Counterforce 2019
• The Research and Design 2025
• The simulation and analysis 2014
• The Spread of Nuclear 2013
• The stokes two-boundary-value problem
• The Technical Approach and 2019
• The Testing of Nuclear 2021
• The thermal rocket engine
• The Third Offset Strategy 2017
• The Treatment of the
• The Treaty on the 2021
• The United Kingdom Program 1974
• The university of surrey’s 1981
• The US Fleet Ballistic 1994
• Theater ballistic missile defense 2020
• Theil 2008
• Theory and reference frame
• Theory of Satellite Geodesy 1989
• Thermal Response of an 1985
• Thermonuclear and Ballistic Missile 2013
• Thimothy et al
• Thirkill 1975
• Thirumullaivoyal Santhana Kumar and Ghobadi-Far 2026
• Thoma 2017
• Thomas 1981
• Thomas 2009
• Thomas 2022
• Thomas and Carroll 1984
• Thomas and Hartfield 2009
• Thomas and Perlbachs 1967
• Thomason 1973
• Thompson 1967
• Thompson 1999
• Thompson 1999
• Thompson 2000
• Thompson and Day 1974
• Thompson et al 1973
• Thompson et al 1982
• Thompson et al 1982
• Thornburg 2002
• Thornton 1977
• Thornton et al 2019
• Three-Axis or Dual-Spin T 1971
• Threet et al 2011
• Thränert 2009
• Thurman and Pollmeier 1994
• Tian 2018
• Tian 2018
• Tian et al 2015
• Tian et al 2015
• Tian et al 2019
• Tian et al 2020
• Tian et al 2022
• Tian et al 2025
• Tian et al 2025
• Tianpeng et al 2024
• Tierney 1993
• Tierno 2002
• Tikhomirov et al 2019
• Tillotson Rudd et al 2024
• Timenes 1964
• Timilsina 2025
• Timothy 2022
• Ting et al 1986
• Tirro and Bayliss 1976
• Tishkov and Fokin 2026
• Tissir and Sarir 2026
• Titov 2000
• Titov and Levin 2011
• Titov et al 2013
• Titov et al 2013
• Titov et al 2014
• Tiwari et al 1992
• Tiwari et al 2005
• Tiwary and Kushvah 2015
• Tizón and Roman 2017
• Tkachenko and Limerick 1993
• Tkatchova 2017
• Tobey and Bastress 1966
• Tocho et al 2010
• Tocho et al 2014
• Toda and Koike 2021
• Togashi et al 2003
• Toivanen et al 2022
• Toivanen et al 2025
• Tollefson 2019
• Tolochko 2024
• Tomaru et al 2007
• Tomizaki et al 2020
• Tomlin 1983
• Tomljanovich Chuck et al 2010
• Tomme 2006
• Tomme 2006
• Tonetti et al 2018
• Tong et al 2019
• Tong et al 2021
• Tong et al 2023
• Toniolo et al 2008
• Tonon et al 2022
• Tooley et al 2005
• Toomey 1983
• Topcu et al 2005
• Torisaka and Yamakawa 2008
• Torisaka and Yamakawa 2011
• Toro Medina et al 2016
• Torres and Bongers 2022
• Torres and Rohl 2006
• Torres Zanardi et al 2019
• Total Solutions Approach at 2000
• Toten et al 1991
• Toughening a PNT System
• Tournes and Johnson 1998
• Towards a Nuclear Weapons-Free
• Towards the new Croatian 2016
• Townsend 1966
• Townsend et al 2000
• Toyoshima 2022
• Tozer 1999
• Traband 1966
• Track 2 Debris Removal 2019
• Tracked Changes. Space systems
• Tracking and data relay 1972
• Tracking and Data Relay 1973
• Traineau et al 1992
• Trajectory Shaping Guidance for 2025
• Transmitter MMIC for Satellite
• Traore 2026
• Traudt 2024
• Treaties Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons 2021
• Treaty on the Prohibition 2022
• Trefny 1999
• Trent et al 2007
• Trevino et al 2003
• Trevino et al 2012
• Trevino et al 2015
• Trevino et al 2016
• Trifa et al 2023
• Trifonova and Ushakov 2021
• Trimmer et al 1972
• Tripathi and Dwivedi 2025
• Tripropellant Engine Technology for 2004
• Troiani
• Troiani and Martinelli 2012
• Trotta et al 2021
• Troutman and Isakowitz 1987
• True
• Trumpour 2021
• Trumps 1999
• Truong et al 2018
• Trushlyakov et al 2018
• Trushlyakov et al 2019
• Trushlyakov et al 2021
• Trushlyakov et al 2024
• Truszynski 1965
• Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963
• Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963
• Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963
• Trw Space Technology Labs Redondo Beach Ca 1963
