X-Planes: Northrop Grumman X-47

On 10 July 2013 an aeroplane with nobody aboard caught the three-wire on a carrier at sea, and then on its next approach caught the two-wire [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR] [Gresham, Details of the X-47B’s first autonomous carrier landing]. Choosing between those two wires is a question of about three feet of height at the ramp. That number is the subject of this article, because everything the X-47B is famous for follows from being able to control a position relative to a moving ship to a precision the deck sets rather than the aeroplane. This is the forty-eighth article in the X-Planes series, following the X-1, the X-2, the X-3, the X-4, the X-5, the X-6, the X-7, the X-8, the X-9, the X-10, the X-11, the X-12, the X-13, the X-14, the X-15, the X-16, the X-17, the X-18, the X-19, the X-20, the X-21, the X-22, the X-23, the X-24, the X-25, the X-26, the X-27, the X-28, the X-29, the X-30, the X-31, the X-32, the X-33, the X-34, the X-35, the X-36, the X-37, the X-38, the X-39, the X-40, the X-41, the X-42, the X-43, the X-44, the X-45, and the X-46.

Two airframes flew from February 2011, and the record of what they did is extensive. They launched from a catapult at sea, landed under arrest at sea, flew at night, operated in the deck cycle alongside manned aircraft, and refuelled from a tanker without a human in the loop [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. After three articles about unmanned combat aircraft that did not do these things, this one did.

It is also the aeroplane that beat the two this series has just described. The X-45 demonstrated that one operator could hold two vehicles, and the X-46 was cancelled before an airframe was built. The previous article sized a requirement without an aeroplane to measure, and named the assumption it was least sure of. This article has the aeroplane, so that prediction can be checked, and a later section checks it.

The Research Question

The binding unknown was whether an unmanned aircraft could be told where it was, relative to a moving deck, accurately enough to land on it.

That is a narrower question than it sounds and a harder one. Automatic landing on a runway had been in airline service for decades [Schoenman and Doniger 1965] [Templeman and Parker 1968]. A runway does not move, its position is surveyed once, and an error of several feet costs nothing. A carrier deck moves in six degrees of freedom and can make way at more than thirty knots [Nimitz-class aircraft carrier], and an arrested aeroplane is stopped within about 350 feet of the wire it catches [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR] [Arresting gear].

The problem is one of relative rather than absolute position. Knowing the aeroplane’s latitude and longitude to a foot is useless if the ship’s position is known only to ten. What matters is the vector between them, a different measurement with different error sources.

The X-47A, which flew once, was flown to test this. Its single flight on 23 February 2003 carried a shipboard relative Global Positioning System and ended with a landing on a pre-designated spot on a runway [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. Ten years separate that flight from the carrier landing and the subject is the same one.

Programme Origin

The programme began as the other half of a competition this series has already described. In June 2000 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency awarded study contracts for a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft to Northrop Grumman and to Boeing, of two million dollars each [Northrop Grumman X-47B] [previous article]. Boeing’s answer was the X-46A and Northrop Grumman’s the X-47A [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles].

Northrop Grumman built hardware at its own expense and Boeing did not [Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus] [previous article]. The X-47A Pegasus was completed in July 2001, received its designation in June 2001, and flew on 23 February 2003 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus]. That was its only flight. In April 2003 the naval effort was merged into the joint programme, which was cancelled in early January 2006 according to the specialist directory [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] and in February 2006, following the Quadrennial Defense Review, according to the encyclopaedia entry [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

The competition was then re-run and Northrop Grumman won it. In August 2007 the X-47B was selected for the Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstration, under a contract of 635.8 million dollars [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. The aeroplane was unveiled in December 2008 and first flew on 4 February 2011 at Edwards Air Force Base, with the second airframe following on 22 November 2011 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

The programme was a demonstration and it was not a procurement. Its stated primary goal was the demonstration of launches and recoveries on an aircraft carrier at sea [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], and by May 2015 the primary test programme was declared complete [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. Neither airframe entered service, and in November 2011 the Navy affirmed that the demonstrators would never be armed [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

Sizing From First Principles

The deck sets the requirement and the geometry of the deck is public even where the aeroplane’s performance is not.

What Choosing a Wire Costs in Height

Most carriers of the Nimitz class carry four arresting pendants, and a pilot aims for the third. USS George H.W. Bush, the ship of the July 2013 landings, carries three, and on a three-wire deck the target is the second [Arresting gear], so the X-47B’s first trap took the last wire and its second took the target. One published account gives the spacing between pendants as about fifty feet [Tarantola, How to stop a jet dead in its tracks in two seconds]. No source located gives a closer spacing, and forty feet, which no source publishes, is carried beside it as a sensitivity case.

A glide slope converts height into distance along the deck, and the conversion is unfavourable. For a glide slope $\gamma$, a height error $\Delta h$ at the ramp displaces the touchdown point by

\[\Delta x = \frac{\Delta h}{\tan \gamma}\]

At the 3.5 degrees of a normal carrier approach, one foot of height becomes 16.35 feet along the deck. The glide slope is steepened to as much as four degrees in heavy seas and lowered in high winds [The meatball, Air & Space], and at three degrees a foot becomes 19.08 feet. The same relation read the other way yields what a wire is worth in height,

\[\Delta h = \Delta x \tan \gamma\]

pendant spacing, ft	glide slope, degrees	height per wire, ft	height per wire, cm
40	3.0	2.10	64
40	3.5	2.45	75
40	4.0	2.80	85
50	3.0	2.62	80
50	3.5	3.06	93
50	4.0	3.50	107

Choosing between adjacent wires is therefore a question of about three feet of height, 3.06 feet at the published spacing and a normal glide slope, between 2.62 and 3.50 feet across the range of glide slopes, and 2.10 to 2.80 feet in the forty-foot case, or roughly two-thirds of a metre to one metre. That is the precision the deck demands, applied to a measurement whose reference point moves.

Why the Measurement Has to Be Relative

The ship does not wait. A carrier making twenty-five knots covers 12.9 metres every second, and an aeroplane closing at 145 knots against that deck closes at 61.7 metres per second.

\[v_{\text{closure}} = v_{\text{aircraft}} - v_{\text{ship}} = (145 - 25) \times 0.5144 = 61.7 \ \text{m/s}\]

At a hundred updates a second the deck moves 12.9 centimetres between one fix and the next, and the aeroplane closes 61.7 centimetres. A navigation solution referenced to the earth would have to carry the ship’s position error into the aeroplane’s, and those errors do not cancel because they come from different receivers at different times.

A differential measurement between the two removes most of what they share. Write the range each receiver measures to one satellite as the true range plus the errors,

\[\rho_{i} = r_{i} + c \, \delta t_{\text{sat}} + I_{i} + T_{i} + \varepsilon_{i}\]

with a satellite clock offset, an ionospheric and a tropospheric delay and a noise term. Differencing the two receivers cancels every term the two have in common,

\[\rho_{A} - \rho_{B} = (r_{A} - r_{B}) + (I_{A} - I_{B}) + (T_{A} - T_{B}) + (\varepsilon_{A} - \varepsilon_{B})\]

and the satellite clock error is gone exactly while the atmospheric terms are gone very nearly, because two receivers a few miles apart look through almost the same atmosphere at almost the same satellites. What is left is the vector between them, the quantity the deck problem needs, known far better than either position separately [Misra and Enge, Global Positioning System, signals, measurements and performance]. The same principle underlies the joint precision approach and landing system the services later fielded [Joint Precision Approach and Landing System, Collins Aerospace]. The X-47A carried the Navy’s Shipboard Relative Global Positioning System, which the specialist directory describes as necessary for automatic pin-point landings on a moving deck [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], and on the X-47B’s final approach on 10 July 2013 a hypersensitive version of the same satellite navigation technology guided the hook to the deck [New age in carrier aviation takes off with X-47B landing]. The programme manager described the X-47B’s guidance as precision relative navigation technology, a Precision Global Positioning System scheme that lets the aeroplane know where it is relative to the ship [Navy’s unmanned carrier aircraft performs first touch and go]. The geometry above demands such a solution.

The open record does not give the accuracy achieved. Figures circulate and none of them is traceable to a programme document, so this article computes what the deck requires and does not assert what the aeroplane delivered.

The Arrestment

The landing is over in about three seconds and is the most violent thing the airframe does. The Navy’s account of the first engagement has it bringing the aeroplane from approximately 145 knots to a stop in less than 350 feet [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR]. Taking constant deceleration,

\[a = \frac{v^{2}}{2s}\]

with the time to rest following from the same assumption,

\[t = \frac{2s}{v}\]

reading of the speed	deceleration, m/s²	in g	time to stop, s
145 kn as airspeed	26.08	2.66	2.86
about 120 kn over the deck, allowing 25 kn of wind	17.86	1.82	3.46

The two readings differ by a factor of one and a half. Working the relations through settles the choice, and the argument is dimensional rather than documentary. A stopping distance measured aboard a ship is measured along the deck, so it must be paired with a speed relative to that deck,

\[v_{\text{deck}} = v_{\text{air}} - v_{\text{wod}}\]

where $v_{\text{wod}}$ is the wind over the deck, which a carrier generates by steaming into wind. Pairing a deck distance with an airspeed mixes two reference frames, and the first row does so.

The aeroplane’s wing then indicates which figure the 145 knots is. Its wing loading follows from the mass and the area given below,

\[\frac{W}{S} = \frac{19{,}000 \times 9.80665}{88.59} = 2{,}103 \ \text{N/m}^{2} = 43.9 \ \text{lb/ft}^{2}\]

and treating the quoted speed as a stalling speed would then require

\[C_{L,\max} = \frac{2 (W/S)}{\rho V^{2}} = \frac{2 \times 2{,}103}{1.225 \times 74.6^{2}} = 0.617\]

which is too low even for a tailless planform. Treating it instead as an approach airspeed gives a sensible margin over the stall,

$C_{L,\max}$	stall speed, kn	145 kn as a multiple of it
0.8	127.4	1.14
1.0	113.9	1.27
1.2	104.0	1.39
1.6	90.1	1.61

A tailless aeroplane without trailing-edge high-lift devices sits near the top of that table, and at a maximum lift coefficient of 0.8 the quoted 145 knots is 1.14 times the stall, a small but plausible approach margin. So the 145 knots is most probably an airspeed, the engagement was slower than that, and the second row of the deceleration table is the better one. The first is retained because the wind over the deck on the day is not recorded, and the argument fixes which reading applies but cannot supply the number.

The energy the gear absorbs is computed directly,

\[E = \tfrac{1}{2} m v^{2} = \tfrac{1}{2} \times 20{,}185 \times 74.6^{2} = 56.2 \ \text{MJ}\]

Fifty-six megajoules is about eleven times the kinetic energy of a car of 1,250 kilograms at two hundred miles an hour, taken out of the aeroplane in under three seconds by a hook and a wire.

The force that does it is set by the same deceleration, and the structure is built around that number,

\[F = m a\]

reading of the speed	deceleration, m/s²	hook load, kN	as a multiple of the aeroplane’s weight
145 kn	26.08	496	2.66
120 kn	17.86	339	1.82

Between a third and half a meganewton is applied at a single point at the tail, and reacted through the keel on which the hook is mounted [Tailhook].

The deck does not stop while this happens. A ship making twenty-five knots runs

\[d_{\text{ship}} = v_{\text{ship}} \, t = 12.86 \times 2.86 = 36.8 \ \text{m}\]

under the aeroplane during the arrestment, more than a hundred feet of ship passing beneath an aircraft that is itself travelling only 350 feet along it.

The Two Aircraft

The X-47A and the X-47B share a designation, a manufacturer and a subject, and almost nothing else.

	X-47A Pegasus	X-47B
span	8.47 m	18.9 m
length	8.50 m	11.6 m
gross mass	2,500 kg	19,000 kg
engine	Pratt and Whitney JT15D-5C	Pratt and Whitney F100-PW-220U
thrust	14.2 kN	71.2 kN
payload	dummy stores only	2,040 kg
flights	one	many

The X-47A is a proof of concept and the X-47B is an aeroplane, and the two ratios say how far apart,

\[\frac{m_{B}}{m_{A}} = \frac{19{,}000}{2{,}500} = 7.60 \qquad \frac{T_{B}}{T_{A}} = \frac{71.2}{14.2} = 5.01\]

Mass grew faster than thrust, so the larger aircraft has the lower thrust to weight ratio, and the second was given the joint programme’s payload of 2,040 kilograms [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] while the weapons bays of the first were sized for dummy stores that simulated flight loads [Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus].

The X-47B’s wing is the part to measure. Its span is 62.1 feet, folding to 30.9, over a wing area of 953.6 square feet [Northrop Grumman X-47B], which makes the aspect ratio

\[A\!R = \frac{b^{2}}{S} = \frac{62.1^{2}}{953.6} = 4.04\]

A folding wing is a structural penalty accepted for a deck-space reason, and halving the span is what reduces the deck space the aeroplane occupies aboard a carrier [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. The tailless planform is a signature decision before it is an aerodynamic one [Knott, Shaeffer and Tuley, Radar cross section], with a history far older than the jet age [Wooldridge, Winged wonders, the story of the flying wings], and the stability a fin would supply is replaced by feedback [Etkin and Reid, Dynamics of flight]. The vehicle class has a longer history than this programme [Unmanned combat aerial vehicle].

Dependent Systems

Everything above depends on a position known with respect to the ship, and the programme’s relative scheme is the reason the rest of the aeroplane could be built to ordinary tolerances. A landing system accurate to a metre would have made the wire a matter of luck, since a metre of height is between 0.94 and 1.56 wire spacings on the table of height per wire above.

The Structure That Takes the Arrestment

The hook, the keel and the gear must carry loads of the size in the arrestment table, which act along the airframe rather than across it. A deceleration of 1.8 to 2.7 g applied through a hook at the tail puts the whole airframe in tension [Tailhook], and a carrier landing gear is sized for a descent rate several times what a runway aeroplane sees [Raymer, Aircraft design, a conceptual approach] [Torenbeek, Synthesis of subsonic airplane design].

That descent rate is not a free choice, it is the glide slope and the approach speed multiplied together,

\[w = V \sin \gamma\]

glide slope	at 145 kn	at 120 kn
3.0 degrees	768 ft/min	636 ft/min
3.5 degrees	896 ft/min	742 ft/min
4.0 degrees	1,024 ft/min	848 ft/min

Those are the rates at which the aeroplane descends along the glide slope, and no source located says how much of that rate is removed before the wheels touch, so they are arrival rates on the approach. None is a measured touchdown rate.

Propulsion

One Pratt and Whitney F100-PW-220U of 71.2 kilonewtons [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], from the engine family of the F-15 and F-16 [Pratt and Whitney F100], modified for this aeroplane as a turbofan without afterburning rated at 16,000 pounds of dry thrust [F100-PW-220U powered X-47B, Pratt and Whitney]. Against the gross mass this gives

\[\frac{T}{W} = \frac{71.2}{19{,}000 \times 9.80665 \times 10^{-3}} = 0.382\]

The previous article estimated that an aeroplane of this class would need a thrust to weight ratio between 0.30 and 0.40 and computed the thrust that implied. The measured value falls inside that band, so this is one of the few quantitative predictions in that article the record can confirm.

Autonomy and the Operator

The fan-out relation set out in the article on the X-45 governs here too [previous article on the X-45], with $FO$ the fan-out, $NT$ the neglect time a vehicle tolerates unattended and $IT$ the interaction time an operator spends on it,

\[FO = \frac{NT + IT}{IT} = 1 + \frac{NT}{IT}\]

The X-47B’s demonstrations were single-vehicle, so no fan-out above one is claimed for it, and the article does not compute one. It demonstrated instead that the neglect time can include the recovery, the phase a manned aeroplane cannot delegate at all.

The Flight Test Record

After the X-46, of which no airframe was built, this article returns to a flight test record long enough to tabulate, as the article on the X-45 had.

date	milestone
23 February 2003	X-47A first and only flight, testing relative navigation
4 February 2011	X-47B first flight, Edwards Air Force Base
22 November 2011	second airframe first flight
26 November 2012	carrier deck evaluation aboard United States Ship, USS, Harry S. Truman
29 November 2012	first land-based catapult launch
14 May 2013	first catapult launch from a carrier at sea
17 May 2013	first touch and go aboard a carrier [Navy’s unmanned carrier aircraft performs first touch and go]
10 July 2013	first arrested landing aboard a carrier at sea
10 April 2014	first night flight
17 August 2014	operations in the deck cycle alongside manned aircraft
April 2015	first fully autonomous aerial refuelling
May 2015	primary test programme declared complete

The dates are those of the encyclopaedia entry [Northrop Grumman X-47B], and the July 2013 landings are as the Navy reported them [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR].

The table omits its most informative entry, the third approach on 10 July 2013. After two arrested landings the aeroplane was launched again, and on the approach one of its three navigation subsystems failed [Cahn, Navy drone fails third aircraft carrier landing attempt] [Sicard, Navy: glitch in X-47B test only proves unmanned aircraft’s reliability]. The accounts agree that the aeroplane detected the fault itself and differ on who waved it off. One has the aeroplane wave itself off and then alert its operator, who sent it ashore to Wallops Island [Cahn, Navy drone fails third aircraft carrier landing attempt], and another describes an automatic abort [Gresham, Details of the X-47B’s first autonomous carrier landing]. A third, quoting the same programme manager, has the system identify the fault and indicate it to the operator, who then followed the test plan’s procedures [Sicard, Navy: glitch in X-47B test only proves unmanned aircraft’s reliability], and the encyclopaedia entry gives the operator’s abort [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. An automatic wave-off on a detected fault is the behaviour a deck requires, and the record establishes the detection beyond dispute and the automatic wave-off in two of four accounts. On that reading, a demonstration that produced two traps and one correct refusal is a better result than three traps would have been.

Comparison With Ground Prediction

The ground prediction this article can set beside the aeroplane is not the manufacturer’s. No test report, no navigation performance analysis and no weight statement for either aircraft has been located in the open literature, so whatever was predicted for the X-47B by wind tunnel, simulation or contractor estimate cannot be compared here with what it returned in flight. That search is recorded under The Source Base.

What can be compared is a prediction made on paper before this aeroplane was measured. The previous article made it in sizing a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft [previous article], and the X-47B is the airframe that answers it. Four of its numbers meet a published figure for this aircraft.

quantity	predicted on paper	X-47B as published	outcome
payload fraction	0.12293	0.10737	lower, in the predicted direction
gross mass	32,539 lb	41,888 lb	1.287 times the prediction
wing loading	68.7 to 142.4 lb/ft²	43.9 lb/ft²	below every predicted value
thrust to weight ratio	0.30 to 0.40	0.382	inside the band

The scoring is argued under What the Data Changed, and only its shape is gathered here. The payload fraction was the assumption the previous article named as its weakest, and it failed in the direction that article foresaw and by more than it foresaw. The approach speed constraint failed differently, because the aeroplane satisfies it with a wide margin and so it did not set the wing. The thrust to weight ratio is one of the few quantitative predictions the published figures confirm.

The comparison is between a requirement and one aeroplane, and Where the Framing Breaks Down states what that limits. The two published gross masses also differ by about six percent, less than the differences being scored.

The deck’s own prediction has no flight figure to meet. The sizing earlier finds from the geometry of the deck that choosing between adjacent wires is a matter of two to three and a half feet of height. Flight returned the wires caught and not the accuracy achieved. On 10 July 2013 the aeroplane caught the three-wire and then the two-wire [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR] [Gresham, Details of the X-47B’s first autonomous carrier landing], which records two recoveries and does not record how close to the intended point either one touched down. No programme document located gives the navigation accuracy achieved.

The arrestment is a comparison the record leaves half made. The reported engagement from about 145 knots in less than 350 feet is a flight figure, and the arrestment analysis above reads it two ways. The ground side of the comparison, a design arresting load for this airframe, is not published, so the hook loads of 339 and 496 kilonewtons this article computes stand against nothing the manufacturer stated.

The X-47A’s single flight is the earliest flight evidence on the question the programme existed to settle. It carried a shipboard relative Global Positioning System and ended on a pre-designated spot on a runway in February 2003 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], and ten years later the X-47B landed at sea under precision satellite guidance [New age in carrier aviation takes off with X-47B landing]. Neither flight’s achieved precision is in the open record, so the comparison both invite, between what relative navigation was expected to deliver and what it delivered, cannot be made here.

What the Data Changed

With the aeroplane in hand, the previous article’s predictions can now be scored.

It predicted the wrong gross mass and it named the reason in advance. That article inherited a payload fraction of 0.12293, measured across two Boeing aircraft, and computed a gross mass of 32,539 pounds for a four thousand pound payload [previous article]. The X-47B carries 2,040 kilograms, which is the payload set for both of the joint programme’s aircraft, the X-45C among them, at a gross mass of 19,000 kilograms [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], so

\[\frac{m_{\text{payload}}}{m_{\text{gross}}} = \frac{2{,}040}{19{,}000} = 0.10737\]

against the 0.12293 that was assumed. The mass follows,

\[\frac{m_{\text{actual}}}{m_{\text{predicted}}} = \frac{41{,}888}{32{,}539} = 1.287\]

The previous article said this would happen and said why. It recorded that the inherited payload fraction was its weakest load-bearing assumption, and that a naval variant might not hold it because carrier equipment is charged to empty weight and a designer under that pressure may trade payload fraction rather than accept a larger aeroplane [previous article]. The X-47B did both. It has a lower payload fraction and is a larger aeroplane. The failure is the predicted one, in the predicted direction, and larger than predicted in magnitude.

A second prediction failed differently, and more revealingly. That article argued that the carrier approach speed limit caps wing loading and therefore sizes the wing, and it computed wing loadings between 68.7 and 142.4 pounds per square foot [previous article]. The X-47B’s wing loading is 43.9 pounds per square foot at the directory’s gross mass, below every row in that table.

\[\frac{W}{S} = \frac{41{,}888}{953.6} = 43.9 \ \text{lb/ft}^{2}\]

So the approach constraint is real and it did not size this wing. Something else did, and the candidate that can be tested is fuel volume. The Breguet range relation gives the fuel the published range costs. The encyclopaedia entry gives a range of 2,100 nautical miles [Northrop Grumman X-47B] and the specialist directory 3,500 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], and both are carried,

\[\zeta_{\text{fuel}} = 1 - \exp \left( - \frac{R \, c}{V (L/D)} \right)\]

lift to drag ratio	fuel fraction for 2,100 nm	fuel, kg	fuel fraction for 3,500 nm	fuel, kg
14	0.2434	4,625	0.3718	7,065
16	0.2166	4,115	0.3342	6,350
18	0.1950	3,706	0.3034	5,765

Between three and a half and seven tonnes of fuel, depending on which published range is taken. No cruise condition is published, so the one behind that table is assumed, being Mach 0.75 at 40,000 feet and a specific fuel consumption of 0.80 per hour. The encyclopaedia gives a cruise speed above Mach 0.9 and a ceiling of 42,000 feet [Northrop Grumman X-47B], and at Mach 0.9 the fuel for 2,100 nautical miles falls to between 3,143 and 3,941 kilograms, about fifteen percent less, so the assumption moves the figure without changing its size. Turning a Mach number at altitude into the speed the range relation wants takes the standard atmosphere,

\[T = 216.65 \ \text{K} \qquad a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} = 295.07 \ \text{m/s} \qquad V = 0.75 a = 430.2 \ \text{kn}\]

with the temperature and the constants taken from the standard atmosphere [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976] [Air Force Test Pilot School Edwards Afb Ca 1962].

Forty thousand feet is above the tropopause, so the temperature is the constant stratospheric value rather than one falling with height. Such a volume is a great deal to carry in a wing 953.6 square feet in area and a fuselage this aeroplane barely has, so fuel volume is the most plausible thing to have set the area. The test is not conclusive, because a published range figure may be a radius, in which case the distance doubles, the fuel rises by three-quarters to four-fifths, and the argument strengthens. A constraint that is satisfied with a wide margin is not the constraint that set the design, and this corrects how the previous article used it.

A third prediction held. The thrust to weight ratio of 0.382 falls inside the 0.30 to 0.40 band that article assumed.

Outside this series, the programme ended carrier aviation as a thing only people could do. The demonstrations of 2013 to 2015 established launch, recovery, deck operations alongside manned aircraft and autonomous refuelling, which together complete the cycle [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

The Contemporary Literature

Cluster	Records
Relative navigation, precision approach and the automatic landing	958
Aircraft sizing, mission analysis and the weight estimate	795
Automatic takeoff, landing and carrier recovery	665
Autonomy, mission management and onboard decision making	348
Flight control law design and handling qualities	300
Tailless configurations and their control effectors	235
Aerodynamics of the configuration	192
Fault detection, health monitoring and fault tolerance	144
Multi-vehicle coordination and cooperative control	139
Unmanned aircraft systems, their classes and their military use	131
Ship motion, the flight deck and shipboard operations	124
Airframe structure, composites and affordability	117
Propulsion, inlet integration and installed performance	110
Human supervisory control and the span of control	99
Unmanned combat aircraft and the strike mission	93
Programme, acquisition and the cost of a demonstrator	84
Aeroelasticity, flutter and structural loads	63
The atmosphere and the flight condition	60
Landing gear, tyres, brakes and landing loads	58
Verification, validation and the certification of autonomous software	41
Internal weapons carriage and store separation	39
Datalink, latency and beyond-line-of-sight command	32
Low observable design and signature	22
Suppression of enemy air defences and time-critical targeting	10
Total	4,859

This is the cluster this article’s keystone lives in, and it is a satellite navigation literature before it is an aeronautical one. Differential and carrier-phase positioning, integer ambiguity resolution, integrity monitoring, inertial navigation and its integration with satellite navigation, precision approach systems, the automatic carrier landing system and glide slope tracking. Relative positioning between two moving receivers is a recurring title subject here, including shipboard relative navigation for landing and the relative navigation of spacecraft formations, whose measurement is the one the deck problem needs.

958 records. [Abbasi and Haeri 2019] [Abdel-Hafez et al 2003] [Abdel-Hafez et al 2004] [Acuna et al 2018] [Advanced Control Techniques for 2023] [Aftatah and Zebbara 2024] [Aftatah et al 2026] [Agarwal et al 2008] [Agrawal et al 2025] [Aircraft Automatic Approach and 1996] [Akagi and McLain 2025] [Akagi et al 2020] [Akca and Demirekler 2012] [Alaeiyan and Mosavi 2026] [Alarcon et al 2015] [Aldrich and Krabill 1972] [Alhosban 2019] [Ali and Jiancheng 2005] [Allende-Alba et al 2018] [Almagbile et al 2010] [Ambrose and Luber 1967] [Amiri-Simkooei et al 2015] [Anderson et al 2000] [Antonini 1993] [Anwendungsbeispiel GPS/INS-Integration 2007] [Anwendungsbeispiel GPS/INS-Integration 2011] [Anđić 2021] [Appendix B Inertial navigation 2004] [Appendix D Comparison of 2004] [Arai 2000] [Ardaens et al 2013] [Ashraf et al 2019] [Azimi-Sadjadi and Krishnaprasad 2001] [Bai and Taylor 2020] [Balard et al 2005] [Bao et al 2017] [Bar-Itzhack 1990] [Baselga et al 2009] [Basil et al 2004] [Bautista et al 2023] [Belabbas] [Belfadel et al 2023] [Belfadel et al 2024] [Ben-Ishai et al 2001] [Benitez et al 2023] [Benzerrouk et al 2020] [Berdjag et al 2013] [Berger et al 2026] [Bershadsky and Johnson 2013] [Bever et al 2002] [Bhamidipati and Gao 2020] [Bhandari and O’Keefe 2017] [Bhattacharyya 2016] [Bhattacharyya 2023] [Bhattacharyya 2025] [Bhattacharyya and Mute 2020] [Bhattacharyya et al 2019] [Bian et al 2022] [Binghua 2016] [Binjammaz et al 2013] [Bletsos 1986] [Blewitt 2008] [Bloch 1989] [Bolla and Won 2018] [Bona 2000] [Boskovic et al 2021] [Braasch 2006] [Brack 2014] [Brack 2016] [Brack 2020] [Braff 2008] [Braff and Braverman 1965] [Braff and Loh 1992] [Braff and Shively 1985] [Braff et al 2012] [Brown and Lu 2006] [Brown et al 2000] [Bruckner et al 2010] [Bruton et al 1999] [Cacopardi et al 1990] [Cai et al 2009] [Calhoun and Raquet 2016] [Candan et al 2024] [Capderou 2012] [Caporicci and Soddu] [Carpenter and Alfriend 2003] [Carrier phase differential GPS/INS 1999] [Carroll] [Casey] [Castaldo et al 2014] [Catalán et al 2025] [Causa and Fasano 2023] [Causa and Fasano 2025] [Cavacece 2024] [Cellmer et al 2010] [Center 1975] [Chakravarty and Chichka 2006] [Chan and Pervan 2011] [Chan et al 2014] [Chang 2013] [Chang et al 2021] [Chansarkar 2000] [Chansik Park and Ilsun Kim] [Chansik Park and Ilsun Kim 2000] [Chapteer 8. GPS Modernization 2008] [Chatfield 1997] [Chaudhry et al 2016] [Chelnokov and Perelyaev 2022] [Chen] [Chen and Zhao 2024] [Chen et al 2011] [Chen et al 2011] [Chen et al 2014] [Chen et al 2016] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2023] [Chen et al 2023] [Chen et al 2024] [Chihabi and Ulrich 2024] [Childers and Gelderloos] [Chin 1985] [Cho and Lee 2025] [Cho et al 2019] [Choi 2016] [Chun et al 2005] [Cline 1982] [Cobb et al] [Cohen et al 1994] [Cooke and Speck 1971] [Coopmans et al 2013] [Corazzini et al 1998] [Cossaboom et al 2012] [Counselman 1991] [Cove and Santos 2004] [Cox 1978] [Crassidis and Mook 1991] [Crassidis and Mook 1992] [Crassidis et al 1993] [Cui et al 2020] [D’Amico et al 2008] [Dahmane et al 2022] [Dang et al 2022] [Daquan Tang et al 2016] [Davis 2010] [de Cunto] [de Souza et al 2018] [DeBra et al 1981] [Decoust and Udrea 2008] [Deng and Duan 2016] [Deprez and Warnant 2018] [Di Li and Jinling Wang] [Dieffenbach 1995] [Diesel 1987] [Differential carrier phase GPS-aided 1999] [DiLellio 2010] [Dill and Uijt de Haag 2016] [Dill et al 2017] [Ding 2015] [Ding et al 2007] [Ding et al 2010] [Ding et al 2015] [Doer et al 2020] [Dong et al 2020] [Dong et al 2020] [Dou and Duan 2017] [Duan et al 2015] [Duan et al 2016] [Duan et al 2022] [Durand and Wasicko 1967] [Edwan et al 2012] [Effective GPS Positioning Algorithm 2012] [El-Diasty and Pagiatakis 2010] [El-Mowafy 2005] [El-Mowafy 2008] [El-Mowafy and Imparato 2018] [Elchynski et al] [Elias 1985] [Ellingson et al 2018] [Ellingson et al 2020] [Ellison 1975] [Enbo Shi 2012] [Enge 1999] [Enkhtur 2013] [Erkeç and Hajiyev 2020] [Ertler] [Euler] [Fang et al 2018] [Farid Gul and Fang Jiancheng] [Farrell 2006] [Farrell et al 2001] [Fei-Bin Hsiao et al 2003] [Felter and Wu 1997] [Felux et al 2013] [Feng 2001] [Feng and Jokinen 2015] [Feng et al 2011] [Feng et al 2018] [Ferrando et al 1999] [Fikes 1996] [Filyashkin and Yatskivsky 2013] [Forkun et al 2020] [Fortenbaugh 1972] [Frew et al 2006] [Frost 1995] [Frye 1984] [Fu et al 2015] [Fu et al 2023] [Fusion of Multi-Antenna Carrier 2012] [Sateesh Kumar et al 2016] [Galati et al 2000] [Galdames et al 2020] [Galdos et al] [Gandolfi et al 2016] [Gannan Yuan and Tao Zhang 2009] [Gao et al 2019] [Gao et al 2023] [Garcia-Velo and Walker 1995] [Gaylor and Lightsey 2003] [Gazzino and Lelarge 2024] [Ge et al 2005] [Gebre-Egziabher 2011] [Geister et al 2018] [Geng and Wang 2007] [Geng et al 2006] [Geng et al 2010] [Geng et al 2017] [Georgy et al 2009] [Ghosh and Maity 2025] [Gilster] [Giorgi and Teunisse 2012] [Glaner and Weber 2021] [Global navigation satellite systems] [GNSS and GEO Signal 2006] [GNSS and GEO Signal 2020] [Goad] [Godha and Cannon 2007] [Goldman et al 1971] [Goodall et al 2006] [Goshen-Meskin and Bar-Itzhack 1992] [GPS] [GPS segments 2013] [GPS signals 2013] [Grafarend 2000] [Grafarend 2003] [Gratton et al 2010] [Gray and Maybeck] [Grejner-Brzezinska and Wang 1998] [Gross et al 2010] [Gross et al 2010] [Grzegorzewski and Śliwak 2016] [Guan et al 2018] [Guan et al 2020] [Guangcai et al 2021] [Guo 2013] [Guo et al 2024] [Guorong Zhao et al 2006] [Guven and Hajiyev 2023] [Ha 2008] [Haak 1994] [Hajiyev 1998] [Hajiyev and Aykut Tutucu 2001] [Hajiyev and Tutucu 2003] [Han and Wang 2011] [Han et al 2012] [Han et al 2016] [Han et al 2025] [Hao and Huang 2009] [Hao and Yuhang Wang 2016] [Hao et al 2018] [Hardy et al 2016] [Hartana] [Hartman and Johnson 1998] [Hawker 1991] [Hawker 1992] [Haxhi and Gikas 2023] [Hazlett et al 2011] [He et al 2013] [He et al 2026] [Heller and Jordan 1975] [Henkel and Günther 2012] [Henkel and Zhu 2011] [Heo et al 2004] [Hermann et al 1995] [Hess and Judd 1976] [Hewitson and Wang 2007] [Hewitson et al 2004] [Hiba et al 2021] [Hide et al] [Hide et al 2003] [High-Precision GPS Systems 2011] [Hodgart and Purivigraipong] [Hongwei et al 2006] [Hornbuckle 2015] [Hosseini and Jalili 2025] [hosseini et al 2024] [Hou et al 2020] [Hou et al 2024] [Hou et al 2025] [Hou et al 2025] [Hu et al 2020] [Hu et al 2020] [Huan-Jung