• Tsaganea 2005
• Tsao 1978
• Tsao et al 1992
• Tschernig and Arabelos
• Tscherning 1991
• Tse and Bâki Iz 2006
• Tsien and Evans 1951
• Tsourdos and White 2012
• Tsourdos et al 2012
• Tsuboi 1979
• Tsuboi and Hayatu 1954
• Tsuchida et al 2026
• Tsuchiya 2002
• Tsuei et al 1995
• Tsuji et al 2020
• Tsujimoto 2007
• Tsukahara 1997
• Tsukamoto et al 2003
• Tsushima et al 2017
• Tsyganok and Dobriakov 2016
• Tucker et al 1993
• Tucker et al 2001
• Tukka et al 2026
• Tulis and Erikson 1966
• Tulpule 1989
• Tuno et al 2019
• Tunpan and Corson 2001
• Turchi and De Persis 2026
• Turenko and Pryhodko 2024
• Turushov et al 1995
• Tuttle et al 2023
• Tuzlukov 2026
• Tuzzolino 1992
• TV Network Satellite Systems 1966
• Twardy 1975
• Twinting and Sponable 1981
• Tyan and Shen 2010
• Tyler 1965
• Tyler 2008
• Tyras 1967
• Tziavos and Sideris 2012
• Tóth and Földvári 2006
• Tóth and Földváry
• Tütüncü and Yılmaz 2026
• U.S. Access to Space 1990
• U.S.-Soviet Rivalry and Nuclear 1994
• Udd and Cahill 1984
• Udovichenko 2025
• Uemura
• Uffelman and Deffenbaugh 1979
• Ujino 2000
• Ujino et al 1989
• Ukirde and Rathod 2023
• Ullah et al 2015
• Ulrich 1982
• Ulrich Schreiber 2025
• Ultra-dense LEO Satellite Constellation 2023
• Ultralight Solar Array ULP 1977
• Ulybyshev 2000
• UN COPUOS Space Debris 2010
• Understanding the drivers of 2021
• Uotila 1978
• Uotila 1981
• Urazbakhtin et al 2014
• Urban 1984
• Urschel and Cox 2003
• US ABM Deployment
• US ABM Deployment 2004
• Use of Nuclear Weapons 2021
• Uselton 1976
• Usmonov and Kretov 2020
• Usovik 2023
• Ustun 2011
• Ustun and Abbak 2010
• Usui 1999
• Usui et al 1999
• Utkin et al 1995
• Uzun et al 2025
• Uzzaman and Rana 2025
• v a and Vishwakarma 2026
• Vachon et al 2014
• Vaddi et al 2007
• Vadera 2019
• Vadlamani and Gurfil 2023
• Vairavan and Banda 2020
• Vaishnavi and Dhekane 2021
• Vajda and Vaníček 1997
• Valeev 1965
• Valente et al 2023
• Valenti 1992
• Valentine and Gradl 2019
• Vallado and Finkleman 2008
• Vallado and Finkleman 2014
• Valles-Valverde et al 2026
• Valov et al 2025
• Valsecchi et al 1999
• van Alphen and Katz
• Van Der Maas 1962
• van der Merwe et al 2020
• van der Wal et al 2010
• Van Dierendonck
• Van Ghele et al 2018
• Van Hooser et al 1999
• Van Nice and Peterson 1965
• van Olsen and van Gelderen 1998
• Van Oudenaren 1992
• Van Zwieten et al 2020
• Vandierendonck et al 1973
• VanZwieten et al 2014
• Varga 1973
• Variable fuel mixture-ratio and 1999
• Varna et al 2023
• Varna et al 2023
• Varna et al 2023
• Vasconcelos et al 2005
• Vashchenkov et al 2005
• Vashchenkov et al 2008
• Vasilevsky 2022
• Vatrt 1999
• Vaughn 2002
• Vavdiya and Kaushik 2022
• Veastad 1978
• Vehicle/payload interface specification for 1991
• Vehko and Ruhland 1966
• Veis 1965
• Veis 1965
• Veis 1967
• Veis 1968
• Velliaris 2021
• Vemuri 1982
• Venanzoni et al 2026
• Venkataramana et al 2023
• Venkateswaran and Backialakshmi 2013
• Ventrice et al 1979
• Ventura and Heister 1993
• Ventura and Heister 1995
• Ventura and WErnimont 2001
• Venus swingby trajectories, estimation 1967
• Vepa 2024
• Vepa and Zhahir 2010
• Verbovyi et al 2021
• Verdun and Klingelé 2004
• Vergez 1981
• Vergez 1982
• Vergos et al
• Vergos et al 2014
• Verhage 2007
• Verma 1985
• Verma 2025
• Verma and Haidn 2006
• Verma and Koppenwallner 2002
• Verma and Somani 2009
• Verma and Wiswell 2002
• Verma et al 2007
• Verma et al 2012
• Vermeersen 2005
• Vernon and Tom 2026
• Verstraete et al 2009
• Vette and Pfeiffer 1972
• Via et al 2010
• Vibration of a Reentry 1975
• Vickers and Dyer 1971
• Victor 1962
• Vijayan and Suresh Babu 2015
• Villanueva 2016
• Villanueva 2018
• Villanueva 2022
• Villanueva 2022
• Villanueva and Abbas 2015
• Villanueva et al 2013
• Villanueva et al 2014
• Villeneuve et al 2004