Lin] [Huang et al 2011] [Huang et al 2019] [Huang et al 2025] [Hundley et al 1993] [Hvezda 2021] [Hwang and Brown 1990] [Hwang and Speyer 2009] [Hynes et al 1989] [Ibrahim 2008] [Idris et al 2014] [Inertial navigation accuracy 2013] [Inertial Navigation Error Analysis 2020] [Inertial Navigation With External 1997] [Integration of GPS and 1991] [Ioannidis et al] [Irigireddy and Moncayo 2020] [Isaacs et al 2016] [Islam and Saha 2017] [Iwamoto et al 2016] [Urnes et al 1981] [Jacob 1989] [Jekeli 2005] [Jeong et al 2023] [Jeong et al 2025] [Jeong Won Kim et al] [Ji et al 2013] [Jia et al 2016] [Jia et al 2021] [Jian-jun et al 2003] [Jiancheng Fang and Xiaolin Gong 2010] [Jiang and Muluneh Mekonnen 2013] [Jiang et al 2016] [Jiang et al 2022] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jianping Yuan et al 1998] [Jiao et al 2018] [Jiayao et al 2020] [Jing et al 2015] [Joerger and Pervan 2012] [Jung and Nag 2020] [Junli Chen et al 2010] [Jwo 2004] [Jwo and Chang 2009] [Jwo and Chung 2010] [Jwo and Huang 2007] [Jwo and Lai 2007] [Jwo et al 2009] [Jwo et al 2013] [Kaleta 2013] [Kallinen et al 2020] [Kalman Filter Basics 2000] [Kalman Filter Engineering 2000] [Kang et al 2018] [Kang et al 2018] [Karimidoona and Schön 2022] [Kawamura et al 2022] [Kawano et al 2001] [Kee et al 2004] [Keke et al 2014] [Kelley et al] [Kelley et al 1961] [Kelly and Davis 1994] [Kelly and Skudrna 1981] [Ketterle et al 2008] [Khanafseh and Pervan 2008] [Khodabandeh and Teunissen 2022] [Kim and Park 2007] [Kim and Sung 2025] [Kim and Sung 2025] [Kim et al] [Kim et al 2012] [Kim et al 2013] [Kim et al 2024] [Kim et al 2025] [Kis and Lantos 2011] [Kishi and Pfeffer 1971] [Kleusberg 1989] [Koenke et al] [Kolesnyk and Chernyak 2023] [Kondo and Yasuda 2006] [Koremura] [Kovach and Conley 1991] [Kozel and Cardoza] [Krasuski and Wierzbicki 2018] [Krempasky 1996] [Krempasky 1999] [Krempasky and Krempasky 1997] [Kube et al 2018] [Kubo et al] [Kubo et al 2004] [Kubo et al 2007] [Kukla 2026] [Kumar et al 2019] [Kwon et al 2012] [Lachapelle et al 1992] [Ladd and Xinhua Qin] [Lai 2007] [Lai et al 2022] [Lambregts and Creedon 1980] [Landrum and Tournes 2001] [Larin and Tunik 2012] [Lau 2016] [Laurichesse et al 2009] [Le et al 2014] [Lee] [Lee 1988] [Lee and Dudginski] [Lee and O’Laughlin 2000] [Lee and O’Laughlin 2001] [Lee et al 2005] [Lee et al 2008] [Lee et al 2012] [Lee et al 2015] [Leishman et al 2013] [Lejeune et al 2011] [Leonidov 2021] [Leva] [Lewantowicz] [Li and Duan 2015] [Li and Leung 2007] [Li and Sun 2013] [Li and Wang 2013] [Li et al 2008] [Li et al 2009] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2015] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2020] [Li et al 2020] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2025] [Li et al 2026] [Liang et al 2022] [Lightsey and Crassidis 2004] [Lightsey et al 1999] [Lin 2015] [Lin 2023] [Lin and Da 1994] [Liu 2024] [Liu and Cai 2019] [Liu and Chen 2011] [Liu and Yan 2025] [Liu et al 2007] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2017] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2025] [Loh and Fernow] [Lopez 2010] [Lopez et al 2021] [Low and D’Amico 2024] [Lu 2021] [Lu Keke et al 2016] [Lungu et al 2022] [Luo et al 2012] [Ma et al 2018] [Ma et al 2022] [Macias-Valadez et al 2011] [Mader 2001] [Madonna et al 2010] [Madyastha et al 2011] [Maeda et al 1998] [Mah and O’Keefe 2025] [Mahmud et al 2016] [Maier et al 2011] [Malleswaran et al 2011] [Mandour and El-Dakiky 1988] [Marine navigation and radiocommunication] [Maritime navigation and radiocommunication] [Maritime navigation and radiocommunication] [Marques Filho et al 2016] [Marquis 2003] [Martin 1996] [Martin et al 2010] [Maskell] [Massarweh and Teunissen 2025] [Mathematical model of the 2023] [Mathur et al 2021] [Matthews and Welter 1989] [Maybourn 1983] [McBurney] [McFarland] [McFARLAND 1991] [McGraw 2012] [McNally et al 1992] [Meng 2013] [Meng and Li 2014] [Meng et al 2019] [Meng et al 2023] [Michalson 1995] [Michaud and Santerre 2001] [Microwave Landing System MLS] [Mikhailov and Mikhailov 2010] [Milbert 2005] [Milner et al 2011] [Misra and Bai 2019] [Misra et al 1993] [Moafipoor et al 2018] [Mohiuddin and Psiaki 2005] [Mohiuddin and Psiaki 2006] [Monitoring and Adaptive Robust 2019] [Montenbruck and D’Amico 2012] [Montenbruck et al 2002] [Montenbruck et al 2011] [Montenbruck et al 2012] [Montloin] [Mook and Shyu 1990] [Mook and Shyu 1992] [Mook et al 1990] [Moon-Beom Heo and Pervan 2006] [Morujão and Mendes 2008] [Mosavi and Shafiee 2015] [Mostafa et al 2018] [Mueller 2018] [Murakami and Peck 2011] [Muralikrishna et al 2022] [Mwenegoha et al 2021] [KeKe 2016] [Nagaoka et al 1981] [Nakajima and Yamamoto 2023] [Nakajima and Yamamoto 2024] [Nam] [Nam et al 2026] [Napier 1989] [Nassar and El-Sheimy 2005] [Navigation Error Analysis in 2021] [Nayerabadi and Mohammadi 2022] [Nazir et al 2016] [Nebula 2018] [Negast and Paschall] [Neusypin et al 2023] [Nicosia et al] [Nielsen 1997] [Nikiforov 1995] [Ning Luo and Lachapelle 2003] [Nobahari and Mohammadkarimi 2017] [Noe and Zabaneh] [Noureldin et al 2012] [Nowel et al 2018] [O’Keefe et al 2006] [Odijk and Teunissen 2002] [Odijk and Teunissen 2011] [Odijk et al 2012] [Odolinski and Teunissen 2017] [Oh and Johnson 2007] [Oh et al 2016] [Ojha et al 2009] [Olds 1998] [Olsen et al 1999] [Olson et al 2020] [Omar et al 2016] [Hu TS. Selezneva M.S. Proletarskiy A.V. Neusypin K.А. 2021] [Park 2011] [Parkinson and Axelrad 1988] [Parkinson et al 1970] [Part I Inertial Navigation 1997] [Part II Inertial Navigation 1997] [Particle Filter Performance for 2008] [Patan and Ustoglu 2025] [Paul] [Pei and Xia 2018] [Peng et al 2007] [Peng et al 2025] [Pereira and Sanguino 2016] [Performance Evaluation of the 2023] [Performance Investigation of GPS/INS 2006] [Performance Investigation of the 2007] [Pervan and Parkinson 1997] [Pervan et al 1994] [Pervan et al 1998] [Pervan et al 2003] [Poritzky 1970] [Poritzky 1971] [Pravitra and Puntunan 2016] [Priambodo et al 2022] [Prickett and Parkes] [Progri and Michalson] [Psiaki and Mohiuddin 2005] [Psiaki and Mohiuddin 2007] [Pukhov and Cohen 2020] [Pullen and Joerger 2020] [Pullen et al] [Pullen et al] [Purivigraipong et al 2005] [Purivigraipong et al 2010] [Qian et al 2010] [Qin et al 2017] [Qin et al 2019] [Rabbou and El-Rabbany 2021] [Racette et al 2023] [Rad 2015] [Radar Altimeter Aiding of 2019] [Radio and industrial noise 2009] [Raihan et al 2023] [Ramalingam et al 2009] [Ramasamy 2015] [Rao and Narayana 1995] [Rao et al 2001] [Rapinski et al 2012] [Ratcliffe 1983] [Ray et al 1999] [Real-Time Kinematics Relative Positioning 2015] [Reid 1978] [Reid et al 2016] [Relative Navigation 1972] [Ren et al 2024] [Renga et al 2009] [Renga et al 2013] [Renga et al 2015] [Reynolds 1967] [Rezaifard and Abbasi 2017] [Rhudy et al 2014] [Rhudy et al 2019] [Riaz 2011] [Rife 2009] [Rife 2018] [Rife et al 2008] [Rogers 1994] [Rogers 1995] [Rogers 2002] [Rogers and Rogers 1997] [Roscoe and Kraus 1973] [Rothmaier and Del Peral Rosado 2023] [Ruan and Wei 2019] [Rui 2016] [Rui Li et al 2013] [Ryzhkov and Stepurenko 2013] [Sabatini et al 2013] [Sabatini et al 2015] [Sachs and Moeller 1995] [Safvat and Keighobadi 2025] [Sai et al 2025] [Salt 1995] [Santerre and Geiger 2018] [Santerre et al 2017] [Santhosh Kumar S A and Suganthi J 2015] [Sasiadek and Wang 1999] [Sasiadek et al 2000] [Satkunanathan and Murphy 1998] [Sayim 2018] [Scherzinger and Blake Reid 1989] [Schmidt and Setterlund 1994] [Schneider and Maida] [Serrano and Serrano 2010] [Shaghaghian and Karimaghaee 2018] [Shaiju and Sreeja 2022] [Shaikh 2025] [Sharma and Hablani 2014] [Shen et al 2016] [Shen et al 2019] [Shi and Gao 2013] [Shiyan et al 2016] [Shoop et al 2023] [Shoop et al 2024] [Shu et al 2013] [Simonetti and Crespillo 2024] [Sjöberg 1998] [Snyder et al] [Snyder et al 1992] [So 2016] [Soloviev and Venable 2010] [Song and Chen 2017] [Song et al 2019] [Song et al 2020] [Soni and Hablani 2015] [Souza and Monico 2004] [Speth et al 2016] [Srinuandee] [Stapleton 2003] [Steinberg] [Steinberg 1992] [Stoltz 1995] [Stratton 1995] [Stubberud and Kramer 2014] [Sturza 1983] [Su 2024] [Su and Schön 2021] [Su et al 2013] [Su et al 2023] [Subrahmanyam 1994] [Subrahmanyam 1995] [Subrata 2017] [Sugimoto 2006] [Sullivan 1967] [Sun and Fu 2018] [Sun and Tang 2011] [Sun et al 2018] [Sun et al 2022] [Sun et al 2025] [Sun et al 2026] [Suozhong Yuan and Yidong Yang] [Supriyono and Akhara 2021] [Svendsen et al 2013] [Swanson] [Davies 1974] [Ruxton-davies and Powell 1970] [Tabassum et al 2026] [Taghizadeh and Safabakhsh 2023] [Talbot 1991] [Tan et al 2015] [Tancredi et al 2010] [Tancredi et al 2012] [Tancredi et al 2013] [Tancredi et al 2014] [Tang et al 2018] [Tang et al 2023] [Tang 2013] [Tanil et al 2016] [Tao et al 2022] [Tatiyaworanun and Purivigraipong 2013] [Tavares Jr. and Oliveira 2024] [Terheyden and Zickwolff 1986] [Teunissen] [Teunissen] [Teunissen 1995] [Teunissen 1998] [Teunissen 2000] [Teunissen 2003] [Teunissen 2003] [Teunissen 2017] [Teunissen 2026] [Teunissen and Odijk 2003] [Teunissen and Verhagen] [Teunissen et al 1999] [The Block Decorrelation Method 2002] [The Origins of Satellite 2018] [The Resampled Kernel-Diffeomorphism Filter 2011] [The Use of Digital 2006] [Thys et al 2025] [Tian et al 2016] [Tian et al 2025] [Tian et al 2026] [Tiberius et al 2002] [Toledo-Moreo et al 2010] [Tomczyk and Rogalski 2005] [Tongyu et al 2014] [Tosun 2023] [Toth et al 2017] [Tranfield] [Travis et al 2005] [Trifonovs-Bogdanovs and Zabirov 2018] [Tsai et al 2004] [Tseng et al 2016] [Turner and Faruqi] [Urnes and Hess 1983] [Urnes and Hess 1985] [Urnes et al 1979] [Utterstrom and Kestek 1965] [Vallot et al 1991] [Van Dierendonck et al 1992] [Van Dyke 1992] [Van et al 2015] [Van Eykeren and Chu 2013] [van Graas 1988] [van Kampen et al 2009] [Vana and Bisnath 2024] [Various errors and correction 2023] [Vathsal] [Vathsal 1994] [Vehicle Navigation using Carrier 2002] [Verhagen 2004] [Verhagen 2005] [Verma et al 2021] [Videmsek and de Haag 2020] [Videmsek et al 2019] [Vieweg] [Visual glide slope indicator 1961] [Vorobуev et al 2020] [Vukmirica et al 2024] [Wagner 2005] [Wall 1962] [Wang 2000] [Wang 2010] [Wang and Gu 2008] [Wang and Jan 2023] [Wang and Liu 2013] [Wang and Ober 2009] [Wang and Wang 2013] [Wang and Wang 2025] [Wang et al 1996] [Wang et al 2001] [Wang et al 2002] [Wang et al 2006] [Wang et al 2009] [Wang et al 2010] [Wang et al 2010] [Wang et al 2012] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2013] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2026] [Wanli Xu et al 2012] [Ward 1994] [Wareyka-Glaner and Möller 2025] [Watanabe 2020] [Wei and Du 2018] [Wei and Schwarz] [Wei et al 2025] [Wei Gao et al 2009] [Weiss and Shields] [Wen et al 2016] [Wen et al 2021] [Wendel et al 2005] [Wenhu You et al] [Wheeler et al 2016] [Wheeler et al 2018] [Whittaker and Crassidis 2017] [Widnall et al 1974] [Widnall et al 1982] [Wiederholt and Klein 1984] [Williams et al 2000] [Wilson et al 2014] [Winger] [Wolfe 1976] [Wolfe and Speyer 2004] [Wolfe et al 2003] [wu 2017] [Wu et al 2008] [Wu et al 2017] [Wu et al 2018] [Wu et al 2025] [Wu et al 2026] [Xia 2004] [Xiang Jin and de Jong 1996] [Xiaofeng et al 2020] [Xie et al 2023] [Xu 2002] [Xu 2013] [Xu 2025] [Xu and Fang 2008] [Xu and Morton 2018] [Xu and Wang 2020] [Xu et al 2010] [Xu et al 2012] [Xu et al 2013] [Xu et al 2017] [Xu et al 2026] [Xuan Zhao et al 2016] [Xue et al 2023] [Yadav et al 2017] [Yan and Zhao 2014] [Yang and Mischel 1995] [Yang and Song 2023] [Yang et al 2001] [Yang et al 2011] [Yang et al 2013] [Yang et al 2013] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2018] [Yang et al 2018] [Yang et al 2023] [Yang et al 2023] [Yang et al 2023] [Yang et al 2024] [Yao et al 2024] [Yao et al 2025] [Yao et al 2025] [Ye et al 2022] [Ye et al 2023] [Yin et al 2025] [Yoon and Lundberg 2002] [Yu and Chen 2010] [Yu et al 1997] [Yu et al 2019] [Yuan and Bao 2012] [Yuan et al 2011] [Yue et al 2016] [Yue et al 2017] [Yukihiro et al 2000] [Zakharin and Ponomarenko 2019] [Zalewski 2019] [Zandbergen and Barbeau 2011] [Zhai et al 2012] [Zhai et al 2025] [Zhang 2018] [Zhang 2021] [Zhang 2025] [Zhang and Guo 2014] [Zhang and Wang 2023] [Zhang and Yang 2013] [Zhang et al 2012] [Zhang et al 2012] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao et al 2014] [Zhao et al 2016] [Zhao et al 2017] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhen et al 2019] [Zhen et al 2020] [Zheng et al 2015] [Zhijin Zhao et al 2006] [Zhilan Xiong et al] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2008] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2013] [ZhiWen et al 2013] [Zhong et al 2018] [Zhong et al 2018] [Zhou et al 2010] [Zhou et al 2011] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zhu and Vinande 2019] [Zhu and Yang 2020] [Zhu et al 2006] [Zhu et al 2017] [Zhu Qi-dan et al 2009] [Zhu Qi-dan et al 2009] [Zou et al 2026]