• Villevieille 1972
• Vince et al 2026
• Vincent 1997
• Vincent and Bender 1990
• Vincent and Marsh 1973
• Vincent and Marsh 1974
• Vincent and Strange 1972
• Vincent et al 1972
• Vinh et al 1984
• Vinh et al 1986
• Vinoj et al 2022
• Vinti 1959
• Visagie et al 2015
• Vishnu and Kuzhiveli 2019
• Vishwakarma 2026
• Vishwanath 2023
• Visser and Schrama
• Viswanath et al 2022
• Vitenberg 2007
• Vittuari et al 2016
• Viviand 1991
• Viviani and Pezzella 2007
• Viviani et al 2006
• Viviani et al 2008
• Vo et al 1993
• Vodicheva and Parysheva 2019
• Vogt 2026
• Von Braun 1962
• Von der Porten et al 2018
• Von der Porten et al 2018
• Von Eckroth et al 1991
• von Hünerbein 2024
• Von Pragenau 1967
• Vonbun 1971
• Vonbun et al 1975
• Vonderwell et al 1994
• Vonderwell et al 1995
• Vorona et al 2024
• Vostrikov et al 2020
• Voth et al 1974
• Voyager spacecraft system Task 1967
• Voyager spacecraft system. Volume 1965
• Vrbik 2005
• Vu et al 2023
• Vukovich and Kim 2019
• Vyas et al 2023
• Vyaz’min 2013
• Vyazmin and Bolotin 2019
• Vyazmin and Bolotin 2020
• Vyazmin and Golovan 2023
• Vyazmin and Golovan 2023
• Vyazmin et al 2021
• Vázquez et al 2013
• Véronneau 1997
• Véronneau and Huang 2016
• Völgyesi 2001
• Völgyesi et al
• Wachi and Gilmartin 1966
• Waddell 1961
• Wade 2012
• Wadel 1993
• Wadia and Wilson 1981
• Wadleigh 1965
• Wagenblast and Bettinger 2024
• Wagner 1964
• Wagner 1965
• Wagner 1966
• Wagner 1966
• Wagner 1966
• Wagner 1970
• Wagner 1973
• Wagner 1975
• Wagner 1977
• Wagner 1978
• Wagner 1979
• Wagner 1985
• Wagner 1987
• Wagner 2017
• Wagner et al 2020
• Wah et al 1963
• Wailes and Carlson 1986
• Wakahara et al 2006
• Walker 1967
• Walker and Baumgartner 1990
• Walker and Baumgartner 1992
• Walker and Engelke 1990
• Walker and Heltsley
• Walker and Martin 2004
• Walker et al 2001
• Walkowiak 2023
• Wall 1965
• Wallander 2000
• Wallner and Well 2002
• Wallner and Well 2003
• Walsh 2017
• Walsh and Jacoby 1972
• Walsh and Wartburg 1978
• Walter et al 2013
• Walters 1959
• Walters 1967
• Walterscheid and Sako 2011
• Walton and Simmons 1962
• Wan et al 2020
• Wan et al 2021
• Wan et al 2026
• Wang 1986
• Wang 1998
• Wang 2004
• Wang 2004
• Wang 2015
• Wang 2017
• Wang 2019
• Wang 2024
• Wang and Chen 2016
• Wang and Chen 2018
• Wang and Chen 2021
• Wang and Chen 2023
• Wang and Chen 2026
• Wang and Cheng 2021
• Wang and Cui 2018
• Wang and Gui 2025
• Wang and Han 2020
• Wang and Liang 2014
• Wang and Liu 2013
• Wang and Liu 2019
• Wang and Miao 2026
• Wang and Shih 1991
• Wang and Song 2022
• Wang and Tayebi 2019
• Wang and Ting 1961
• Wang and Wang 1997
• Wang and Wang 2010
• Wang and Wang 2011
• Wang and Wang 2018
• Wang and Wang 2025
• Wang and Wu 2014
• Wang and Wu 2019
• Wang and Yang 2016
• Wang and Yuan 2023
• Wang and Zhao 2024
• Wang and Zhou 2020
• Wang et al 1959
• Wang et al 1998
• Wang et al 2005
• Wang et al 2005
• Wang et al 2006
• Wang et al 2007
• Wang et al 2007
• Wang et al 2009
• Wang et al 2010
• Wang et al 2011
• Wang et al 2011
• Wang et al 2012
• Wang et al 2012
• Wang et al 2012
• Wang et al 2013
• Wang et al 2013
• Wang et al 2013
• Wang et al 2013
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2014
• Wang et al 2015
• Wang et al 2015
• Wang et al 2016
• Wang et al 2016
• Wang et al 2016
• Wang et al 2016
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2017
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2018
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2019
• Wang et al 2020
• Wang et al 2020
• Wang et al 2020
• Wang et al 2020
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2021
• Wang et al 2022
• Wang et al 2022
• Wang et al 2022
• Wang et al 2022
• Wang et al 2022
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2023
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2024
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2025
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Wang et al 2026
• Warchulski and Warchulski 2015
• Ward 2015
• Ward et al
• Ware 1961
• Wareham 1972
• Warfield and Henke 1989
• Warmbrod 1963
• Warner 2002
• Warnock and Cochran 1995
• Warren 1962
• Warren 2020
• Warren and Anderson 1967
• Washburn 1993
• Washington Univ Seattle Dept Of Statistics 2007
• Wasilewski et al 2025
• Watanabe et al 1991
• Watanabe et al 1999
• Watanabe et al 2004
• Watanabe et al 2005
• Waterman and Richter 1979
• Waters 2013
• Watkins and Eanes 1993
• Watkins et al 1994
• Watson
• Watson and Lee 1977
• Watson and Zondervan 2008
• Watson et al 2014
• Watson et al 2014
• Watts 2005
• Watts 2005
• Watts and Leeds 1977
• Watts et al 1984
• Waugh 1998
• Wautlet et al 2026
• Wavelets in Airborne Gravimetry 2004
• Wayte and Gruenich 1972
• Weapons of mass destruction
• Wearmouth and McLaurin 1976
• Weaver 1979
• Webb 1963
• Webb 1979
• Webb and Ziolkowski 2020
• Webb et al 2026
• Weber and Wenzel 1983
• Weber and Zomorrodian 1988
• Webster 1993
• Weems 1963
• Weeramantry 2000
• Wehmueller and Hauser 1991
• Wei 1993
• Wei 2010
• Wei 2011
• Wei and Schwarz 1997
• Wei and Tennant 2001
• Wei and Wang 2025
• Wei et al 2014
• Wei et al 2018
• Wei et al 2019
• Wei et al 2020
• Wei et al 2020
• Wei et al 2022
• Wei et al 2023
• Wei et al 2023
• Wei et al 2025
• Wei et al 2026
• Wei Wang and Chen 2016
• Weidlinger 1962
• Weidong et al 2015
• Weigel and Well 2000
• Weigelt et al 2024
• Weinberger 1978
• Weinberger and Kanehira 1975
• Weinberger and Kanehira 1977
• Weiner 2015
• Weirick 1989
• Weirick 1990
• Weisman and Crassidis 2009
• Weiss 2005
• Weiss and Goodman 1960
• Weiwei et al 2022
• Welch 1965
• Welch and Graham 2004
• Welch et al 1977
• Welker et al 2011
• Welker et al 2013
• Well 1990
• Weller 1954
• Wells 1981
• Wells and Thornley 1996
• Wells et al 1976
• Welsh 2003
• Welton et al 1963
• Wen 2019
• Wen et al 2018
• Wen et al 2019
• Wen et al 2019
• Wen et al 2021
• Wen et al 2022
• Wen et al 2025
• Wen et al 2026
• Wenming et al 2015
• Wensley and Uhrich
• Wente 1982
• Wercinski 1988
• Werder 1995
• Werlink et al 2011
• Werrell 1985
• Werrell 2000
• West 1963
• Westbrook 2025
• Westerman 1963
• Weston 1966
• Wetzel
• What are Nuclear Weapons? 2015
• What We Talk About 2020
• Wheelon 1959
• Wheelon 1986
• Whelan 1968
• Whitcombe 1961
• Whitcombe 1961
• White 1960
• White 1963
• White 1972
• White 1976
• White 1987
• White 1993
• White 1995
• White and Hung 1978
• White and Mersereau 1975
• White and Payton 2009
• White et al 1992
• White Sands Missile Range Nm 1997
• White Sands Missile Range Nm 2002
• Whitehead 1990
• Whitehead 2000
• Whiting 1964
• Whiting 1966
• Whiting and Jobe 1972
• Whitlock 1965
• Whitmore et al 2014
• Whitney and Hennessey 1992
• Whorton et al 2007
• Why Missile Defense? 2001
• Whyte et al 1979
• Wibben and Furfaro 2016
• Wichiencharoen 1982
• Wickham 1964
• Wicki 2003
• Wickman 1994
• Widgery 2017
• Widhopf 1964
• Widnall et al 1974
• Wie et al 2008
• Wiedemann 2003
• Wiedemann 2012
• Wiedemann et al 2003
• Wiedemann et al 2004
• Wiegmann 2011
• Wignall et al 2023
• Wihardi et al 2019
• Wilburn 2005
• Wilcox
• Wilcox 1960
• Wilder et al 2007
• Wildhack 1958
• Wildt and Lissit 1993
• Wilken 2024
• Wilken 2025
• Wilkening 2014
• Wilkins 1980
• Wilkinson 1971
• Wilkinson 2026
• Wilkinson et al 2018
• Willard 1961
• Willberg et al 2019
• Willberg et al 2020
• Willen and Rude 1993
• Williams 1968
• Williams 1987
• Williams 1992
• Williams 1992
• Williams 1997
• Williams 1999
• Williams 1999
• Williams 2004
• Williams 2004
• Williams 2017
• Williams 2019
• Williams and Cannon 2006
• Williams and Corcoran 1963