Aircraft sizing, mission analysis and the weight estimate

This is the cluster the scoring of the previous article draws on. Conceptual and preliminary design, weight estimation, the Breguet range and endurance relations, cruise performance, mission analysis, constraint analysis, fuel tank design and multidisciplinary optimisation. The Breguet relation is the one this article uses itself, to test whether fuel volume set the area of the wing.

795 records. [Abdelrahman et al 2009] [Acerra Gil and Guimaraes 2019] [Adler and Martins 2023] [Adu-Gyamfi et al 2025] [Ahuja et al 2022] [Aircraft Anatomy 1985] [Aircraft Case Studies 2026] [Aircraft Characteristics 2022] [Aircraft Classification, Statistics, and 2010] [Aircraft Conceptual Design 2012] [Aircraft Cruise in Steady 2011] [Aircraft Cruise in Steady 2011] [Aircraft Design A Conceptual 2024] [Aircraft design at the 1993] [Aircraft Design Fundamentals 2012] [Aircraft Design Optimization 2013] [Aircraft Fuel System Design] [Aircraft Operating Envelope 2010] [Aircraft Performance 2010] [Aircraft Performance 2026] [Aircraft Performance Methods 2010] [Aircraft Range and Endurance 2011] [Aircraft Range and Endurance 2011] [Aircraft Sizing, Engine Matching 2010] [Aircraft Weight and Center 2010] [Aircraft Weight Distribution 2012] [Aircraft Weights Data 2010] [Aircraft, Basic Forces, and 1995] [Aircraft/Engine System Constraint Analysis 2018] [Aircraft/Engine System Mission Analysis 2018] [Ajaj et al 2013] [Al-Ahmed and Fielding 1999] [Al-Habahbeh 2022] [Al-Shamma et al 2017] [Al-Zubaidi and Stol 2022] [Albuquerque et al 2014] [Alder et al 2023] [Alexandrov et al 2023] [Ali and Al-Shamma 2026] [Allison and Myklebust 2015] [Altman 2015] [Amadori et al 2019] [Ames 1975] [Anderson 1986] [Andrews and Perez 2015] [Andrews et al 1988] [Anipko et al 2020] [Antcliff et al 2016] [Appendix C Aircraft Performance 1997] [Ardema 2003] [Ardema et al 1991] [Argrow 2016] [Aronstein and Schueler 2005] [Aruvelli and Dolgov 2020] [Ascani 1974] [Aubeelack] [Autry and Victorazzo 2019] [Avanzini and Giulietti 2013] [Ayar and Karakoc 2023] [Aydın et al 2025] [Babetto and Stumpf 2021] [Bach et al 2016] [Badyagin et al 1979] [Bagdatli et al 2019] [Bahamonde Jacome and Elham 2017] [Bai et al 2014] [Ball and Atkinson 1998] [Bangert et al 1983] [Bardell 2000] [Barlow 1929] [Barlow 1999] [Barnert et al 2026] [Barth et al 2002] [Barton] [Bashkirov et al 1997] [Bateman 1986] [Bateman et al 2007] [Batill et al 1999] [Batra et al 2023] [Batra et al 2024] [Batra et al 2026] [Belart 1938] [Belhafnaoui and Diouane 2026] [Benaouali and Kachel 2019] [Bendarkar et al 2013] [Bendavid et al 1977] [Benders and Koch 2019] [Berman 1997] [Bert 1981] [Beyne and Castro 2022] [Bhardwaj et al 1987] [Bianchi et al 2020] [Bil 1989] [Bilimoria 1989] [Bindolino et al 2010] [Blakey et al 2011] [Blankson 1992] [Blasi and Core 2007] [Blasi et al 2000] [Boggero et al 2017] [Borgia et al 2026] [Boughton et al 2004] [Braafladt et al 2020] [Brelje and Martins 2021] [Brown 1965] [Brown and Fisher 1968] [Brown and Jagger 1966] [Buda et al 2026] [Buddhamatya et al 2026] [Burton and Hoburg 2018] [Butler et al 1999] [Bye 1993] [Byrne et al 2014] [Bérard and Isikveren 2009] [Cai et al 2022] [Camatti et al 1998] [Camilleri et al 2012] [Campbell et al 2026] [Carreyette 1950] [Carrier et al 2022] [Carson 1980] [Casarosa et al 2004] [Cavagna et al 2009] [Cavagna et al 2010] [Cavagna et al 2011] [Cavalcanti et al 2006] [Cavcar 2006] [Cavcar 2006] [Centracchio et al 2018] [Cestino 2006] [Cestino et al 2023] [Chacksfield 1998] [Chai et al 1995] [Chakraborty and Mishra 2021] [Chakraborty et al 2014] [Chakraborty et al 2014] [Chakraborty et al 2019] [Chakraborty et al 2023] [Chambers et al 1996] [Chaput 1987] [Chaput 1992] [Characteristics of Aircraft Types 2010] [Chaussee and Dervault 2013] [Chen 2021] [Cheng et al 2026] [Choi et al 2026] [Chowdhary and Pant 2010] [Chudoba and Cook 2003] [Chuprun 1984] [Cinar et al 2022] [Cinar et al 2023] [Cipolla et al 2018] [Cleveland 1970] [Coales 1931] [Coen and Foss 1986] [Coen and Foss 1985] [Coiro and Nicolosi 2001] [Colas et al 2018] [Computer-Aided System of Aircraft 2018] [Conceptual Design Examples 2024] [Configuring Aircraft 2010] [Conlon and Bowles 1978] [Control authority assessment in 1993] [Coogan 2016] [Cousin and Metcalfe 1990] [Craig et al 1991] [Crossley 2004] [Crossley and Rutherford 1995] [Crossley et al 2011] [Cruise Performance 2012] [Cruise Performance 2022] [Cruise Performance and Flight 2021] [Cuerno-Rejado and Sanchez-Carmona 2016] [Curpanaru et al 2026] [Cyrus 1986] [Cyrus 1995] [Dannenhoffer 1981] [Daoud 2017] [de Carvalho Bertoli et al 2016] [De Laurentis et al 1997] [de Vries et al 2020] [Dean et al 2009] [Delavenne] [Delgado Regis et al 2004] [Design and Development of 2014] [Design and Optimization Study 2005] [Design constraints in the 1993] [Design of the Well-Tempered 2013] [Design of Unique Aircraft 2024] [Desilets] [Deuschle 2025] [Di Stasio et al 2025] [Diaconu 2024] [Domogalla et al 2021] [Donateo and Çinar 2022] [Dong et al 2013] [Wells 2014] [Dovi and Wrenn 1989] [Dovi and Wrenn 1990] [Driver 1974] [Du Cray et al 2025] [Dudar and Timoshenko 2025] [Early Conceptual Design 2013] [Eckels 1983] [Edwards 1950] [Effing et al 2023] [Eisenhut et al 2025] [Eisler] [Ekvall et al 1974] [Elham and Bahamonde Jacome 2016] [Ergan et al 2026] [Erturk and Dogan 2017] [Erzberger et al 1975] [Essari 2018] [Essari 2018] [Essari and Ghatus 2023] [Estimating the Takeoff Wing 2010] [Ewing and Downs 1996] [Fairey 1929] [Fawcett and Martin 1986] [Fazeli et al 2016] [Fellers and Patierno 1970] [Fidkowski et al 2008] [Finger et al 2018] [Finger et al 2020] [Finger et al 2022] [Fioriti 2014] [Fladeland et al 2019] [Flittie and Curtin 1998] [Fornasier 1996] [Foss 1981] [Foss 1984] [Franco et al 2019] [Frommer and Crossley 2005] [Frulla 2021] [Fröhler et al 2024] [Fuchte et al 2013] [Fuel consumption, range and 1992] [Fuel System Functions of 2009] [Fuel System Functions of 2009] [Fuselages and Tails Empennage 2017] [Führer et al 2016] [Chandana et al 2024] [Gabriele 1991] [Gallard] [Galloway 1989] [Garmendia et al 2016] [Gates 1949] [Gavel et al 2006] [Geiger 2002] [Generic Aircraft Design Flowchart 2017] [Geng 2025] [Gern 2015] [Gern et al 2001] [Ghaemi et al 2019] [Ghazi and Botez 2022] [Ghosh et al 2014] [Gilbert and Lyons 1981] [Gilbert and Parsons 1976] [Giles 1995] [Giles et al 1972] [Glazebrook and McDonald 2013] [Golombek et al 2025] [Golombek et al 2026] [Gomez-Vega et al 2025] [Gomez-Vega et al 2026] [González et al 2004] [González et al 2004] [Goulos et al 2010] [Gouveia et al 2025] [Govindarajan and Sridharan 2020] [Goyal 2026] [Gregory and Wilcox 1970] [Gu et al 2023] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gupta et al 2017] [Gur et al 2009] [Guzman Nieto] [Gómez Rodríguez] [Hacker 1999] [Hajela and Bach 1989] [Hajela and Chen 1986] [Hajela and Chen 1988] [Hale and Steiger 1978] [Hale and Steiger 1979] [Hale 1976] [Hall 2026] [Hall and Rogan 1988] [Hammond 1986] [Hannon et al 2008] [Harding] [Harish et al 2022] [Harloff and Berkowitz 1990] [Harloff and Berkowitz 1988] [Hartney] [Hassan et al 2020] [Hawkins 1982] [Hayase 1974] [Hayase 1974] [Hays 1989] [Heidary and Kosari 2024] [Hein et al 2023] [Heiser and Mattingly 2010] [Helios solar/fuel cell aircraft 2003] [Hendrickson et al 1978] [Henne 1989] [High altitude reconnaissance aircraft 1989] [High-Altitude Long-Endurance HALE Sensor 2026] [Hill and Olson 2004] [Hill and Waters 1974] [Hill and Waters 1975] [Hiyama 1974] [Hiyama 1974] [Holmes 1982] [Holzapfel et al 2006] [Hon et al 2022] [Hoogreef 2026] [Hooker 2014] [Horvath and Wells 2018] [Hosseini and Vaziry-Zanjany 2024] [Howe 2000] [Howe 2000] [Huang et al 1996] [Huston 1989] [Hwang and Nam 2012] [Ibrahim 2011] [Iemma and Diez 2006] [Information Model of Aircraft 2021] [Ingram et al 2015] [Initial Sizing 2024] [Initial Tail Sizing 2013] [Initial Unmanned Aircraft Sizing 2014] [Initial Unmanned-Aircraft Sizing 2012] [Intravartolo et al 2023] [Irvin and Swan 1956] [Isikveren et al 2014] [Vankan et al 2021] [Jackson 2010] [Jacobson and Tsubaki 1986] [Jaeger et al 2013] [Jagtap et al 2024] [Jagtap et al 2025] [Jagtap et al 2025] [Joseph et al] [Joseph et al] [Jameson 2009] [Jang and Ahn 2019] [Jansen and Perez 2010] [Jenkinson 1991] [Johnson 1972] [Johnson 1985] [Jones 1948] [Jouannet et al 2017] [Jun et al 2003] [Kai et al 2026] [Kalinowski 2017] [Kamal and Ramirez-Serrano 2019] [Kang and Lee 2024] [Kang and Tang 2013] [Kao et al 2018] [Kapania and Chun 2004] [Karabacak and Turan 2020] [Karagoz 2025] [Karagoz et al 2019] [Karahan and Cadirci 2023] [Karahan and Cadirci 2024] [Karahan and Özdemir 2023] [Karpuk 2024] [Karpuk 2026] [Karpuk and Elham 2021] [Kaymal 2016] [Keane et al 2017] [Kei̇yi̇nci̇ and Aydin 2021] [Kelley 1971] [Khurana et al 2019] [Kiely and Agarwal 2024] [Kim and Lee 2018] [Kim et al 2018] [Kimberlin 2001] [King] [Kirk 1992] [Kirkham and Driver 1973] [Kolb 1988] [Kolden 1989] [Komarov and Weisshaar 1998] [Kottapalli and Harris 2012] [Kowalski et al 2021] [Krengel et al 2019] [Kretov 2020] [Kretov 2021] [Kroo 1983] [Kumuk and Ilbas 2023] [Kutney 1964] [Laine 1982] [Lammen et al 2014] [Lammering et al 2010] [Landauer 1992] [Lange 1984] [Larsson et al 2014] [Layton and Kee 1983] [Lazzara et al 2009] [Lehmann 1980] [Lenz and Crossley 2009] [Level Flight Performance Jet 2003] [Li and Rodrigues 2025] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2019] [Li et al 2025] [Lin 1982] [Linnell 1963] [Liscouet-Hanke and Huynh 2013] [Liseitsev 2025] [Liu 2026] [Liu and Anemaat 2013] [Liu and Elham 2019] [Liu and Wu 2003] [Liu et al 2006] [Liu et al 1983] [Locatelli et al 2011] [Logan 1989] [Long 2026] [Love 2020] [Love and Argrow 2021] [Lovell and Schmidt 1995] [Lowry 1995] [Lu et al 2004] [Luca et al 2024] [Luo Xiuchun and Huang Ning 2005] [Lutz et al 2025] [Luu 2025] [Ma and Elham 2021] [Ma et al 2022] [Mainini et al 2010] [Major changes in the 1993] [Majoros 1989] [Malaek and Soltan-Mohammed 2001] [Malone and Mason 1992] [Malone and Woyak 1995] [Manley and von Klein 2002] [March et al 2011] [Margason 2002] [Marshall et al 2005] [Martindale et al 1974] [Martinez-Val et al 1994] [Martínek et al 2026] [Mason 1990] [Mason and Iglesias 2001] [Maximum Range and Endurance 2000] [Mazur et al 2024] [Mazzoni et al 2024] [McDonald 2011] [McDonald 2012] [McDonald 2013] [McDonald and Gloudemans 2022] [McDonnell and Ning 2020] [McKinnis et al 2020] [Meadows et al 2012] [Meier and Olson 1988] [Menon 1986] [Menon et al 2007] [Mieloszyk and Tarnowski 2019] [Miller 1993] [Mills et al 2012] [Min Tint 2018] [Mishra et al 2025] [Mission Analysis 2002] [Mission Analysis 2012] [Mission Analysis 2022] [Mistree 1987] [Mistree et al 1994] [Mokotoff et al 2025] [Mokotoff et al 2026] [Molent and Agius 2008] [Moorhouse and Jenkins 1975] [Morris 1954] [Morris 1983] [Morris 1984] [Moruzzi and Bagassi 2020] [Mosca et al 2021] [Musselwhite 1978] [Myklebust and Gelhausen 1993] [Nam and Mavris 2018] [Nam et al 2005] [Nam et al 2014] [Nangia et al 2004] [Nangia et al 2004] [Narcizo et al 2020] [Nascimento et al 2017] [Nelson 1937] [Neufeld 2021] [Neufeld et al 2011] [Newberry 1998] [Ng and Willcox 2014] [Ng and Willcox 2016] [Nguyen et al 2025] [Nguyen et al 2026] [Nickol et al 2007] [Nicolai 1978] [Nigam et al 2015] [Nikbay et al 2010] [Nunez and Guenov 2013] [O’Sullivan 2002] [Ohme 2009] [Ohme and Raab 2008] [Olson and Henricks 2018] [Olson and Mavris 2006] [Omiya and Rinoie 2017] [Omiya and Rinoie 2017] [Onat and Tolle 1979] [Oole 1993] [Oosterom and Vos 2022] [Oyama et al 2024] [Ozcan and Alemdaroglu 2015] [Chiozzotto 2017] [Paiva et al 2008] [Paiva et al 2010] [Palaia 2026] [Palaia and Abu Salem 2023] [Palaia et al 2025] [Palusamy and Sivier 1993] [Pan et al 2026] [Pant and Fielding 1999] [Pant and Kalker-Kalkman 1998] [Papadales and Basil S. 1979] [Papageorgiou et al 2021] [Park 2021] [Park 2025] [Park and Yee 2025] [Park et al 2015] [Park et al 2022] [Park et al 2025] [Parker 1986] [Patterson 1989] [Perez and Jansen 2014] [Perez et al 2000] [Perez et al 2004] [Perez et al 2004] [Performance and Flight Mechanics 2024] [Petnga 2018] [Phillips et al 2025] [Pornet et al 2015] [Posada and Vargas 2020] [Preliminary Estimate of Takeoff 2010] [Preliminary Fuselage Sizing and 2010] [Preliminary Sizing of the 2010] [Price 1964] [Putra and Chakraborty 2023] [Putting It All Together 2004] [Putting It All Together 2015] [Abhishek et al 2020] [Raghunath et al 2014] [Rajaram et al 2018] [Rajnarayan and Sturdza 2011] [Rajnarayan and Sturdza 2013] [Rajpal and Pant 2011] [Randle et al 2011] [Range and Endurance 2006] [Ravishankar and Chakravarthy 2018] [Raymer 1988] [Raymer 1992] [Raymer 1998] [Raymer 2004] [Raymer 2012] [Raymer 2012] [Raymer 2018] [Raymer 2019] [Raymer 2024] [Raymer and Crossley 2002] [Resulkulyeva and Serebryansky 2022] [Retana and Rodriguez-Cortes 2007] [Reuel et al 2026] [Riggins et al 2010] [Rinoie and Tsumuraya 2003] [Robertson and turnbow 1966] [Rocha et al 2006] [Rodriguez and Liscouët-Hanke 2025] [Roelofs et al 2021] [Roland and Rumpfkeil 2017] [Romli 2013] [Rose et al 2022] [Rosenstein 1989] [Rosenthal et al 1988] [Roskam 1985] [Roskam 1986] [Roth and Crossley 1998] [Roth et al 2002] [Roy Salam and Bil 2016] [Sabeti and Winter 2024] [Sabeti et al 2024] [Sachs 2012] [Sachs 2013] [Sachs and Christodoulou 1987] [Sadraey 2010] [Sadraey 2014] [Sadraey 2016] [Saeedipour and Neil Stevenson 1998] [Saelman 1964] [Sagdeo 1990] [Sahai and Stumpf 2014] [Samareh et al 2006] [Samuels 1982] [Sanchez et al 2021] [Sanchez-Carmona and Cuerno-Rejado 2018] [Sanders 1957] [Sandy and Judt 2024] [Sanghi 2003] [Sarojini et al 2017] [Schairer 1946] [Schieck and Schmitt 2001] [Schieck et al 2002] [Schmidt and Vos 2014] [Schnackel and Dovenmuehle 1990] [Schneider and Strohmayer 2023] [Schneider and Strohmayer 2025] [Schrage et al 2001] [Schultz 1946] [Schwartz 1988] [Schweiger et al 1998] [Scott et al 2019] [Sensmeier and Samareh 2005] [Serebryansky and Bekirov 2023] [Serghides and Fielding 1988] [Shankar and Cliff 1988] [Shankar and Cliff 1988] [Shankar et al 1989] [Sharpe and Hansman 2024] [Shelton 1932] [Shoemaker 1958] [Shubham et al 2025] [Shushnar] [Shustrov 1998] [Siegers and Smith 1995] [Whiteside and Pollard] [Silva] [Simmons 1983] [Simos and Jenkinson 1986] [Sirigireddy and Ahner 2026] [Sizing from a Conceptual 2024] [Sizing, Inboard Profile, Mass 2022] [Sizing, Trade Studies, and 2024] [Skillen and Crossley 2005] [Skillen and Crossley 2008] [Slingerland and Volders 2003] [Smart and Alonso 2019] [Smith and Lee 1989] [Solvey 1951] [Sorensen et al 1979] [Souza] [Spark et al 2026] [Spearman and Spearman 1997] [Spinelli and Kipouros 2025] [Staack] [Staack et al 2021] [Staats et al 2025] [Stack 1982] [Stamm and Woods 2024] [Stanford 2021] [Stepniewski and Kalmbach 1970] [Stepniewski and Schneider 1964] [Stratford 1948] [Stringer et al] [Stroub 1989] [Suewatanakul et al 2022] [Sun 2014] [Sun 2026] [Suwal and Cliff 1990] [Svoboda 1999] [Szodruch 2001] [Tai et al 2016] [Takahashi 2022] [Takahashi and Donovan 2010] [Takahashi and Lemonds 2015] [Tan et al 2015] [Templalexis et al 2016] [Thauvin] [The Wing Structure and 2013] [Tiwari et al 2024] [Todorov et al 2023] [Toffol and Ricci 2023] [Tomasella et al 2019] [Tong and Naylor 2008] [Torenbeek 1971] [Torenbeek 1972] [Torenbeek 1997] [Torenbeek 2013] [Torenbeek 2020] [Torenbeek and Wittenberg 1983] [Trade Studies and Sizing 2010] [Trancossi et al 2016] [Traub 2011] [Traub 2016] [Tsushima and Rinoie 2011] [Turner 1969] [Turriziani et al 1979] [Tzong et al 1992] [Ugwueze et al 2022] [Ugwueze et al 2023] [Unified Cruise Performance 2013] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Design 2024] [Unmanned Aircraft Geometry and 2014] [Unmanned-Aircraft Geometry and Configurations 2012] [Useful Aircraft Design Data] [Useful aircraft design data 1999] [Valenzuela and Rivas 2014] [Vallone] [Van Haver and Vos 2015] [van Tooren et al 2005] [Variyar et al 2014] [Vegh and Alonso 2016] [Velden 1997] [Veresnikov 2025] [Veresnikov et al 2026] [Verstraete et al 2018] [Vessey 1938] [von Ehrenfried 2013] [Vos 2019] [Wadia et al 2022] [Wahler et al 2023] [Walker and Chudoba] [Wampler et al 1988] [Wang] [Wang and Shi 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2025] [Ward 1983] [Wauters 2022] [Wei and Masood 2017] [Weight Prediction, Optimization, and 2020] [Wells et al 1999] [Werner-Westphal et al 2008] [Whitener 1978] [Whitener 1979] [Whitford 1988] [Whitford 1990] [Whitford 1991] [Whitford 1992] [Whitford 1993] [Whitford 1994] [Why Should We Design] [Why should we design 1999] [Wickenheiser and Garcia 2009] [Wildermuth et al 1974] [Wildermuth et al 1974] [Wilson and Wilson 1997] [Winter et al 2021] [Wittenberg 2001] [Woelk 1989] [Wolz and Shira 1995] [Worked Manned Aircraft Detail 2017] [Wortmann et al 2015] [Wrenn and Dovi 1987] [Wrenn and Dovi 1988] [Wroblewski and Ansell 2018] [Wroblewski and Ansell 2018] [Wroblewski and Ansell 2019] [Wroblewski and Ansell 2020] [Wujek et al 1996] [Xiao et al 2025] [Xie and Haberland 1999] [Xie et al 2019] [Xing and Zuo 2025] [Xue and Atkins 2005] [Xun et al 1993] [Yang et al 2011] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2021] [Yang et al 2025] [Yarygina and Popov 2012] [Yates 1964] [Yazdi 1991] [Yechout 1986] [Yildiz et al 2022] [Yokell and Baker 1994] [Young 2010] [Yu and Du 2006] [Zafi and Chakraborty 2023] [Zakrzewski] [Zammit-Mangion and Eshelby 2008] [Zaprianov et al 1987] [Zhai et al 2023] [Zhao et al 2026] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zhu et al 2019] [Ziemer et al 2011] [Çakıcı and Leblebicioğlu 2016] [Ünal et al 2023]

Automatic takeoff, landing and carrier recovery

Where an unmanned aeroplane earns or loses its case. Automatic and carrier landing control, arresting gear and arrestment dynamics, catapults, the wave-off, landing gear dynamics and aerial refuelling. The X-47B was catapulted from a carrier at sea in May 2013, made arrested landings aboard one in July 2013 and refuelled from a tanker autonomously in April 2015, which together are the cycle this cluster covers.