• Williams and Spurlock 2014
• Williams et al 1993
• Williams et al 2015
• Williamson 1966
• Williamson 1977
• Williamson 1978
• Williamson and Obermann 1993
• Williamson et al 2005
• Willis
• Willis et al 2004
• Willis et al 2007
• Willwerth 1962
• Wilms et al 2023
• Wilms et al 2026
• Wilner et al 1960
• Wilson 1976
• Wilson 1980
• Wilson 1988
• Winchell 1992
• Wingerden 2025
• Winski et al
• Winstead 1966
• Winter and Kassemi 2026
• Wirtanen 1963
• Wischert 2024
• Wischnia 1966
• Wise 2008
• Wisnieff 1961
• Wiswell and Huggins 1990
• Witcher 2020
• Wittenstein 1987
• Wittwer 1976
• Wittwer 1978
• Wittwer 1980
• Wittwer 1982
• Wolf 1954
• Wolf et al 2026
• Wolfe 1966
• Wong and Brown 1965
• Wong et al 2024
• Woo 1967
• Wood 1961
• Wood 1994
• Wood 1994
• Wood and Smith 1988
• Woodard and Stengle 2007
• Woode 1979
• Woods
• Woods and Chewuk 2001
• Woods and Queeney 1994
• Woods et al 2000
• Woods et al 2001
• Woodside et al 2000
• Woodward 1961
• Woodward and Summerfield 1966
• Work 2025
• Wortman 1969
• Wright 1952
• Wright and Hoult
• Wright and Ruscus 1959
• Wright et al 2003
• Wright et al 2022
• Wright et al 2024
• Wu 1992
• Wu 2005
• Wu and Lepsch 1999
• Wu and Sideris 1997
• Wu and Wang 2024
• Wu and Wu 2011
• Wu and Yin 2020
• Wu and Zhang 2023
• Wu et al 1991
• Wu et al 1994
• Wu et al 1996
• Wu et al 1996
• Wu et al 2005
• Wu et al 2011
• Wu et al 2012
• Wu et al 2012
• Wu et al 2015
• Wu et al 2015
• Wu et al 2015
• Wu et al 2015
• Wu et al 2016
• Wu et al 2017
• Wu et al 2017
• Wu et al 2018
• Wu et al 2018
• Wu et al 2019
• Wu et al 2020
• Wu et al 2020
• Wu et al 2020
• Wu et al 2020
• Wu et al 2020
• Wu et al 2021
• Wu et al 2021
• Wu et al 2021
• Wu et al 2022
• Wu et al 2023
• Wu et al 2023
• Wu et al 2023
• Wu et al 2024
• Wu et al 2024
• Wu et al 2025
• Wu et al 2025
• Wu et al 2026
• Wu et al 2026
• Wu et al 2026
• Wu et al 2026
• Wuilbercq et al 2014
• Wuju et al 2011
• Wuxing et al 2015
• Wyld 1947
• X-ray satellite 1985
• X-ray satellite 1987
• Xavier et al 2020
• Xavier et al 2024
• Xesspe et al 2026
• Xia 2025
• Xia et al 2008
• Xia et al 2009
• Xia et al 2023
• Xia et al 2023
• Xia et al 2024
• Xian et al 2023
• Xiang 2023
• Xiang et al 2025
• Xiang et al 2026
• Xiangjun et al 2019
• Xiao et al 2012
• Xiao et al 2013
• Xiao et al 2018
• Xiao et al 2025
• Xiao et al 2026
• Xiao et al 2026
• Xiaojiao Ma et al 2009
• Xiaoli et al 2012
• Xiaowen Dai et al
• Xiaoxia and Yi 2006
• Xie and Ma 2023
• Xie et al 1998
• Xie et al 2011
• Xie et al 2013
• Xie et al 2015
• Xie et al 2018
• Xie et al 2019
• Xie et al 2020
• Xie et al 2021
• Xie et al 2021
• Xie et al 2022
• Xie et al 2022
• Xie et al 2026
• Xie et al 2026
• Xie et al 2026
• Xie et al 2026
• Xie Xiaogang et al 2015
• Xin et al 2024
• Xin et al 2025
• Xin et al 2025
• Xin et al 2026
• Xin Ma et al
• Xing et al 2022
• Xing et al 2026
• Xingling and Honglun 2014
• Xiong 2018
• Xiong et al 2014
• Xiong et al 2021
• Xiong et al 2024
• Xiong et al 2025
• Xiye Guo et al 2016
• Xu
• Xu
• Xu 1992
• Xu 1992
• Xu 2022
• Xu and Chen 2011
• Xu and Pei 2016
• Xu and Qiu 2008
• Xu and Tang 2010
• Xu and Zhang 2018
• Xu and Zhang 2018
• Xu et al 1995
• Xu et al 2006
• Xu et al 2009
• Xu et al 2010
• Xu et al 2011
• Xu et al 2012
• Xu et al 2012
• Xu et al 2015
• Xu et al 2016
• Xu et al 2018
• Xu et al 2018
• Xu et al 2019
• Xu et al 2020
• Xu et al 2020
• Xu et al 2020
• Xu et al 2021
• Xu et al 2022
• Xu et al 2022
• Xu et al 2023
• Xu et al 2024
• Xu et al 2024
• Xu et al 2024
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2025
• Xu et al 2026
• Xu Zhenhui et al 2011
• Xudong et al 2021
• Xue et al 2015
• Xue et al 2018
• Xue et al 2023
• Xue et al 2023
• Xue et al 2026
• Xuguo et al 2018
• Ya-Ying 1991
• Yada et al 2016
• Yada et al 2018
• Yadav et al 2022
• Yadav et al 2023
• Yaddala Somasekhar 2024
• Yakubu et al 2017
• Yakubu et al 2018
• Yalçinkaya and Gürsoy 2022
• Yamada 2022
• Yamada et al 2011
• Yamada et al 2013
• Yamada et al 2015
• Yamada et al 2016
• Yamada et al 2022
• Yamamoto and Kawaguchi 2007
• Yaman and Seckin 2011
• Yamanishi et al 2003
• Yamanishi et al 2004
• Yamazaki et al 1985
• Yan and Wang 2025
• Yan and Zhou 2023
• Yan et al 2009
• Yan et al 2011
• Yan et al 2020
• Yan et al 2022
• Yan et al 2022
• Yan et al 2023
• Yan et al 2023
• Yan et al 2023
• Yan et al 2025
• Yan et al 2025
• Yan et al 2026
• Yan Zhang et al 2016
• Yang 1990
• Yang 1998
• Yang 1999
• Yang 2003
• Yang 2004
• Yang 2004
• Yang 2006
• Yang 2009
• Yang 2013
• Yang 2014
• Yang 2023
• Yang 2024
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang 2025
• Yang and Huang 2018
• Yang and Huang 2019
• Yang and Liu 2020
• Yang and Meng 2012
• Yang and Ni 2026
• Yang and Peugeot 2010
• Yang and Qi 2016
• Yang and Sun 2012
• Yang and Wang 2012
• Yang and Wei 2019
• Yang and West 2018
• Yang and Williams 2024
• Yang et al 1999
• Yang et al 2001
• Yang et al 2003
• Yang et al 2011
• Yang et al 2014
• Yang et al 2014
• Yang et al 2015
• Yang et al 2015
• Yang et al 2015
• Yang et al 2016
• Yang et al 2016
• Yang et al 2016
• Yang et al 2017
• Yang et al 2018
• Yang et al 2018
• Yang et al 2018
• Yang et al 2018
• Yang et al 2018
• Yang et al 2019
• Yang et al 2019
• Yang et al 2020
• Yang et al 2021
• Yang et al 2021
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2022
• Yang et al 2023
• Yang et al 2023
• Yang et al 2023
• Yang et al 2023
• Yang et al 2024
• Yang et al 2024
• Yang et al 2024
• Yang et al 2024
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2025
• Yang et al 2026
• Yang et al 2026
• Yang Liu and Wanchun Chen 2016
• Yanushevsky 2006
• Yanushevsky 2007
• Yanushevsky 2007
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanushevsky 2018
• Yanyu et al 2012
• Yao 2004
• Yao and Jia 2023
• Yao and Liu 2022
• Yao and Xia 2023
• Yao and Xia 2024
• Yao et al 2017
• Yao et al 2022
• Yao et al 2025
• Yao et al 2025
• Yao et al 2025
• Yao et al 2026
• Yao et al 2026
• Yao et al 2026
• Yasuda et al 2021
• Yates and Chapman 1996
• Yazid et al 2021
• Ye and Chen 2026
• Ye et al 2017
• Ye et al 2019
• Ye et al 2020
• Ye et al 2021
• Ye et al 2025
• Yeap
• Yee et al 1991
• Yeh 2012
• Yermolenko and Ferguson 2025
• Yi et al 2011
• Yi et al 2013
• Yi et al 2025
• Yildiz 2020
• Yilmaz 2025
• Yilmaz and Çakir 2025
• Yilmaz et al 2016
• Yiltas and Zaim 2008
• Yiltas and Zaim 2009
• Yim 2012
• Yimin et al 2020
• Yin et al 2014
• Yin et al 2015
• Yin et al 2020
• Yin et al 2025
• Yin et al 2026
• Ying and Zhenlong 2021
• Ying Chen et al 2009
• Ying et al 2026
• Yiyu et al 2015
• Yongfeng Xie and Shuo Tang 2010
• Yonghua Tian et al 2013
• Yoo and Bullock 1989
• Yoo and Jang 2023
• Yoo et al 2012
• Yoo et al 2018
• Yoo et al 2025
• Yoon and Ahn 2016
• Yoon and Moon 2026
• Yoon and Song 2025
• Yoon and Song 2025
• Yoon et al 2005
• Yoon et al 2011
• Yoon et al 2012
• Yoon et al 2013
• Yoon et al 2020
• Yoon et al 2021
• Yoon et al 2023
• York and Biehl 1955
• Yoshikawa et al 2018
• Yoshinaga et al 1995
• Yoshino et al 1986
• Yost 1982
• You et al 2020
• You et al 2020
• You et al 2021
• You et al 2022
• You et al 2026
• Youjian et al 2020
• Youn 2025
• Young 1964
• Young 1964
• Young 1970
• Young and Murakami 1989
• Young and Rankin 1996
• Young and Shiokari 1961
• Youngs and Bitinas 2010
• Yousef and Jasim 2019
• Yu 2026
• Yu and Crane 2007
• Yu and Crassidis 2016
• Yu and Zhou 2025
• Yu et al 2014
• Yu et al 2014
• Yu et al 2017
• Yu et al 2019
• Yu et al 2019
• Yu et al 2020
• Yu et al 2021
• Yu et al 2022
• Yu et al 2022