665 records. [Rajesh and Bt 2015] [A psychological evaluation of 1972] [A testing platform which 1950] [Ibrahim et al 2023] [Abu-Akeel 1968] [Abu-Akeel 1969] [Adamowicz et al 2021] [Aerospace Landing Gear] [Aerospace Landing GEAR Systems] [Agarwala] [Ahmad et al 2022] [Ahmad et al 2023] [Airborne Landing Guidance System] [Aircraft Alighting and Arresting 1927] [Aircraft Landing GEAR] [Aircraft Landing Measurement System 1971] [Aircraft landing procedure 1998] [Aircraft Tires Key Principles 2022] [Aircraft Wheels, Brakes, and 2022] [Ajith et al 2019] [Alexandrov et al 1980] [Ali et al 2024] [Ali et al 2025] [Altinses et al 2025] [Altmann 2013] [Anderson 1996] [Apeng et al 2018] [Approach to Landing Guidance] [Approach to solving the 2025] [Arresting HOOK Installation, LAND] [Arresting Hook Installation, Land-Based] [Arık and Bilgiç 2022] [Asthana and Bhat 2012] [Aubert et al 2016] [Ayre and Abrams 1958] [Azimov and Bishop 2025] [Baker 1963] [Baker 1965] [Baker 1966] [Bardera et al 2019] [Barter and Clerk 1993] [Barter et al 1993] [Bastiaens et al 2021] [Batill and Bacarro 1988] [Beaulieu et al 2007] [Beklemishchev and Tikhonov 2021] [Berbaum et al 1991] [Berman 1974] [Berry 2000] [Bertola et al 2015] [Bertola et al 2016] [Bertola et al 2016] [Bertola et al 2017] [Bertoncelli et al] [Bhandari et al 2013] [Bhatia and Aljadiri 2017] [Bian et al 2018] [Biertümpfel and Pfifer 2021] [Bihrle 1969] [Billec 1967] [Blacha et al 2024] [Black 1968] [Black 1983] [Blinkhorn 1948] [Bly 2020] [Bodson and Athans 1985] [Bogos et al 2018] [Bohao et al 2026] [Bolonkin 2005] [Boothe 1971] [Boudria et al 2024] [Boullianne 1997] [Brictson and Prince 1989] [Brictson et al 1969] [Brictson et al 1980] [Brodersen and Sauer 1992] [Brodzinsky 1959] [Brown 2009] [Brukarczyk et al 2021] [Brusov et al 2019] [Buell 1970] [Bulirsch et al 1989] [Bunnell 2001] [Bushway 2001] [Butler 1970] [Cai et al 2018] [Cao et al 2026] [Carvalho 2016] [Castagno et al 2018] [Cetinkaya and Ozkol 2017] [Chai and Mason 1996] [Chaloff et al 1974] [Chang and Ai 2026] [Chang et al 2018] [Chen 2018] [Chen and Wu 2014] [Chen and Yong 2023] [Chen et al 2012] [Chen et al 2013] [Chen et al 2015] [Chen et al 2018] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2024] [Chen et al 2026] [Cheng et al 2021] [Chernenko and Burnashev 2022] [Chester 1995] [Chi et al 2009] [Chitrakaran et al 2005] [Chiu Hung Luk et al] [Chu et al 2016] [Chuzha 2016] [Clark 1965] [Clark 1984] [Cockburn 1965] [Collins et al 2025] [Collyer et al 1980] [Colwell 1966] [Comandur et al 2019] [Computer vision-based approach for 2025] [Connelly 1982] [Connelly 1983] [Coombes et al 2017] [Cotrumbă et al 2019] [Coutard et al 2011] [Crashworthy landing gear for 1998] [Cui and Li 2022] [Currey 1988] [Dagal and Erol 2024] [Dai et al 2016] [Darmawan et al 2025] [Dart 1961] [Dart 1962] [Daughetee 1974] [De Lellis et al 2013] [Deja et al 2022] [Deja et al 2022] [Delprete et al 2023] [Design and Fabrication for 2008] [Development of algorithmic support 2022] [Dewispelare and Stager 1981] [DeWispelare and Stager 1983] [Dhote et al 2025] [Di Donato and Atkins 2016] [Dickard 1978] [Diltemiz 2021] [Dinc et al 2025] [Disturbance interval observer-based carrier 2022] [Di̇nç 2021] [Dobos et al 2024] [Dong et al 2021] [Dongdong et al 2025] [Donley 1980] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1962] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1963] [Douglas et al 2021] [Doyle et al 1995] [Drinkwater et al 1958] [Duan et al 2022] [Duda et al 2022] [Durand and Teper 1964] [Durand and Wasicko 1965] [Dynnikov 2020] [Eitner et al 2013] [Eldred 1953] [Elliott and Dogan 2009] [Englebry 1980] [Englebry 1981] [Enright 1985] [Epp 2024] [Evaluation of the navigation 1979] [Fathurrahman and Jenie 2022] [Feng et al 2014] [Feng et al 2024] [Ferrier et al 2000] [Ferrier et al 2006] [Ferrier et al 2015] [Fezans and Jann 2017] [Field 1999] [Field and Rossitto 1999] [Finch and Matranga 1959] [Fisch et al 2012] [Fish and Sitzman 2008] [Flight Test Data Analysis 2016] [Fracture of an Aluminum 2019] [Frost et al 2021] [Fry 1957] [Fu et al 2012] [Furnish and Anders 1971] [Gao et al 2024] [Garofalo and Manzo 2014] [Gayman 1946] [Georghiou et al 1986] [Ghosh Dastidar and Frazzoli 2011] [Gibson et al 1968] [Godfrey 1953] [Goerttler and Schnepf 2024] [Gold 1973] [Gold 1974] [Gold and Walchli 1974] [Gomez and la Cour-Harbo 2021] [Gonçalves et al 2010] [Gonçalves et al 2011] [Gorin et al 2024] [Grantham and Williams 1987] [Grasso 1994] [Green and Findlay 2016] [Greene 1979] [Greenhaw 2008] [Gressang 1976] [Guerin et al 2022] [Gunnarsson and Germundsson] [Guo et al 2013] [Guo et al 2023] [Gutt et al 2004] [Aerospace Design Co Inc Bedford Ma 1987] [Hall and Boothe 1972] [Hameed et al 2020] [Han et al 2019] [Han et al 2026] [Hao et al 2011] [Harper 1936] [Harris 1961] [Hasan 2024] [Hausknecht and Vaitys 1961] [He et al 2004] [He et al 2025] [Heffley 1986] [Heirendt et al 2012] [Hess 2019] [Hidayat et al 2018] [Historical Design Information of] [Hoare 1968] [Horta et al 1999] [Howard 1976] [Howell et al 1990] [Hsin 1973] [Hsin 1974] [Hu et al 2023] [Huang and Jia 2018] [Huang et al 2019] [Huang et al 2025] [Huber and Reynolds 1976] [Hui 2016] [Huntington and Lyrintzis 1996] [Iadicicco et al 2019] [In-Flight Refuelling 1961] [Initiative for aircraft launch 2007] [Işilak and Oktal 2025] [Janousek and Marcon 2018] [Jia and Jian-Bo 2017] [Jia et al 2011] [Jiang and Cheng 2024] [Jiang et al 2013] [Jiang et al 2018] [Jie et al 2017] [Jinchun Song et al 2006] [Jing and Zheng-Chun 2015] [Johnstone 1968] [Jorgensen and Schley 1991] [Jozwik et al 2018] [Juang * and Chio 2005] [kanahara 2022] [Kang and Choi 2024] [Kang and Choi 2025] [Kang et al 2021] [Kang et al 2023] [Kang et al 2023] [Kansas Univ Lawrence 1952] [Kansas Univ Lawrence 1952] [Kaplan and Sargent 1970] [Katz 2017] [Kautz 1972] [Ke et al 2014] [Kelek et al 2026] [Kelly and Brown 1980] [Kewley et al 2016] [Khazetdinov et al 2021] [Kim and Costello 2016] [Kim and Kim 2001] [Kim et al 2020] [King 1954] [Kitts and Lucas 1963] [Kling and Hornung 2019] [Klochan et al 2015] [Knowles et al 2012] [Kolwey 1977] [Koo et al 2015] [Kowal] [Kownacki et al 2023] [Krabacher 1993] [Krammer et al 2021] [Kroll 1956] [Kroll 1957] [Krüger et al 1997] [Kulik A.A. 2026] [Kumar et al 2007] [Kumar et al 2024] [Kunz Cechinel et al 2023] [Kurdel et al 2024] [Lamper and Mazutskaj] [Lampton et al 2018] [Landing GEAR - Aircraft] [Landing Gear Fatigue Spectrum] [Landing Gear Shock Absorption] [Larionov 2017] [Le et al 2019] [Lee and Chiou 1994] [Lee and Munson 1996] [Lee et al 1998] [Lee et al 2011] [Lehman 1964] [Lehman 1965] [Lehman 1966] [Leo et al 2014] [Lernbeiss and Plöchl 2007] [Li 2020] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2014] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2026] [Liang et al 2023] [Liang et al 2023] [Liang Lihua et al 2011] [Lighthill 1963] [Lin et al 2015] [Lin et al 2017] [Lin et al 2020] [Ling 1970] [Linn and Langlois 2006] [Lintern 1984] [Lisauskas et al 2015] [Liu and Fan 2025] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2026] [Loegering and Harris 2002] [Lorenzetti et al 2020] [Lowrance and Smith 1996] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2020] [Lu et al 2020] [Lu et al 2022] [Lu et al 2025] [Lungu 2017] [Lungu and Lungu 2016] [Luo and Duan 2014] [Luong et al 2025] [Lv et al 2011] [Lykken and Shah 1972] [Lynch 2012] [Ma et al 2013] [Maemori et al 2003] [Maier and Kondak 2015] [Makarenko et al 2017] [Martorella et al 1981] [McDonald 1980] [McDonald et al 2020] [McGee 1977] [McGehee and Carden 1976] [McGehee and Dreher 1982] [McGehee et al 1978] [McMuldroch et al 1979] [McMuldroch 1979] [McRoberts et al 2015] [Menon et al 2012] [Michini and How 2011] [Micklos 1991] [Miele et al 2010] [Miller 1969] [Miller 1970] [Mirzaei and Abdollahi 2009] [Mirzaei et al 2008] [Mirzaei et al 2008] [Misra and Bai 2018] [Mohan Raju et al 2019] [Moorhouse 1991] [Morris and McGehee 1983] [Morrison et al] [Mosby 1965] [Moskowitz and Soltis 1976] [Mu Shujun et al 2015] [Muehter 1974] [Muhammad Hadi Widanto et al 2025] [Murray-Smith 1995] [Musolino et al 2012] [Musolino et al 2013] [Nagaraj Goud et al 2024] [Naghash and Enns 1998] [Nastasi et al 1983] [Naval air operations 2006] [Nave 1973] [Negre 1975] [Nengjian Wang et al 2016] [Ngo and Sultan 2024] [Nguyen et al 2020] [Ni 2022] [Nian et al 2025] [Novakovic et al 2016] [Nowak et al 2022] [O’Bryan et al 1974] [Oh 2014] [Ossa 2006] [Overview of Aircraft Landing] [Oza et al 2015] [Pan and Pi 2024] [Panday and Pedro 2018] [Papa 2018] [Patel et al 2017] [Patterson and Arena 2015] [Payne 1968] [Peer 2000] [Peng et al 2020] [Peng et al 2020] [Peng et al 2023] [Peng et al 2025] [Peristy et al 2018] [Perkasa et al 2024] [Perry and Schneider 1984] [Peterson 1961] [Photometric characteristics of U.S 1968] [Picard 2002] [Pierson 1985] [Pina and Martins 2013] [Podruzhin et al 2021] [Prabha and Raghavendra 2021] [Prasad et al 2018] [Pratiwi et al 2021] [Precision Approach Radar to 1979] [Precision Landing of Aircraft 1996] [Puranik et al 2016] [Purdy 2010] [Putra et al 2018] [Qi et al 2018] [Qian Shen et al 2016] [Qiwei et al 2014] [Quesada and Charpentier 2005] [Ralph 1999] [Ram et al 2014] [Ramsey and Dixon 1967] [Ran et al 2014] [Rasouli et al 2025] [Raychaudhuri] [Reitan and Saib 1976] [Ren et al 2024] [Rhody 1965] [Richards and Erickson 2019] [Richards and Tate 2023] [Ridha 1968] [Rinkinen 1959] [Rios Quesada and Charpentier] [Romero 2021] [Roscoe 1948] [Ross 1980] [Ross and Edson 1979] [Rudowsky et al 2002] [Ruiyang et al 2020] [Rupert 2008] [Ryan 1990] [Ryan et al 2011] [Ryan et al 2014] [Sankar 2012] [Sati et al 2011] [Schallhorn 2020] [Schmidt 2015] [Schmidt 2021] [Schoenman and Doniger 1965] [Scholz et al 2026] [Schultz et al 2009] [Sedlmair et al 2022] [Seidel and Haudrich 2024] [Self-oscillations of aircraft landing 2004] [Semakov 2021] [Semakov and Semakov 2020] [Shao et al 2022] [Shao et al 2023] [Shao et al 2023] [Shao et al 2026] [Sharma et al 2021] [Shaw 1960] [Shayler 1961] [Shen and Rahman 2011] [Sheppard and Foster 2008] [Shixing et al 2011] [Shujun et al 2014] [Sim et al 1994] [Sivaramakrishnan 1981] [Sivrioğlu 2023] [Song and Du 2005] [Song et al 2020] [Sonowal et al 2021] [Soumekh] [Specification for Design and] [Stachiw] [Staelens et al 2008] [Steinberg and Page 2001] [Streamline development of aircraft 2009] [Structure with carrier suitability 1974] [Stumberger et al] [Stumberger et al 2004] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2022] [Suggett 1960] [Sullings and Waller 1967] [Sumerin and Shcheglov 2023] [Sun 2026] [Sun et al 2021] [Sun et al 2022] [Suszyński et al 2025] [Swett and Blanche] [Swett and Blanche 2005] [Takahashi et al 2018] [Tang and Lai 2020] [Tao Sun and Zhe Yu 2010] [Tekaslan and Atkins 2025] [Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical San Diego Ca 1974] [Templeman and Parker 1968] [Tests, Impact, Shock Absorber] [The WAVE OFF] [Theiss 2007] [Thota et al 2008] [Tian and Zhao 2012] [Tian Jing and Ding Li 2010] [Tonhauser and Hecker 2016] [Trimble 2011] [Trobaugh and Obrimski 1980] [Tugolukov 2020] [Udayakumar and Ibrahim 2019] [van Slagmaat 1992] [van Slagmaat 2004] [van Slagmaat 2026] [Vassberg et al 2005] [Vidimlic et al 2021] [Vidmar 2006] [Vought Corp Dallas Tx Systems Div 1974] [Wagdi 1984] [Walker 1960] [Walker 1961] [Wang 2016] [Wang 2022] [Wang and Carl 1999] [Wang and Chen 2019] [Wang and Holzapfel 2018] [Wang et al 2007] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2026] [Ward et al 1999] [Webbing, Nylon, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon/Polyester, Aircraft Arresting] [Webbing, Nylon/Polyester, Aircraft Arresting] [Wei et al 2014] [Wei et al 2026] [Weijun et al 2008] [Weingarten and Chalk 1982] [Wen et al 2009] [Wenzel et al 2010] [Westra 1982] [Westra et al 1981] [Westra et al 1986] [Wharton 1960] [Whitehead 1960] [Wightman 1983] [Wightman and Lintern 1984] [Wild 2021] [Wilson 1974] [Wilson 2018] [Witherell 1992] [Wolfe and Peters 1968] [Wood 1968] [Wu 2022] [Wu and Mueller 2018] [Wu and Zhu 2024] [Wu et al 2018] [Wu et al 2024] [Xiao et al 2024] [Xiaoxu et al 2017] [Xu et al 2025] [Xu et al 2025] [Xue et al 2025] [Yakimenko et al 2002] [Yan et al 2012] [Yang 1970] [Yang 1971] [Yang et al 2010] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2026] [Yawei Liang] [Ye and Zheng 2025] [Yilmaz and alaiwi 2024] [Yoakum and Cerreta 2020] [Yong Jiang et al 2006] [Yoo et al 2013] [Yoo et al 2014] [Yoo et al 2015] [Yu et al 2022] [Yuan et al 2011] [Yuan et al 2017] [Yuan et al 2025] [Zakrajsek et al 2017] [Zelenkov and Golik 2014] [Zeng et al 2025] [Zhang 2023] [Zhang and Guo 2024] [Zhang and Zhang 2022] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2015] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao and Tsiotras 2013] [Zhao et al 2012] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhao et al 2019] [Zhen et al 2018] [Zheng et al 2013] [Zhicong and Voronko 2023] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2013] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2014] [Zhong et al 2013] [Zhou and Huang 2020] [Zhou and Wang 2023] [Zhou et al 2017] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zhu 2006] [Zhu 2024] [Zhu and Qiu 2013] [Zhu Bin et al 2018] [Zhu et al 2012] [Zhu et al 2012] [Zhu et al 2017] [Zhu et al 2018] [Zhu et al 2019] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zia and Ullah Butt 2019] [Ziyang 2024] [Zonars 1961]

Autonomy, mission management and onboard decision making

What let the X-47B delegate the recovery. Mission management, onboard planning and replanning, contingency management, obstacle avoidance, autonomous landing and the autonomy of aerial refuelling. The third approach of 10 July 2013, abandoned after the aeroplane detected its own navigation fault, is contingency handling of exactly this kind.

348 records. [Aburime] [Adhikari 2021] [Adhikari 2021] [Ainvestigation of Computer Vision 2024] [Alam et al 2026] [Alijani and Osman 2020] [Alijani and Osman 2021] [Alonso da Silva 2019] [Alsayed et al 2022] [Ambroziak and Ciężkowski 2021] [Ambroziak and Gosiewski 2015] [An et al 2023] [Arora et al 2022] [Ashokkumar 2023] [Automation and Autonomy in 2016] [Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2012] [Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2019] [Autonomous unmanned aircraft RandD 1994] [Baralli et al 2002] [Barbier and Chanthery 2004] [Bardhan et al 2017] [Barlow 2004] [Barnhart 2012] [Benders 2018] [Benders et al 2018] [Bestaoui 2012] [Bestaoui and Lakhlef 2013] [Bestaoui Sebbane 2015] [Bhatia et al 2021] [Boskovic and Redding 2009] [Boskovic et al 2002] [Brinker 2004] [Brockett et al 2002] [Bryant et al 2015] [Bulka and Nahon 2017] [Bulka and Nahon 2019] [Bulusu et al 2025] [Bürkle et al 2010] [Cao and Yu 2022] [Cappuzzo et al 2022] [Carrio Fernández] [Castanon and Cassandras 2010] [Castillo-Effen and Visnevski 2009] [Cetin and Yilmaz 2013] [Cetin et al 2010] [Cetin et al 2011] [Chapter 3 Autonomous UAVs 2021] [Chen 2021] [Chen 2022] [Chen and Duan 2016] [Chen et al 2002] [Chen et al 2025] [Chichka 2008] [Chitrakaran et al] [Chitrakaran et al 2006] [Chitrakaran et al 2006] [Chuzha et al 2017] [Civil Regulation Of Autonomous 2024] [Clare et al 2012] [Clough] [Clough 2003] [Cooper and Ravela 2024] [Costello and Adams 2023] [Cruz and Encarnação 2011] [Dai et al 2018] [Dai et al 2020] [Daibing et al 2012] [Dalang et al 2023] [David 2023] [David 2024] [de Paula et al 2025] [Deal and Mazumdar 2026] [Development of conflict avoidance] [Di et al 2022] [Doherty et al 2013] [Doherty et al 2023] [Dong and Ai 2012] [Dong et al 2015] [Douma et al 2021] [Drusinsky et al 2022] [Duan and Luo 2016] [Duan et al 2021] [Dudek and Schulte 2022] [Dufrene] [Duncan et al 2006] [Durst and Gray 2014] [Effland et al 2008] [Ernest et al 2015] [Eubank and Atkins 2011] [Fan 2017] [Forsmo et al 2013] [Frau 2022] [Fravolini et al 2008] [Frew and Lawrence 2005] [Fu et al 2014] [Fukuda and Takimoto 2014] [Fürst and Dickmanns 1999] [Gao and Duan Zhen 2013] [Garcia et al 2017] [Gardi et al 2015] [Gautam et al 2014] [George and Ghose 2009] [Goudarzi and Richards 2020] [Graham et al 2023] [Gu and Enoiu 2023] [Gunetti et al 2013] [Gutierrez et al 2016] [Hagele and Soffker 2017] [Hang and Guo 2026] [Hang et al 2025] [Herbst and Klöckner 2014] [Hewgley et al 2011] [Hewgley et al 2014] [Hinchey et al] [Hirsch and Schroeder 2014] [Hlas and Straub 2016] [Hopchak et al 2022] [Horn et al 2014] [Horn et al 2015] [Horowitz et al 2014] [Hou 2026] [Hu et al 2018] [Huang and Liu 2018] [Huang et al 2019] [Huang et al 2019] [Ibrahim et al 2020] [Insarov et al 2019] [Jabbal 2015] [Jiang et al 2016] [Jiaxin et al 2017] [Jizhu Liu et al 2009] [Jonathan Edwards 2025] [Jones and Dye 2016] [Senthil Kumar and Shanmugam 2023] [Kahya and Konar 2026] [Kaidan 2026] [Karabag 2026] [Kartal and Yüksek 2025] [Karthik Krishnamurthy et al 2003] [Karásek et al 2026] [Kawamura and Azimov 2022] [Ke et al 2009] [Keke et al 2014] [Kendoul et al 2013] [Keong et al 2019] [Keviczky and Balas 2006] [Khanafseh and Pervan 2007] [Koh and Paranjape 2020] [Koo and Sastry 2003] [Kopeikin et al 2013] [Kotsinis et al 2026] [Krozel and Andrisani 1990] [Kurnaz et al] [Küçükerdem et al 2025] [L.P and Ghosh 2020] [Lan and Jianmei 2016] [Lee and Kim 2025] [Lee et al 2018] [Lee et al 2026] [Leonard et al 2012] [Li and Chen 2003] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2025] [Lin and Saripalli 2014] [Linne 2022] [Liu and Valavanis 2026] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2026] [Londner 2016] [Lowe et al 2026] [Lugo and Zell 2013] [Lungu et al 2022] [Maitland and McPhee 2018] [Mammadov and Gueaieb 2014] [Mangonneaux] [Marinov and Penev 2025] [Marshall et al 2021] [Marshall et al 2023] [Martinez et al 2013] [Marwaha et al 2009] [McCafferty et al 2014] [McGee and Hedrick 2006] [McKinnis et al 2021] [McManus and Walker 2006] [Mejias 2014] [Meng et al 2020] [Mengying et al 2017] [Michael et al 2013] [Miller et al 2023] [Mobile Autonomous Recovery Landing 2024] [Montazeri et al 2021] [Morris et al 2005] [Murillo et al 2025] [Müller and Bauer 2024] [Niendorf et al 2012] [Nieuwenhuisen et al 2014] [Nikolaidis et al 2025] [North et al] [Nygard 1995] [O’Rourke et al 1999] [Ogorzalek et al 2019] [Opening up civil airspace 2007] [Ordoukhanian and Madni 2019] [Orhan et al 2026] [Owlia] [Padhi and Chawla 2016] [Papa 2023] [Papa et al 2026] [Park and Bang 2022] [Patel et al 2011] [Patel et al 2021] [Pedrozo 2022] [Peng 2021] [Peng et al 2016] [Peng et al 2022] [Pieniążek 2003] [Powell 2001] [Prasanth et al] [Primatesta 2025] [Primatesta et al 2018] [Primatesta et al 2021] [Qi et al 2021] [Qu et al 2011] [Qu et al 2013] [Querry] [Ramasamy and Ghose 2016] [Ramasamy et al 2015] [Ramesh and Subbarao 2016] [Rao et al 2020] [Ren and Quan 2024] [Ren et al 2026] [Roberto Mati 2006] [Rodriguez-Ramos et al 2017] [Roemer et al 2008] [Ross et al 2005] [Rutherford and Wells 1999] [Rysdyk et al 2005] [Sadraey 2016] [Safeer and Costello 2026] [Saghafi and Esmailifar 2009] [Santamaría Barnadas] [Saska et al 2014] [Savuran and Karakaya 2015] [Savuran and Karakaya 2015] [Scheidt 2014] [Scherer et al 2015] [Schopferer and Benders 2020] [Schopferer and Pfeifer 2015] [Schumann et al 2019] [Schumann et al 2021] [Sebestyén and Szénási 2026] [See et al 2017] [Seitzer 2003] [Sevostyanov and Devitt 2021] [Sevostyanov et al 2022] [Shah 2025] [Shanshan et al 2020] [Sharma et al 2009] [Sharma et al 2024] [Shaw and Bevly 2018] [Shi and Ng 2018] [Shim et al 2005] [Shin et al 2013] [Shin et al 2013] [Sibruk et al 2015] [Silva] [Silverberg and Levedahl 2005] [Skjong et al 2015] [Smith] [Smith et al 2026] [Sobers et al 2010] [Sorton and Hammaker 2005] [Stephan et al 2020] [Sudevan et al 2017] [Sun and Pack 2016] [Sun et al 2019] [Surono et al 2021] [Survivability of Unmanned Autonomous 2016] [Sánchez López] [Tad McGeer 1999] [Tanaka and Matsumoto 2019] [Tandale et al 2005] [Tandale et al 2006] [Tang et al 2008] [Tang et al 2010] [Tang et al 2011] [ten Have 1993] [The algorithm of the 2020] [Tinoco] [Tiwari et al 2020] [Torno et al 2014] [Tsoukalas et al 2026] [Tsourveloudis and Doitsidis 2025] [Two-view Epipole-based Guidance Control 2012] [Tynor 1989] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path 2014] [Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle 2016] [Usach et al 2017] [Usach Molina] [Vachon et al 2002] [Vanualailai et al 2013] [Venugopalan et al 2012] [Vepa 2026] [Virgil Petrescu 2019] [Vision-Based Autonomous Approach and 2009] [Visnevski and Castillo-Effen 2010] [Wang and Wang 2018] [Wang and Wang 2020] [Wang et al 2005] [Wang et al 2017] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2025] [Wang et al 2026] [Wang et al 2026] [Webster et al 2012] [Weiskopf et al 2002] [Wilson et al 2015] [Woen et al 2016] [Wu and Mu 2026] [Wu et al 2022] [Wu et al 2023] [Wynn and McLain 2019] [Xi and Liu 2020] [Xie et al 2019] [Xin et al 2018] [Xiong et al 2022] [Xiong et al 2025] [Xu 2018] [Xu et al 2012] [Yadav and Bhargava 2026] [Yan and Tan 2013] [Yan et al 2018] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Yavnai 2003] [Yavrucuk et al 2009] [Yomchinda 2015] [You and Shim 2010] [Yu et al 2020] [Yuan] [Yuan et al 2024] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhao and Zhu 2016] [Zhao et al 2021] [Zhou et al 2012] [Zhu et al 2016] [Çoban 2020]

Flight control law design and handling qualities

What replaces the pilot’s hands. Control law design, stability augmentation, adaptive and robust control, flight dynamics modelling and simulation, and the handling qualities framework that an unmanned aeroplane inherits without inheriting the pilot who defined it. A handling quality is a statement about a human being, and this cluster holds the work on what the term means when there is nobody aboard.