• Yu et al 2023
• Yu et al 2023
• Yu et al 2024
• Yu et al 2025
• Yu et al 2025
• Yu et al 2025
• Yu et al 2025
• Yu et al 2025
• Yu et al 2026
• Yu et al 2026
• Yu et al 2026
• Yu et al 2026
• Yu et al 2026
• Yuan et al 1989
• Yuan et al 2014
• Yuan et al 2017
• Yuan et al 2018
• Yuan et al 2018
• Yuan et al 2024
• Yuan et al 2025
• Yuanwen et al 2013
• Yue et al 2022
• Yue et al 2023
• Yuksel and Kaygisiz
• Yuli Zhao et al 2011
• Yun 1995
• Yun 2023
• Yun et al 2018
• Yunis 2005
• Yuricich 2026
• Yurkina 1996
• Yusuf and Banuri 2010
• Yuwei et al 2024
• Yuyan and Peikang 2006
• Zachariah and Jansson 2010
• Zachariah and Jansson 2010
• Zachary Muckler 2022
• Zaehringer et al 2003
• Zafar 2013
• Zafar and LinShu 2010
• Zafiropoulos 1987
• Zafrane et al 2013
• Zahir and Ye 2006
• Zaikang and Defu 2019
• Zainel and Saiedy 2025
• Zaitsev and Saftli 2025
• Zaitsev and Saftli 2025
• Zajdel et al 2019
• Zajdel et al 2022
• Zakar and Hoang 2017
• Zakar et al 2015
• Zaki et al 2020
• Zalevsky et al 2002
• Zampa et al 2025
• Zanetti 2016
• Zang and Tang 2012
• Zang et al 2025
• Zang et al 2025
• Zapata and Murray 2008
• Zaragoza Prous et al 2025
• Zarchan
• Zarchan 1977
• Zarchan 1979
• Zarchan 1999
• Zarchan 2012
• Zardashti and Emami 2021
• Zardashti and Rahimi 2020
• Zedd 2014
• Zee 1971
• Zeigler 1988
• Zelin and Yecai 1991
• Zendell et al 1975
• Zenel 1960
• Zeng 2014
• Zeng and Yi 2010
• Zeng et al 2021
• Zeng et al 2025
• Zeng et al 2026
• Zeng et al 2026
• Zengliang Li and Di Yao 2009
• Zenner et al 2014
• Zesta and Huang 2016
• Zetocha and Brito 2002
• Zewge and Bang 2022
• Zeyuan et al 2009
• Zhai et al 2019
• Zhan et al 2025
• Zhang
• Zhang 1992
• Zhang 1997
• Zhang 2015
• Zhang 2016
• Zhang 2016
• Zhang 2017
• Zhang 2023
• Zhang 2023
• Zhang 2026
• Zhang 2026
• Zhang and Chen 2011
• Zhang and Featherstone 1997
• Zhang and Gao 2012
• Zhang and Guo 2014
• Zhang and Hu 2011
• Zhang and Huang 2024
• Zhang and Hwang 2017
• Zhang and Hwang 2019
• Zhang and Li 2017
• Zhang and Li 2021
• Zhang and Lu
• Zhang and Lu 2008
• Zhang and She 2015
• Zhang and Tian 2017
• Zhang and Xu 2020
• Zhang and Yan 2025
• Zhang and Yang 2024
• Zhang and Zhang 2014
• Zhang and Zhang 2020
• Zhang and Zhao 2023
• Zhang and Zhu 2006
• Zhang et al 1998
• Zhang et al 2002
• Zhang et al 2004
• Zhang et al 2004
• Zhang et al 2005
• Zhang et al 2006
• Zhang et al 2007
• Zhang et al 2008
• Zhang et al 2009
• Zhang et al 2009
• Zhang et al 2010
• Zhang et al 2010
• Zhang et al 2011
• Zhang et al 2012
• Zhang et al 2012
• Zhang et al 2013
• Zhang et al 2014
• Zhang et al 2014
• Zhang et al 2014
• Zhang et al 2014
• Zhang et al 2014
• Zhang et al 2016
• Zhang et al 2016
• Zhang et al 2016
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2017
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2018
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2019
• Zhang et al 2020
• Zhang et al 2020
• Zhang et al 2020
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2021
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2022
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2023
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2024
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2025
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhang et al 2026
• Zhanlue Zhao et al 2006
• Zhao 1993
• Zhao 2012
• Zhao 2014
• Zhao and Guo 2018
• Zhao and Hao 2015
• Zhao and Hu 2011
• Zhao and Jiang 2018
• Zhao and Li 2025
• Zhao and Pan 2025
• Zhao and Tan 2026
• Zhao and Yi 2026
• Zhao and Zhou 2013
• Zhao and Zhu 2022
• Zhao Dawei et al
• Zhao et al 1999
• Zhao et al 2006
• Zhao et al 2010
• Zhao et al 2012
• Zhao et al 2012
• Zhao et al 2012
• Zhao et al 2014
• Zhao et al 2014
• Zhao et al 2015
• Zhao et al 2015
• Zhao et al 2017