300 records. [Adams and Hatch 1970] [Adamski 2021] [Advanced Aircraft Control 2026] [Aerospace - Vehicle Management] [Aircraft Control 2011] [Aircraft Dynamics and Classical 2015] [Aircraft Flight Control 2014] [Aircraft lateral-directional handling qualities 2011] [Aircraft longitudinal handling qualities 2011] [Aircraft Mechanics 2026] [Aircraft Models 2012] [Aircraft Non-Linear Dynamics Equations 2014] [Aircraft Response Transfer Functions 1997] [Aircraft Response Transfer Functions 2013] [Aircraft Simulation Model 2022] [Aircraft Stability and Control 2026] [Aircraft Stability Derivatives 1998] [Al-Hiddabi and McClamroch 2002] [Al-Malki and Gu 2007] [Andrews and Perez 2014] [Anton and Botez 2012] [Army Aviation School Fort Rucker Al 1961] [Ashkenas 1965] [Ashkenas 1965] [Ashkenas 1965] [Ashkenas 1982] [Autopilot Integration into Micro 2007] [Autopilot, Flight Director, and] [Azam et al 2005] [Azimov and Allen 2017] [Bachelder and Aponso 2020] [Bachelder and Aponso 2020] [Bachelder et al 2023] [Balague and Hajiyev 2016] [Bare-Airframe Identification from Data 2006] [Bare-Airframe Identification from Data 2012] [Baughman and Longeauay 2015] [Beainy et al 2009] [Bechelder et al 2025] [Becker et al 1987] [Berger et al 2025] [Bernstein 2000] [Berry 1986] [Beyers 1983] [Bischoff 1981] [Bishop and Antoulas 1991] [Bishop and Antoulas 1994] [Bodson 2001] [Booz 1988] [Bouadi and Mora-Camino 2012] [Bouadi et al 2013] [Boudreau 1977] [Branch and Meyering 1995] [Brown and Szalai 1977] [Buck and Newman 2006] [Buell and Tinling 1959] [Burnashev and Zbrutsky 2019] [Callaghan and Kunz 2019] [Carlin and Blair 1983] [Carryer] [Cazaurang et al 2003] [Ceren and Altuğ 2011] [Chalk 1963] [Chalk 1964] [Chance Vought Corp Dallas Tx 1979] [Chapter 3. Dynamics of 2005] [Cook 1997] [Cook 2007] [Cook 2013] [Crespo et al 2010] [Cromwell and Koven 1965] [Cunis] [Curtiss 1965] [Curtiss and Howard C. 1961] [Dabney and Miele 2000] [Dahleh and Tsitsiklis 2002] [Dakhno et al 2021] [Dantsker et al 2019] [Design Objectives for Flying] [Design Objectives For Handling] [Didomenico and Biezad 1985] [Dobos-Bubno and Hartsook 1977] [Dorobantu et al 2013] [Duggan and Bhandari 2021] [Dynamics of Aircraft Motion 2015] [Dynamics of Rigid Aircraft 2023] [Ericsson 1997] [Evangelou 1998] [Fan et al 2021] [Farajollahi and Markazi 2010] [Figueiredo Prudencio] [Flight Control 2015] [Flight Envelope Awareness/Protection] [Flying Qualities 2003] [Fukushima and Tsubone 2019] [General Electric Co Schenectady Ny 1952] [Ghidella and Mosterman 2005] [Ghosh Roy and Peyada 2017] [Girish et al 2014] [Go and Ramnath 2001] [Golan et al 2000] [Goodner and Rao 1988] [Goupil and Puyou 2013] [Govindaraj et al 1979] [Gregory and Tierno 1996] [Griffin] [Grimm 1986] [Ha 1995] [Hajiyev and Caliskan 2003] [Hall 1971] [Handling qualities 2000] [Handling Qualities Analysis 2008] [Handling Qualities and Control 2017] [Hann-Shing Ju et al] [Harris et al 2000] [Hart 1956] [He et al 2024] [Henry et al 2011] [Hess 1981] [Hess 1984] [Hess 1990] [Hess 2010] [Hess and Hess 1997] [Hill 1987] [Himich and Kineyko 1981] [Hoffer et al 2013] [Hoh 1988] [Hoh et al 1981] [How et al 2014] [Hu et al 2026] [Huang and Zhang 2020] [I.yu. makushev 2020] [Introduction to Aircraft Flight 1998] [Ito et al 2016] [Jafari and Xu 2018] [Jafari et al 2017] [Jianhong and Yanxiang 2026] [Johnson et al 2005] [Jones et al 2023] [Junfeng et al 2020] [Kim and Kunz 2017] [Kineyko 1982] [Kirk et al 2022] [Kisslinger and Wendl 1971] [Klipp et al 2021] [Klishin and Kolesnikova 2022] [Klyde et al 1999] [Klyde et al 2021] [Kobayashi and Takahashi 2011] [Kubbat and Sensburg 1979] [Kumar and Kumar 2022] [Lampton et al 2024] [Lanteigne and O’Reilly 2020] [Lateral-Directional Dynamics 1998] [Levison and Rickard 1981] [Li 2008] [Li et al 2016] [Li et al 2021] [Liu and Singh 1995] [Liu et al 2007] [Longitudinal Aircraft Dynamics and 2011] [Lu and Pierson 1995] [Lukacs 2014] [Lungu and Lungu 2016] [Ma] [MacKunis et al 2008] [Malpica and Lusardi 2013] [Maria-Agneta and Stef 2011] [Marino 2001] [Martinez 1961] [Masud et al 2016] [Mayhew and Gleason 1988] [Mehmood et al 2018] [Mehta et al 2006] [Mengali and Pieracci 2000] [Merkel and Whitmoyer 1976] [Miller 1968] [Minto et al 1989] [Mirchandani 2020] [Mitikiri and Mohseni 2018] [Miyazawa 1990] [Modeling the Aircraft 2015] [Montalvo and Costello 2015] [Mooij 1985] [Mooij 1985] [Mooij 1985] [Mooij 1985] [Morelli 2006] [Morelli 2021] [Murray and Doyle 2001] [Mystkowski 2014] [Natesan and Bhat 2005] [Natesan et al 2008] [Neal and Smith 1970] [Noble 1981] [Noble 1983] [Noble and Bhandari 2017] [Nominal aircraft dynamics] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1952] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1953] [Olivares Méndez] [Oosterom and Babuska] [Oosterom and Babuska 2001] [Ossmann et al 2019] [Owashi et al 2017] [Ozimina et al] [Paine 1950] [Pan et al 2013] [Patel and Smith 1996] [Peters et al 1997] [Pham] [Place et al 1974] [Planeaux and Barth 1988] [Porter and Manganas 1986] [Potes et al 2026] [Pradeep 1998] [Quantitative Design Requirements for 2017] [Rabenberg and Palarz 1983] [Reinhardt and Johansen 2021] [Ren et al 2018] [Rhoads 1967] [Rickard 1976] [Riedel 1979] [Rodchenko et al 1994] [Rogalski 2018] [Rohlf et al 2012] [Rosario-Gabriel and Cortes 2018] [Rosić and Diekmann 2015] [Roy and Peyada 2017] [Saetti and Rogers 2020] [Salahudden et al 2020] [Sarrafian and Powers 1988] [Schmidt 1983] [Schmidt 1985] [Schmidt 2016] [Schreadley 1977] [Segawa and Gopalarathnam 2008] [Seiferth et al 2017] [Shao et al 2024] [Shull 1952] [Shull 1953] [Shweyk and Hyde 2013] [Siddarth and Valasek 2011] [Simms 2023] [Simplício et al 2018] [Simulation Requirements for Flight 2017] [Smith and Geddes 1979] [Sobel and Joshi 2002] [Sri-Jayantha and Stengel 1988] [Srinathkumar 2011] [Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft 2010] [Stability, Control, and Handling 2024] [Stalford 1979] [Steeb et al 1979] [Stern 1984] [Stifel 1979] [Subbarao et al 2001] [Summerlin and Sullivan 1958] [Sun et al 2025] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Tang] [Tekinalp and Prach 2013] [Tekinalp and Prach 2014] [Teofilatto 2001] [Teper and Stapleford 1965] [Teper and Stapleford 1966] [The Kinematics and Dynamics 2015] [Thelander 1965] [Thukral and Innocenti 1992] [Torelli et al 2023] [Townsend and Blatt 1976] [Trevino 1981] [Trotti et al 2025] [Tuzlukov 2026] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Dynamics 2016] [Van Gool and Mooij 1979] [Van Gool and Weingarten 1981] [Vepa 2016] [Vepa 2023] [Vepa 2023] [Vepa 2026] [Wasserman and Mitchell 1973] [Wei and Wang 2025] [Wilhelm and Schafranek 1986] [Wu and Mora-Camino 2012] [Xie et al 2026] [Xiong and Zhang 2012] [Yang 2025] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Ying et al 2020] [Yu and Liu 2019] [Zhang and Bradley 2022] [Zhang et al 2011] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhou 2025] [Zou and Devasia 2000] [Zou et al 2017] [Żugaj 2017]

Tailless configurations and their control effectors

The configuration, and the stability it gives up. Tailless and flying wing aerodynamics, elevons, split drag rudders, control allocation among redundant effectors, and yaw by thrust vectoring. The X-47B has no fin, so the stability a fin would supply is replaced by feedback, and the reading of the arrestment speed rests on the maximum lift coefficient a tailless planform without trailing-edge high-lift devices plausibly reaches.

235 records. [Agenbag et al 2009] [Agte et al 1997] [Alipour et al 2022] [Alyanak and Pendleton 2014] [Amanuddin and Dey 1980] [Ammar and Trépanier 2014] [Ashkenas and Klyde 1989] [Atmaca et al 2026] [Banerjee 1984] [Banerjee 1988] [Bateman et al 2008] [Begin 1983] [Bergman 1979] [Bishop 1961] [Boskovic and Mehra 1999] [Boskovic and Mehra 2000] [Boskovic et al] [Bourdin et al 2007] [Bradley et al 2012] [Bramsiepe et al 2020] [Brodsky and Luby 2013] [Bronz 2019] [Bronz and Hattenberger 2015] [Buch and George M. 2010] [Buffington 1997] [Buffington 1999] [Buffington 1999] [Carlson 2014] [Chudoba and Cook 2003] [Colgren and Loschke 2008] [Collins Jr 2005] [Control Surface Sizing Criteria 2010] [Cook and Hauser 2018] [Cox et al 1949] [Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2006] [Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2012] [Dakka and Johnson 2019] [Davis and Hines 1976] [DeLaurier 2022] [Denieul et al 2015] [Deslich et al 2021] [Ebrahimi Fakhari et al 2024] [Ericsson and Beyers 2002] [Erwin et al 1964] [Experimental investigation of synthetic 2023] [Finger et al 2023] [Formation of aerodynamic outline 2008] [Friehmelt 1996] [From Tube and Wing 2013] [Gaulocher et al 2007] [Gauvrit-Ledogar et al 2018] [Gillard 1998] [Gillard et al 1997] [Gopejenko et al 2026] [Guiler] [Guiler and Huebsch 2005] [Guiler and Huebsch 2005] [Guo et al] [Haider et al 2023] [Hansen and Blanke 2013] [Hansen et al 2022] [Harley et al 2009] [Harris and Harris 1997] [Hassairi and Abid 2021] [Hauser 1999] [Hefazi et al 2013] [Hirano et al 2019] [Hoffler et al 1986] [Hou et al 2022] [Huang and Wei 2025] [Huber 2022] [Huber et al 2012] [Islam et al 2024] [Jiang et al 2019] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jiguang Li et al 2016] [Jo et al 2016] [Johnson 1949] [Jun 2023] [Karimi Kelayeh and Djavareshkian 2024] [Karpuk et al 2020] [Karpuk et al 2023] [Keidel et al 2019] [Klafin 1988] [Kumar et al 2020] [Kumar et al 2020] [Kutschera and Render 1999] [Kwiek 2019] [Kwiek and Figat 2016] [Li and Guo 2013] [Li et al 1996] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2018] [Li et al 2023] [Lin et al 2021] [Lin et al 2026] [Lingyu et al 2006] [Liu and Zhang 2022] [Liu et al 2021] [Liu et al 2026] [Loechert et al 2018] [Lyu et al 2024] [Löchert et al 2019] [Ma and Wang 2009] [Mader and Martins 2010] [Mahantesh Katagi et al 2015] [Maimako et al 2026] [Mansor et al 2019] [Mardanpour and Hodges 2013] [Mardanpour and Hodges 2014] [Marques 2013] [Matamoros and de Visser 2018] [McKeehen 1998] [Metin et al 2023] [Miller 1983] [Miller 1986] [Mitcham et al 1956] [Miwa 2021] [Morris 1992] [Morris and Tigner 1995] [Mulin et al 2016] [Mullins et al 1996] [Murray 1949] [Neto et al 2020] [Nieto-Wire and Sobel 2007] [Nieto-Wire and Sobel 2009] [Okonkwo and Jemitola 2022] [Okonkwo and Jemitola 2023] [Orhan and Subbarao 2021] [Oshin Mittal et al 2024] [Oyama 2021] [Pan and Huang 2019] [Pan et al 2025] [Paranjape and Chung 2010] [Park et al 2017] [Paul et al 1997] [Paulus et al 2012] [Paulus et al 2013] [Peng et al 2014] [Postma 1970] [Qi et al 2017] [Qi et al 2018] [Rajamurugu et al 2026] [Rajput et al 2014] [Rajput et al 2015] [Ramprasadh and Devanandh 2015] [Rawdon and Rawdon 1997] [Reist et al 2022] [Richter et al 2021] [Richter et al 2022] [Riethausen 2026] [Rodzewicz et al 2018] [Rojas Carvajal and Amitay 2023] [Rojas Carvajal and Amitay 2025] [Rojas Carvajal et al 2022] [Roy 2009] [Roy and Ghosh 2010] [Rui et al 2007] [Saephan and van Dam 2006] [Saheby et al 2026] [Saucez] [Saucez and Boiffier 2012] [Schuette et al 2018] [Scotzniovsky et al 2026] [Sears 1980] [Shams et al 2023] [Shayan and Van Kampen 2021] [Shekar et al 2026] [Shen 2026] [Shen et al 2023] [Shi and Wu 2022] [Shuang et al 2016] [Shuang et al 2017] [Song et al 2014] [Sparks and Sparks 1997] [Staelens et al 2007] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2009] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2010] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2013] [Su et al 2017] [Sun et al 2005] [Sun et al 2024] [Suresh et al 2013] [Swain and Manickavasagar 2010] [Tal and Karaman 2021] [Tan et al 2014] [Tao et al 2018] [Teel 1999] [Teel 1999] [Tingting and Aijun 2014] [Tomac and Stenfelt 2014] [Torenbeek 1991] [Torvik 1990] [Tournes and Johnson 1999] [Traas et al 2026] [Verstraete et al 2012] [Voss 2018] [Voss et al 2026] [Voß 2019] [Wang and Wang 2012] [Wang and Zhou 2022] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Weil Brenner et al 2012] [Weyl 1944] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [White and Innis 1959] [Williams et al 2025] [Windsor 1962] [Xi and Zhao 2017] [Xie et al 2011] [Yang et al 2025] [Yao et al 2017] [Yu et al 2023] [Yu et al 2024] [Yue et al 2009] [Yue et al 2013] [Yue et al 2013] [Zeng et al 2022] [Zhang and He 2026] [Zhang and He 2026] [Zhang and Zhao 2023] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zheng et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhou et al 2023]

Aerodynamics of the configuration

The flow the vehicle lives in, read for the quantities the argument uses. Maximum lift and stall, low-speed lift for the approach, drag and the lift to drag ratio of complete aircraft, wing and planform design, and the aerodynamics of the delta, lambda, flying wing and blended wing body family to which the X-47B belongs. The X-47B’s aerodynamics enter this article through its maximum lift coefficient, on which the reading of the arrestment speed rests, and through the lift to drag ratio the Breguet table assumes.

192 records. [Aerodynamic Data of Real 2010] [Aerodynamic Design Wing 1969] [Aerodynamic Drag and Its 2013] [Aerodynamic Drag in Cruising 2020] [Aerodynamic Performance Enhancement of 2024] [Aerodynamics 2024] [Aircraft Drag 2010] [Airfoil and Wing/Tail Geometry 2024] [Airplane wing design] [Alexander 1971] [Alley et al 2007] [Anto 2026] [Appa et al 1996] [Appendix G Aerodynamic Data 2010] [Attinello 1956] [Badaro and Ortega 2007] [Bajaj 2019] [Banerjee and Taneja 2025] [Banerjee and Taneja 2026] [Berens 2003] [Bier et al 2013] [Canpolat et al 2009] [Cipolla et al 2022] [Coles and Wadcock 1978] [Coles and Wadcock 1979] [Computational fluid dynamics of] [Concepts and Computational Models 2021] [Conner et al 1965] [Cook et al 2005] [Cruise and Drag Performance 2021] [Dantsker and Vahora 2018] [Deese and Agarwal 1989] [Design and Fluid Flow 2015] [Development of High-Lift Wing 1990] [Dikbas and Atik 2018] [Drinkwater and Rolls 1965] [Durmus 2021] [Elements of Aerodynamic Wing 2013] [Elkhoury 2016] [Elkhoury and Nakad 2009] [Ellis and Maris 1977] [Ericsson 1998] [Experience Gained During Development 2010] [Fairuz Izzuddin Romli et al 2023] [Figliola 2004] [Figliola 2005] [Frhr von Geyr et al 2007] [Furlong and Fitzpatrick 1947] [Gern 2012] [Ghee and Taylor 2000] [Ghee and Taylor 2004] [Gopalarathnam and Segawa 2008] [Graham and Luskin 1946] [Gratzer and O’Donnell 1965] [Gratzer and Odonnell 1964] [Gray and Zingg 2024] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gupta 2026] [Gülsaçan et al 2018] [Ham 1981] [Harris 1978] [Hayostek and Amitay 2018] [Henderson 1978] [Hermanutz and Hornung 2020] [Hicks and Henne 1977] [Holzhauser and Bray 1956] [Hosangadi et al 2015] [Howe 2000] [Howe 2000] [Hwang and Pi 1978] [Hwang and Pi 1979] [Introduction to Aircraft Aerodynamic 2021] [Ismeal et al 2024] [Jamwal et al 2018] [Kamal and Ramirez-Serrano 2020] [Keye and Rohlmann 2014] [Klausmeyer 2004] [Krengel 2024] [Kulfan and Vachal 1978] [Kuo and Hsu 1997] [Kwiek et al 2026] [Larco et al 2018] [Lee and Batina 1991] [Lee and Kim 2024] [Leoviriyakit and Jameson 2004] [Leoviriyakit and Jameson 2004] [Leoviriyakit and Jameson 2005] [Leoviriyakit et al 2003] [Li and Qin 2020] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2014] [Lindblad and de Cock 1999] [Lundry 1967] [López et al 2022] [Magrini et al 2023] [Marchman et al 1983] [Martinez-Val and Perez 1992] [Mello et al 2004] [Meyn et al 1993] [Millikan 1934] [Miyaji and Arasawa 2001] [Miyaji and Arasawa 2003] [Moeller and Rediniotis 2000] [Moeller and Rediniotis 2002] [Navaratna and Pontillo 2022] [Niedling 1980] [Niewoehner and Filbey 2005] [Nonweiler 1955] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1952] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1953] [Nugroho 2026] [Obayashi et al 1997] [Oggioni et al 2026] [Oktay et al 2018] [Ordaz et al 2014] [Ormsbee and Chen 1972] [Pasandideh Fard and Sahaf 2016] [Patterson and German 2014] [Pfnür and Breitsamter 2019] [Phillips and Alley 2007] [Planform Parameterization 2014] [Pogosyan 2025] [Polhamus 1983] [Prakash et al 2009] [Prediction and Verification of 1985] [Preliminary Aerodynamic and Stability 2017] [Preliminary Aerodynamic Design and 2000] [Rajamurthy 2002] [Ransom 1983] [Ratcliff et al 2016] [Rosin et al 2004] [Ruben 1966] [S. Elangovan et al. 2019] [Selecting the Planform and 2010] [Seraj and Martins 2022] [Sforza 2014] [Sforza 2020] [Shirley et al 2014] [Shumsky 2010] [Smith 1974] [Smith 1975] [Snyder 1990] [Somers 2005] [Soule and Hootman 1937] [Staelens et al 2007] [Stalker 1935] [Stewart 1985] [Stieger 1929] [Sullivan 1979] [Tao et al 2021] [Tewes et al 2010] [The Design of Classical 2012] [Thein 2018] [Thomas and Lan 1991] [Thompson 2012] [Three-Dimensional Wing Synthesis 2014] [Tiniakov and Limtrakul 2026] [Traub 1995] [Traub 1997] [Trobaugh et al 1980] [Valarezo and Chin 1994] [Valarezo et al 1991] [van Dam et al 2001] [van Es 2002] [Velazquez Salazar et al 2021] [Vidal et al 1961] [von Kármán and Millikan 1935] [Waggoner and Allison 1987] [Wakayama and Kroo 1995] [Walker and Berggren 1948] [Wang and Zhan 2005] [Wendorff et al 2016] [Werner-Spatz et al 2009] [Werner-Westphal et al 2008] [West 1945] [Wild 2021] [Wild 2021] [Wing Design 2012] [Wing Design 2025] [Wing Design Considerations 2021] [Wings 2017] [Winkelmann 1989] [Wootton 1967] [Xie et al 2021] [Yahyaoui 2023] [Yaniktepe et al 2016] [Yildirim and Tuncer 2021] [Zhang 2024] [Zhang et al 2020]

Fault detection, health monitoring and fault tolerance

The literature behind the correct refusal. Fault detection and isolation in flight control actuators, sensors and air data systems, fault-tolerant and reconfigurable control, engine and structural health monitoring, and prognostics. An aeroplane that waves itself off a deck must first know that something has failed, and the third approach of 10 July 2013 began with exactly that, one of three navigation subsystems disagreeing with the other two.

144 records. [Actuator Fault Detection and 2021] [Adam and Kraemer 2022] [Agresta et al 2026] [Aircraft Electrical Monitoring and 2004] [Aircraft Engine Controls Design 2012] [Aircraft Flight Control Actuation] [Allel et al 2023] [Anand] [Aojia et al 2017] [Applicable Aircraft Integrated Vehicle] [Ban Wang and Youmin Zhang 2020] [Belcastro and Weinstein 2002] [Berdjag et al 2010] [Boller and Staszewski 2003] [Bond et al 2014] [Boskovic and Jackson 2016] [Bošković and Mehra] [Buderath et al 2014] [Büchter et al 2021] [Büchter, and Koops 2022] [Cemal Kushan and Fehmi Diltemiz 2025] [Chaojiang Hu 2012] [Chen and Cheng 2023] [Chen et al 2018] [Chiang and Youssef 1995] [Chinag and Youssef 1994] [Chiu 2010] [Choi et al 2015] [Choi et al 2017] [Clark 2005] [Cristofaro et al 2020] [Cui et al 2019] [Dani] [Dasgupta et al 2004] [Dengjiang Wang et al 2015] [Devytkovsky and Trefilov 2023] [Diget et al 2022] [Dimitrios G. Dimogianopoulos 2006] [Drozeski et al 2005] [Ducard 2013] [Ducard 2015] [Ducard and Geering 2008] [Elia and Theocharides 2024] [Ewald et al 2017] [Fault detection and isolation 1993] [Fekri et al 2010] [Feng et al 2025] [Fiak et al 2025] [Furst 1966] [Giurgiutiu et al 2002] [Glavaski et al 2002] [Grehan et al 2023] [Gu and Zhang 2018] [Guidelines for Implementation of] [Guo et al 2018] [Guzmán-Rabasa et al 2019] [Hafez and Kamel 2016] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Han et al 2024] [Henry et al 2010] [Herdjunanto 2016] [Hu et al 2025] [Ignatyev et al 2019] [Ignatyev et al 2020] [Ihn and Chang 2008] [Ismail et al 2016] [Jayakumar and Das 2006] [Jihui 2019] [Khan and Khorasani 2010] [Kilic and Unal 2019] [Kosut et al 1983] [Kozlov and Yurchenko 2017] [Kumar 2026] [Larsen] [Lechevin et al 2008] [Lee and Choi 2019] [Lee et al 2016] [Lindgren 2025] [Liu et al 2016] [Lu et al 2011] [Ma and Hu 2023] [Ma et al 2022] [Ma et al 2023] [Mamizu et al 2017] [Maqsood et al 2021] [Mazzoleni et al 2021] [McLaughlin and Perhinschi 2023] [Meskin and Khorasani 2009] [Meskin and Khorasani 2011] [Meskin et al 2009] [Meskin et al 2010] [Miller and Larsen] [Mora-Camino et al 2011] [Opportunities and challenges of 2015] [Ossmann 2013] [Ossmann and van der Linden 2015] [Palocz-Andresen 2012] [Pan et al 2019] [Pei et al 2025] [Perspectives on Integrating Structural] [Puchalski et al 2022] [Qing et al 2015] [Qiu and Li 2024] [Reliability of Aircraft as 1969] [Schutte 1989] [Schutte and Abbott 1986] [Shuo Chang et al 2018] [Sirat 2008] [Smaili et al 2013] [Sofrony et al 2013] [Song 2008] [Souanef 2024] [Starr 2018] [Status Monitoring and Fault 2020] [Steinweg and Hornung 2020] [Stenfelt et al 2024] [Su et al 2019] [Sun and Gebre-Egziabher 2021] [Tousi and Khorasani 2014] [Valenti et al 2006] [Van Eykeren and Chu 2014] [Varga 2010] [Venkataraman et al 2019] [Wang 2023] [Wang and Chen 2022] [Wang and Ma 2009] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2021] [Wells 1977] [Wild et al 2021] [Witczak et al 2016] [Wong et al 2005] [Xiaoyun Wang and Tingdi Zhao 2010] [Yang et al 2019] [Ye et al 2025] [Yu and Jiang 2025] [Yu and Jiang 2026] [Zagdanski 2020] [Zhang 2023] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zogopoulos-Papaliakos et al 2020]

Multi-vehicle coordination and cooperative control

The other half of the fan-out problem, approached from the machine’s side. Cooperative control, task allocation, formation flight, swarms and cooperative target tracking. Autonomy raises the fan-out by raising neglect time, and this cluster holds the algorithms that do so.

139 records. [Abas et al 2013] [Alexopoulos et al 2017] [Ali Dehghani and Bagher Menhaj 2016] [An and Kim 2025] [Antony et al 2024] [Anum et al 2022] [Azizi and Khorasani 2011] [Azizi and Khorasani 2012] [Baek and York 2020] [Bayraktar et al 2004] [Belta 2012] [Belta 2012] [Birkenhead 2024] [Borrelli et al 2006] [Brown and Sun 2017] [Cai et al 2018] [Calnoor Rajashekar et al 2020] [Cetin and Yilmaz 2014] [Chamseddine et al 2012] [Chao et al 2017] [Chen et al 2024] [Coleman and Hamilton 2026] [Control of cooperative unmanned] [Cui et al 2022] [D’Andrea 2008] [Dai and Cochran 2009] [Dehghani and Menhaj 2016] [Doan] [Duan 2013] [El-Ferik 2020] [Fahimi 2005] [Farmani et al 2015] [Fidan and Mostafa 2024] [Fierro et al] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Fu et al 2019] [Galloway and Dey 2015] [Glazunov 2017] [Gong et al 2022] [Guerrero 2012] [Guijarro Reyes et al 2018] [Gürsoy] [Han et al 2019] [Han et al 2019] [Hemati et al 2012] [Hino and Tsuchiya 2013] [Huang et al 2018] [Jain et al 2017] [Jianan Wang and Ming Xin 2013] [Kim and Bang 2016] [Kim et al 2015] [Kniffin et al 2016] [Krizek et al 2022] [Larrabee] [Leonard et al 2013] [Li et al 2017] [Liang et al 2014] [Lin 2002] [Lindsay and Sun 2020] [Liu and Bucknall 2018] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2022] [Lukacovic] [Lv et al 2026] [Matsuno and Andreeva-Mori 2023] [McIngvale and Dudley 1990] [Meyer and Schulte 2020] [Miller 2006] [Mingfeng Zhang and Liu 2012] [Mingfeng Zhang and Liu 2013] [Mohamed et al 2013] [Nangia and Palmer 2007] [Nguyen 2019] [Nigam and Kroo 2008] [Oh et al 2017] [Okolo et al 2011] [Orozco et al 2026] [Osteroos et al 2004] [Pack and York 2008] [Pack et al] [Pack et al] [Peristy et al 2019] [Ragi and Chong 2013] [Ransquin et al 2021] [Rasmussen et al 2006] [Saif et al 2014] [Sakamaki et al 2017] [Saska 2015] [Sauter et al 2005] [Sease et al 2023] [Sequeira and Aguiar 2017] [Sherstjuk 2015] [Shima et al 2014] [Sperling et al 2008] [Spry et al] [Tancredi et al 2013] [Teague et al 2008] [Tekinalp and Ariyibi 2015] [The Control of Multiple 2026] [Tierney and Rodenbeck 2019] [Wang and McDonald 2019] [Wang and Wang 2017] [Wang and Xin 2012] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2020] [Waslander 2013] [Wen et al 2023] [Wu and Lin 2026] [Xiao 2008] [Xiao et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xu and Carrillo 2015] [Xu and Shi 2013] [Xu et al 2013] [Xue et al 2024] [Yang et al 2024] [Yao et al 2018] [Yin et al 2023] [Yoo et al 2021] [Yoon and Kim 2010] [York and Pack 2011] [Yu and Jiang 2025] [Yu et al 2018] [Zhang and Mehrjerdi 2013] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zheng et al 2014] [Zhiqiang and Wu 2017] [Zhou et al 2014] [Zhou et al 2020] [Zhu et al 2025]

Unmanned aircraft systems, their classes and their military use

The vehicle class at large. Overviews and histories of unmanned aircraft, their classes, elements and configurations, and their military roles, doctrine and programmes. The X-47B belongs to a class with a history far longer than its own programme, and these records are where that history and the class’s military employment are written.

131 records. [Aerospace series. Unmanned Aircraft] [Ahern et al 1993] [Angell 2009] [Aviation History and UAS] [Bahrami and Jafarnejadsani 2022] [Banks 2000] [Bartsch 2018] [Basic Principles for the 2012] [Baxter 2013] [Booz-Allen And Hamilton Inc McLean Va 2000] [Brungardt 2011] [Buchanan 2010] [Budd 2002] [Burke 2015] [Bushey] [Cameron et al 2022] [Carr et al 2003] [Categorization and classification of] [Cookerly 1988] [Cote 2015] [Coyle and Herr 2026] [Dalamagkidis 2014] [Dalamagkidis et al 2012] [DeJarnette-Crumsey et al 2022] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1994] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 2009] [Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 2005] [Digman 2009] [Dodge 2015] [Edwards and Lennie O. 1990] [El-Sayed and ElHelw 2012] [Erdman and Mitchum 2013] [Fant 2001] [Farrell 2011] [Foch 1992] [Foch and Toot 1989] [Frey 2011] [Frontera Sánchez] [General requirements for the] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Hammack and Mullen 1995] [Haritos and Barnhart 2021] [Hatch et al 2007] [Heyns and Borden 2017] [Hobbs 2010] [Hobe et al 2026] [Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018] [Holland et al 2009] [Howard 1995] [Howard 1996] [Hůlek 2015] [Scott and Huttunen 2023] [Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft 2010] [Ironhill et al 2013] [Jenkins et al 2005] [John 2014] [Johnson and O’Neill 2003] [Kharchenko et al 2015] [Krings et al 2013] [Kumar 1997] [Lachaona Jr 2023] [Larm 2004] [Longino 1994] [Mei 2025] [Moser 2011] [Muniraj and Farhood 2017] [Neal 2010] [Neto et al 2024] [Neuenswander 2013] [New Achievements in Unmanned 2023] [Newcome 2004] [Nugent and Girard 2003] [Milenin 2019] [Okcu 2016] [Oncu and Yildiz 2014] [Overholt 2007] [Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 2012] [Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 2014] [Ozartan et al 2013] [Parasuraman and Miller 2006] [Pauls 2012] [Payton 2011] [Perry 2000] [Perry 2011] [Peterson and Staley 2011] [Petnga and Xu 2016] [Petrock and Huizenga 2006] [Pyzynski 2020] [Reorganization for the Era 2008] [Răducanu and Cîrciu 2017] [Sager 2009] [Sastry 2001] [Scarpa 2001] [Scott and Trimarchi 2024] [Semke 2016] [Semke 2021] [Sevcik and Oh] [Snyder 2000] [Sosa 1997] [Special Topics in Unmanned 2014] [Standard Terminology for Unmanned] [Stewart et al 2012] [Summey et al 2001] [Takita and Kashitani 2016] [Takita and Kashitani 2017] [Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft] [The Future of Unmanned 2016] [Thome 2003] [Thompson and Robertson 1990] [Tran] [Tran et al 2020] [Tweddale et al 2011] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2013] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2016] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2020] [Unmanned Air Vehicles 2017] [Unmanned Aircraft Categories 2012] [Unmanned Aircraft Categories 2014] [Unmanned Aircraft System Elements 2016] [Unmanned Aircraft System Operations 2016] [Unmanned aircraft systems] [Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2009] [Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles 2013] [Vachtsevanos and Valavanis 2014] [Valavanis and Kontitsis] [Valavanis and Vachtsevanos 2014] [Vashishth et al 2024] [Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 2013] [Wise 2004] [Yuma Proving Ground Az 2013] [Yuma Test Center Yuma Proving Ground Az 2008]

Ship motion, the flight deck and shipboard operations

The deck as a moving and crowded place. Prediction of carrier deck motion, the heave and pitch of ships and other craft, carrier airwake, flight deck operations and their scheduling, and carrier landing as a piloting task. The deck moves in six degrees of freedom, and this cluster is where the sea that moves it and the operations that crowd it are studied.

124 records. [A Prediction Method for 2017] [Baker et al 2000] [Bardera-Mora et al 2018] [Bardera-Mora et al 2019] [Beukelman 1970] [Capuozzo et al 2025] [Chen 2025] [Chesser et al 1999] [Chessman 2022] [Cook 1964] [Cortesi et al 2012] [Coutard and Chaumette 2011] [Cui et al 2020] [Cui et al 2026] [Dai et al 2019] [Dostal et al 2013] [Falzarano et al 2002] [Falzarano et al 2004] [Ferrier and Duncan 2012] [Ferrier et al 2024] [Ferrier et al 2025] [Frost 1968] [Ghadimi et al 2016] [Guo et al 2025] [Guo et al 2026] [Guo et al 2026] [Guoqing et al 2016] [Hadd 1995] [Haitao and Yan 2021] [Han 2022] [Han et al 2026] [Helliwell 1952] [Hicks et al 2002] [Hoy 1963] [Hui 2016] [Hui and Ruihang 2009] [Jiang et al 2015] [Jiang et al 2017] [Johnston and Swenson 2009] [Johnston and Swenson 2010] [Jolliff 1976] [Kamman and Hall 1978] [Kaplan 1965] [Kaplan 1969] [Kaplan and sargent 1965] [Kistyarev and Wang 2025] [Korzatkowski et al 2015] [Kovtun and Tkachenko 2018] [Kovtun and Tkachenko 2019] [Krawczyk et al 2019] [La Porte et al 1988] [Latorre and Vasconsellos 2001] [Lee and Incecik 2007] [Lehman and Kaplan 1965] [Li and Zhang 2025] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2020] [Li et al 2024] [Li et al 2026] [Liang et al 2020] [Liu and Wang 2025] [Liu et al 2020] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2025] [Lu and Xu 2024] [Lu et al 2024] [Luan and Sun 2020] [Luo and Ren 2016] [Mann 1963] [Nan et al 2024] [Nguyen et al 2024] [Norris 1998] [On the Coupled Heave 1991] [Pan et al 2026] [Pavlov 2016] [Payne 1974] [Plotkin 1977] [Qi and Wang 2016] [Qiao et al 2008] [Research on the Calculation 2022] [Ritter] [Rosenthal and Walsh 1996] [Ryan and Cummings 2016] [Sergio Daruis et al 2022] [Shen et al 2026] [Shipman et al 2008] [Si et al 2024] [Sidar and Doolin 1975] [Stewart 1980] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2019] [Sun et al 2015] [Tang et al 2024] [Tavakoli et al 2018] [Thakur and Kumar 2021] [Thompson 1965] [UAV control with active 2023] [Vugts 1967] [Wadley et al 2003] [Wang et al 2011] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2020] [Watson et al 2020] [Watson et al 2025] [Wei 2013] [Wilson 1992] [Xia et al 2016] [Xie and Xu 2024] [Xu et al 2025] [Yang 2013] [Yang et al 2025] [Yongtao et al 2021] [Yu et al 2017] [Yuan et al 2014] [Zhang and Wang 2023] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zheng et al 2022] [Zhou et al 2019] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhu et al 2020] [Zhu et al 2023]

Airframe structure, composites and affordability

The structure this article argues about is the one the deck loads. Composite and metallic airframe structure, structural sizing, fatigue and damage tolerance, folding wing mechanisms and producibility. The X-47B’s hook, keel and gear are sized by the arrestment rather than by flight loads, and its folding wing is a structural penalty accepted so that the aeroplane fits the spots and lifts of a carrier.