• Zhao et al 2018
• Zhao et al 2018
• Zhao et al 2018
• Zhao et al 2018
• Zhao et al 2019
• Zhao et al 2019
• Zhao et al 2019
• Zhao et al 2021
• Zhao et al 2021
• Zhao et al 2021
• Zhao et al 2022
• Zhao et al 2022
• Zhao et al 2022
• Zhao et al 2022
• Zhao et al 2023
• Zhao et al 2023
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2024
• Zhao et al 2025
• Zhao et al 2026
• Zhao et al 2026
• Zhao Wen-Bo et al 2016
• Zhaohui et al 2014
• Zharov 2025
• Zharov et al 2025
• Zhe Yuan et al
• Zheng 2023
• Zheng and Chen 2021
• Zheng and Cui 2015
• Zheng and Long 2022
• Zheng and Selezneva 2022
• Zheng and Wang 2010
• Zheng and Xu 2015
• Zheng et al 2005
• Zheng et al 2014
• Zheng et al 2015
• Zheng et al 2020
• Zheng et al 2020
• Zheng et al 2020
• Zheng et al 2021
• Zheng et al 2023
• Zheng et al 2025
• Zheng et al 2025
• Zheng et al 2026
• Zhengchun 2018
• Zhengxiang et al 2018
• Zhenmin Qiao and Minchai Hao 2010
• Zhigang et al 2018
• Zhihai 1992
• Zhiqiang et al 2015
• Zhong 2005
• Zhong et al 2024
• Zhong et al 2025
• Zhong-Miao et al 2013
• ZhongGuo et al 2018
• Zhou
• Zhou 2009
• Zhou 2014
• Zhou 2014
• Zhou and Han 2021
• Zhou and Wang 1987
• Zhou and Wu 2014
• Zhou and Xia 2014
• Zhou et al 2006
• Zhou et al 2009
• Zhou et al 2012
• Zhou et al 2012
• Zhou et al 2013
• Zhou et al 2016
• Zhou et al 2017
• Zhou et al 2017
• Zhou et al 2017
• Zhou et al 2017
• Zhou et al 2017
• Zhou et al 2018
• Zhou et al 2019
• Zhou et al 2019
• Zhou et al 2019
• Zhou et al 2020
• Zhou et al 2021
• Zhou et al 2021
• Zhou et al 2021
• Zhou et al 2021
• Zhou et al 2022
• Zhou et al 2023
• Zhou et al 2023
• Zhou et al 2023
• Zhou et al 2024
• Zhou et al 2024
• Zhou et al 2024
• Zhou et al 2024
• Zhou et al 2024
• Zhou et al 2025
• Zhou et al 2025
• Zhou et al 2026
• Zhou et al 2026
• Zhou et al 2026
• Zhouwei et al 2022
• Zhu 2015
• Zhu 2022
• Zhu and Dong 2016
• Zhu and Fang 2020
• Zhu and He 2020
• Zhu and Huizenga 2004
• Zhu and Mueller 1983
• Zhu et al 2010
• Zhu et al 2011
• Zhu et al 2016
• Zhu et al 2019
• Zhu et al 2020
• Zhu et al 2020
• Zhu et al 2020
• Zhu et al 2022
• Zhu et al 2022
• Zhu et al 2022
• Zhu et al 2025
• Zhuang and Ridley 2024
• Zhuchkov and Chechin 2025
• Ziarnick 2015
• Zidane et al 2022
• Ziebold et al 2016
• Ziebold et al 2019
• Ziemer et al 1998
• Ziggah et al 2024
• Zikai 2026
• Zimmer and Turner 2017
• Zimmerman 1988
• Zimmermann et al 1996
• Zimpfer 1999
• Zimu Yang et al 2016
• Zingerle et al 2023
• Zingerle et al 2024
• Zini et al 2024
• Zini et al 2026
• Zinkin 2020
• Zinn 1966
• Zinn 1966
• Zipfel 2014
• Ziqing and Wenhai 2003
• Zirak and Motaharpour 2023
• Zirak and Motaharpour 2024
• Zirui Wang et al 2012
• Ziółkowski and Kelner 2020
• Zmyslowski and Kelner 2026
• Zoladz 2000
• Zolla et al 2025
• Zolla et al 2026
• Zolnay 1971
• Zolotukhina 2010
• Zoltan and Arthurs 2020
• Zong and Kohani 2019
• Zong et al 2011
• Zong et al 2025
• Zook 2024
• Zorn
• Zotov et al 2011
• Zotov et al 2022
• Zou 2020
• Zubanov and Shabliy 2014
• Zubanov et al 2017
• Zubinaitė 2012
• Zubrin and Clapp 1996
• Zucrow 1947
• Zuev et al 2020
• Zuev et al 2021
• Zulkoski 1976
• Zumbo et al 2026
• Zumbo et al 2026
• Zund 1989
• Zund 1989
• Zund 1992
• Zund 1994
• Zund and Moore 1987
• Zuo et al 2019
• Zuo et al 2022
• Zurawski and Rapp 1987
• Zuzek et al 1994
• Zyablykov et al 2010
• Ádám et al 1995
• Çelikbilek et al 2024
• Çelikbilek et al 2025
• Çelikel and Sametoğlu 2012
• Çevikalp et al 2021
• Öhlinger and Mayer-Gürr 2026
• Öhlinger et al 2026
• Özden and Akzade 2024
• Öztürk et al 2026
• Ünal et al 2025
• Čolić et al 1995
• Čunderlík et al 2011
• Ďuríčková and Janák 2016
• Łyszkowicz 1995
• Łyszkowicz et al 2015
• Şahıngıl 2017
• Ševčík 2025
• Šprlák et al 2020
• Šuković 2020
• Кudrenko 2026
• �gren 2004