117 records. [Abelkis 1967] [Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations 2010] [Allyn and Takahashi 2016] [Analysis and Design of 2020] [Ardema 1996] [Ariotti et al 1993] [Arrieta and Striz 2000] [Austin Jr 1965] [Bakshi and Dattaguru 2021] [Balabanov and Haftka 1996] [Baldomir et al 2018] [Barton 1954] [Benaouali and Kachel 2017] [Blair and Takahashi 2022] [Brausch and Butkus 2007] [Brigham et al 1973] [Brooks and Smith 2020] [Horvath and Wrenn] [Buderath 2008] [Burrows and Allaire 2019] [Choi et al 2007] [Cruise 1995] [Curran et al 2009] [Das and Jones 2008] [Davis 1973] [Dehua and Changyou 1993] [Design of Locking Mechanism 2024] [Donaldson 1967] [Dotseth et al 1977] [Ekvall et al 1972] [Figge 1973] [Figge and Bernhardt 1975] [Gaddy et al 2006] [Gao et al 2021] [Gerhards et al 2000] [Ghadge and Prakash 2021] [Giles 1986] [Grover 1966] [Gurdal 2002] [Gurdal et al 1999] [Harter and Litvinov 2001] [Hewitt et al 2005] [Horton and Mayers 1965] [Horvath 2019] [Ikonen and Sobester 2016] [Jin et al 2011] [Jones 2013] [Kapidžić et al 2014] [Katrňák and Juračka 2017] [Kessler et al 2000] [Kim et al 2024] [Kozel 1985] [Krishnan et al 1995] [Lawrence and Mosnier 2009] [Li 2025] [Li et al 2022] [Li et al 2024] [Lindsey 1977] [Liu and Wang 2025] [Logan 1985] [Manning et al 1984] [Martin 1964] [McCarty 1973] [McCombs et al 1968] [McCulloch 1960] [Mert and Kayran 2016] [Miravete 1996] [Miravete 1996] [Miskin and Takahashi 2018] [Moon 1996] [Morse 1952] [Multi-wing Transient Differential Deployment 2024] [Negaard 1980] [Neunaber 2008] [Newell and Harrington 1939] [Ni and Zhang 2026] [Norwood 1992] [Oakley et al 1997] [Ogburn 1998] [Pham et al 2024] [Poovalingam et al 2025] [Pugazhenthi et al 2018] [Ragon et al 2003] [Ranson 1993] [Rao and Kiran 2010] [Raper 1991] [Rayhan and Pu 2021] [Ridgard 2008] [Rogers] [Rondeau et al 1996] [Rothwell 2001] [Sarangkum et al 2019] [Schmidt 2003] [Shiao 2008] [Singh et al 2016] [Stamm and Woods 2025] [Sui 2022] [Sun et al 2025] [Switzky 1962] [Taig and Kerr 1973] [Tuegel et al 2013] [Vale and Albuquerque 2025] [Wasmi and Rahim 2016] [Weckner et al 2021] [Wei et al 2026] [Wellen and Bartholomew 1987] [Wilhem 1970] [Yan et al 2025] [Yang 1979] [Yang 1980] [Yang 2022] [Yang and Trapp 1974] [Zadniprovsky and Konotop 2025] [Zhang and Qin 2026] [Zhao and Kapania 2019] [Zink et al 2003] [Zink et al 2004]

Propulsion, inlet integration and installed performance

The engine and what the airframe does to it. Turbofan cycle and installed performance, inlet and nozzle integration, thrust augmentation, specific fuel consumption and engine and airframe matching. The article uses this literature for one purpose, being to set the published thrust of 71.2 kilonewtons against the gross mass and compare the resulting thrust to weight ratio of 0.382 with the band the previous article assumed.

110 records. [Agrawal 1984] [Ahuja and Mavris 2022] [Aircraft Engine Efficiency and 2018] [Aircraft engine performance] [Andersen and Bagby 1965] [Appendix E Aircraft Engine 2002] [Bagby and Andersen 1966] [Bartel and Young 2008] [Bauer et al 2018] [Berenschot 2001] [Berndt and Kuchar 1977] [Bert 1999] [Bhandari et al 2024] [Bolonkin 2005] [Bridges 2009] [Bruening et al 2000] [Bruening et al 2001] [Byerley et al 2013] [Catchpole 1990] [Cavcar and Cavcar 2003] [Cavcar and Cavcar 2003] [Chakraborty and Mishra 2022] [Chakraborty and Mishra 2023] [Chakraborty and Mishra 2023] [Chakraborty et al 2022] [Compton and Burgess 2021] [Cullom and Johnsen 1977] [Cullom and Johnson 1977] [Cunis et al 2018] [Dannier et al 2019] [de Vries et al 2019] [de Vries et al 2019] [Design and Development of 1989] [Dik et al 2017] [Engine/Airframe Performance Matching 1989] [Eschweiler et al 1977] [Gas-turbine diagnostics using artificial 2005] [Gravelle 1975] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Guo et al 2024] [Gurevich and Arav 2020] [Harris 1984] [Harrison et al 2026] [Havey and Kline 1989] [Hemsworth and Neitzel 1965] [Hines and Gaffin 1976] [Hybrid-electric aircraft propulsion mission] [Ibrahim 2002] [Iwanizki et al 2019] [Jagtap 2025] [Jet Thrust Measurement In 2003] [Khailany et al 2025] [Khalid 2016] [Khalid 2017] [Kingcombe and Dunning 1980] [Krase 1967] [Kunwar et al 2024] [Lambregts 1983] [Li and Geiselhart 2026] [Licheva and Liscouet-Hanke 2023] [Liu et al 2013] [Lourenco et al 1996] [Ma et al 2020] [Malan and Brown 1994] [Matching Engines and Airframe 2013] [Mattingly 1989] [Nelson and Dix 2003] [Numerical Methods and Experimental 2026] [Oelberg and Rodrigues 2018] [Ojha 1992] [Orefice et al 2020] [Panzeri et al 2018] [Patterson et al 1991] [Phillips et al 1968] [Propulsion 2017] [Propulsion 2024] [Propulsion and Engine Technology 2013] [Propulsion and Fuel System 2024] [Propulsion Data 2010] [Propulsion System Thrust Sizing 2010] [Rauh and Anders 1986] [Remiger et al 2024] [Sabzehali and Alibeigi 2023] [Salay and Elliott 1996] [Sallee 1969] [Scholz 2021] [Sebastiampillai et al 2019] [Seitz et al 2008] [Sens 1978] [Silva and Guimarães 2020] [Sizing the Engine Installed 2002] [Sizing the Engine Installed 2018] [Solies 1994] [Sowers and Tabakoff 1983] [Specific fuel consumption] [Steinmetz and Wagner 1986] [Stephan and Fichter 2016] [Svoboda 2000] [Taflan et al 2026] [Telectro-Mek Inc Fort Wayne In 1965] [Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing 2024] [Turbine Engine Inlet Design 2010] [Van Dommelen 1995] [Velásquez-SanMartín et al 2021] [Vos 2019] [Wang et al 2007] [Wang et al 2025] [Weisshaar and Allen 1991] [York et al 2018] [Çoban and Oktay 2018]

Human supervisory control and the span of control

This cluster holds the fan-out relation set out in the article on the X-45. Supervisory control of multiple unmanned vehicles, operator workload and situation awareness, ground control stations, levels of automation and trust in automation. Its vocabulary is that of human factors rather than of aircraft, so the survey admits records written in that vocabulary as well as in the aeronautical one.

99 records. [Alexander et al 2000] [Aviation Automation 2018] [Billings and Durlach 2010] [Bostock et al 2024] [Brooks 1989] [Buerger et al 2012] [Calhoun et al 2017] [Chen et al 2026] [Clare et al 2010] [Clare et al 2012] [Clare et al 2012] [Clauss and Schulte 2014] [Connelly 1995] [Courtois and Aouf 2017] [Cuevas and Aguiar 2017] [Cummings 2014] [Cummings and Guerlain 2007] [Cummings and Mitchell 2007] [Cummings et al 2013] [Dixon et al 2005] [Doane 2003] [Donmez and Cummings 2010] [Donmez et al 2008] [Donmez et al 2009] [Draper 2008] [Durbin and Hicks 2009] [Fincannon et al 2009] [Friedrich and Vollrath 2022] [Fuchs et al 2013] [Gacy 2011] [Ghofur et al 2020] [Ground Control Station 2020] [Haber and Chung 2016] [Hart and Williams 2008] [Hicks and Durbin 2014] [Hinsz 2006] [Hobbs et al 2016] [Human Factors in Unmanned 2016] [Hunt et al 2026] [Initial evaluation of video 2012] [Jensen 2016] [Jensen 2021] [Kaliardos and Lyall 2014] [Kidwell et al 2012] [Kilgore et al 2009] [Knutzon] [Kurkcu et al 2011] [Lin et al 2015] [Liu et al 2017] [Luo Jun et al] [Lysaght et al 1989] [Maere et al 2010] [Malpica Hincapie and Bejarano Cifuentes 2026] [Manning et al 2004] [McKendrick et al 2013] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [Measurement of Operator Workload 1988] [Mekdeci and Cummings 2009] [Mercado-Ravell] [Miller 2013] [Neff 2019] [Nelson and Bolia 2006] [Nelson et al 2006] [Oliver 2012] [Operator Interface 2026] [Parasuraman et al 2013] [Poma et al 2024] [Pomranky 2006] [Rasmussen 1979] [Rencken and Durrant-Whyte] [Roltgen and Gilbert 2010] [Ruff et al 2002] [Sadraey 2017] [Schneider et al 2011] [Scukins et al 2023] [Sen et al 2025] [Shigekuni et al 2015] [Shively and Barnes 2008] [Shmelova et al 2017] [Squire et al 2006] [Stephenson et al 2026] [Terwilliger and Ison 2014] [Theunissen et al 2005] [Tvaryanas 2006] [Tvaryanas et al 2012] [Varga et al 2015] [Walters et al 2002] [Wang et al 2025] [Wewrinke 1974] [Widiyanti et al 2022] [Wolf 1978] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Zak et al 2018] [Zeng 2011] [Zheng et al 2019]

Unmanned combat aircraft and the strike mission

The vehicle class as a combat aircraft. Unmanned combat aircraft design, their aerodynamics and control, air combat decision making, path planning for strike and the operational arguments for them. The X-45A appears here by name and the X-47B does not, and the generic unmanned combat configurations studied in the wind tunnel are of the same tailless family.

93 records. [Ananyev 2019] [Aircraft Payload Limits for 1970] [Aleisa et al 2023] [Aleisa et al 2023] [Aslan and Oktay 2023] [Bookstaber 2000] [Booz 1998] [Brown 1989] [Brown 1998] [Chang et al 2022] [Choi et al 2010] [Cox 2009] [Crutchfield 2003] [Cummings and Schütte 2012] [Cummings et al 2003] [Cummings et al 2008] [Cummings et al 2018] [Davidson 2004] [Dickes et al 2002] [Dong et al 2017] [Dong Kangsheng et al 2016] [Elkhoury 2008] [Elkhoury and Rockwell 2004] [Elkhoury et al 2005] [Ernest and Carroll 2016] [Ernest and Cohen 2016] [Faisal and James 2025] [Flow Control and High-Lift 2016] [Fu Li et al 2008] [Gern et al 2001] [Gordnier et al] [Gordnier et al 2006] [Gordnier et al 2007] [Grzesik and Sobolewski 2014] [İşci and Günel 2021] [Khalid 2023] [Khreish et al 2005] [Klein 2002] [Kumar 2020] [Kumar et al 2026] [Lee and Tahk 2019] [Lewis 2002] [Li and Fan 2018] [Li et al 2024] [Liersch and Bishop 2018] [Lima Filho et al 2021] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2025] [Matsushima 2001] [Minglang et al 2018] [Mishra et al 2022] [Nguyen et al 2009] [Nguyen et al 2013] [Nichols 1998] [Ordaz et al 2004] [Pedro et al 2013] [Pradeep 2002] [Prakash 2020] [Qinkun Xiao et al 2006] [Ramamoorthy and Sinha 1980] [Ramin et al 2022] [Reichenbach 2003] [Renehan 1997] [Ruetten 2018] [Sudhakar et al 2025] [Sathe and Pant 2010] [Schneider 1989] [Sepulveda Palacios and Smith 2019] [Tekinalp and Cavus 2012] [Tianyuan and Xiongqing 2009] [Tomac et al 2012] [Twesme and Corzine 2003] [Vallespin et al 2011] [van Rooij and Cummings 2018] [van Rooij et al 2018] [van Rooij et al 2019] [Venetsky et al 2003] [Vicroy et al 2012] [Vicroy et al 2014] [Voss et al 2011] [Wang et al 2009] [Wang et al 2020] [Wills 2015] [Wills 2015] [Wilt et al 2022] [Wise 2003] [Woo et al 2022] [Wyatt 2003] [Yang 2024] [Yin et al 2020] [You 2026] [Zhou et al 2015] [Zhou et al 2022]

Programme, acquisition and the cost of a demonstrator

How a demonstrator ends without becoming a procurement. Aerospace programme management, acquisition, cost estimation, technology demonstrators and flight test programmes. The joint programme was cancelled early in 2006, and the X-47B that followed was a demonstration whose primary test programme was complete by May 2015 with neither airframe entering service.

84 records. [Aerospace series - Programme] [Aerospace series - Programme] [Aerospace series - Programme] [Aerospace series. Programme Management] [Aerospace series. Programme Management] [Aerospace series. Programme management] [Aerospace series. Programme Management] [Aerospace series. Programme management] [Aerospace series�� Programme management��] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1954] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1955] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1955] [Aircraft Cost Considerations 2010] [Apgar 1993] [Bajurko 2019] [Barufaldi and Annes Da Silva 2020] [Barufaldi et al 2022] [Bell 1993] [Bogdan 2015] [Carico 1995] [Carlyle 1976] [Cordeaux 1991] [Cost Analysis Improvement Group Washington Dc 1980] [Crafton 1965] [Daidzic 2016] [Dawson 2015] [Dietrich 2020] [Draper et al 1983] [Ellis 1976] [Energy Approach To Performance 2003] [Farley 1971] [Flight Test Programme 1970] [Gilge 2010] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Ha et al 2017] [Harvey and Ryan 2012] [Hintzke and Haggard 1991] [Holubik 1988] [Integrated wing research programme 2006] [Jenista and Bodden 1989] [Kaminski 1997] [Kaminski and Ralston 1996] [Kandarpa et al 1992] [Kenyon 1974] [Kindley 2015] [Kneppe and Baier 1990] [Konar et al 2024] [Kraft 2018] [Krüger et al 2022] [Lappas and Bozoudis 2018] [Larsson 2025] [Lemmon 2013] [Lemmon 2015] [Li et al 2007] [Lin et al 2025] [Marchese 1963] [Marx et al 1995] [Mathy Franz-Josef 2012] [McGahern 2000] [Montes et al 2022] [Morley 2013] [Naval Air Systems Command Patuxent River Md 2013] [Nickol 2011] [Olejnik et al 2019] [Peck and Hudson 1956] [Pittsburgh Univ Washington Dc Research Staff 1966] [Roush and Mavris 2026] [Shane 1992] [Sodja et al 2021] [Spreen 2019] [Spreen 2019] [Spreen 2023] [Standard Practice for Development] [Strock 1983] [Suzuki et al 2013] [Sylvester 1980] [Sylvester 2013] [Tsujikawa and Nagaoka 1990] [van den Broek et al 2025] [Wallace 1978] [Wang 2026] [Yechout 1988] [Zhongfei and Lijun 2025]

Aeroelasticity, flutter and structural loads

The loads an airframe is designed to carry. Structural load criteria, gust and manoeuvre loads and their alleviation, buffet loads, loads monitoring and estimation in flight, structural design for strength and flutter, and the aeroelasticity of folding, low aspect ratio and delta wings. The article computes rigid-body arrestment loads only, and this literature is where the airframe’s flexible response to them would be found.

63 records. [A Static and Dynamic 1993] [Aeroelasticity and Loads Models 2014] [Aircraft Internal Loads 2014] [Aircraft Load 2010] [Appa and Argyris 1994] [Ashburn et al 1970] [Austin and William H. 1967] [Barnard 1969] [Brown et al 1980] [Burken et al 2011] [Cerulli et al 2004] [Chen et al 2018] [Cole 1990] [Cole 1992] [Cooper and Stroud 1972] [Cooper et al 2016] [de Jonge 1993] [De Oro Fernandez et al 2020] [Divenah and Beaufils 2005] [Doggett and Soistmann 1992] [Doggett and Soistmann 1989] [Flansburg 2011] [Flansburg 2015] [Flansburg 2016] [Fonte and Mantegazza 2017] [Fournier et al 2022] [Fuller 1995] [Félix et al 2019] [Hwang and Pi 1982] [Jarrah and Ashley 1989] [Jones 2009] [Karpel 1982] [Katz 1979] [Lappe 1966] [Lauridia and White 1981] [Lizotte and Lokos 2005] [Lizotte and Lokos 2005] [Luderer and Thielecke 2025] [Marschalk et al 2021] [Masud and Khan 2015] [Meadows et al 2008] [Minshall et al 2017] [Mukhopadhyay 1995] [Ntourmas et al 2020] [Ouellette et al 2009] [Pettit and Grandhi 2003] [Rao 2018] [Raveh and Karpel 1999] [Rodzewicz and Glowacki 2014] [Schulz et al 2020] [Snyder et al 2009] [Span Load Program 1998] [Statistical estimation of aircraft 2005] [Study on aircraft structure 2015] [Suresh et al 2010] [Suzuki and Yonezawa 1993] [Tang and Dowell 2008] [Ullah et al 2021] [Vecchio et al 2003] [Wilkinson et al 1974] [Wilkinson et al 1976] [Woodward 1956] [Xu and Kroo 2014]

The atmosphere and the flight condition

The article displays a relation that uses this cluster. The standard atmosphere, atmospheric property tables, the speed of sound, and the height and temperature of the tropopause. The fuel table at Mach 0.75 and 40,000 feet needs the standard atmosphere to become a true airspeed, and the temperature there is the constant stratospheric value because forty thousand feet is above the tropopause.

60 records. [A Properties of Standard 2006] [Air Force Test Pilot School Edwards Afb Ca 1962] [Andrews 2019] [Appendix A. The Standard 2011] [Appendix B International Standard 2013] [Atmosphere Model 1993] [Atmospheric Modeling 2014] [Atmospheric Modeling 2022] [Atmospheric Structure with Altitude] [Atmospheric Table 1998] [Azzazy et al 1992] [Bass et al 2007] [Bègue et al 2010] [Cizrelioğullari et al 2023] [Dean 1979] [Definition of the standard 1954] [Diehl 1926] [Fels 1986] [Goody 1949] [Gregg 1923] [Guide Guide to Reference 2010] [Guido et al 2021] [Justh] [Imanov 2025] [Jun Li and Wei Li 2010] [Kalnajs et al 2023] [Kirtskhalia 2012] [Kumar 2025] [Kurzke and Halliwell 2018] [König et al 2019] [König et al 2019] [Lewis 2009] [Li et al 2017] [Luo 2025] [Minzner 1967] [Minzner et al 1976] [New Stratosphere Aircraft 1945] [Noersomadi et al 2018] [Ouseph and Link 1984] [Peters 1977] [Pilch Kedzierski et al 2016] [Rao and Ganesan 1953] [Report No. 538, altitude-pressure 1935] [Standard Atmosphere - Tables 1955] [Standard Atmosphere 2024] [Turns and Kraige] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements 1966] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976] [US Standard Atmosphere Model 2014] [Vaidya and Peter-Contesse 1985] [Vaughan 2003] [Vaughan 2015] [Vespe and Andrisani 2022] [Brombacher 1926] [Brombacher 1935] [Watkins 2011] [Worland and Wilson 1999] [Yager 2013] [Zuppardo 1993]

Landing gear, tyres, brakes and landing loads

The parts that meet the deck. Landing gear design and dynamics, shock absorption, tyre mechanics, wheel brakes, touchdown detection and landing loads. A carrier undercarriage is sized for the descent rates tabulated above, and only four of these 58 titles name a carrier-based aircraft, the rest being about aircraft that land on runways.

58 records. [Aircraft Tire-to-Wheel Performance Characteristics] [Al-Bess] [Alroqi et al 2017] [Anamet Labs Inc San Carlos Ca 1979] [Anderson 1973] [Apparatus for rotating an 1998] [Bakunowicz and Rzucidło 2020] [Bolton and Rogers 1968] [Bronstein et al 2015] [Case 1965] [Castrichini et al 2017] [Castrichini et al 2018] [Chen et al 2011] [Chester 2002] [Chuban 2020] [Deak and Johnston 1973] [Design and Implementation of 2014] [Dickinson and Goggin 2000] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1962] [Fazeli and Narayan 2017] [Gamon 1979] [Gerardi 1977] [Gong et al 2015] [Hou et al 2025] [Jiao et al 2017] [Johnson 1934] [Jones] [Jozwik et al 2023] [Kaliszuk et al 2025] [Kirk 1971] [Li and Wang 2023] [Liu et al 2026] [Majumder and Rao 2009] [McGehee 1984] [Mendoza Lopetegui et al 2023] [Norwood and Chichester 2015] [null] [null] [Optimized Fuzzy Logic for 2016] [Palmisano and Gillam 2005] [Recommended Practice for Measurement] [RlDHA 1969] [Ro 2003] [Sprinc and Kropáč 1983] [Structural dynamics centre for 1999] [Suresh et al 2019] [Venkatesan 1977] [Wang et al 2025] [Wei and Nie 2005] [Wheel and Brake Design] [Wheel and Brake Design] [Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated] [Wu et al 2017] [Xie et al 2021] [Xue et al 2012] [Zhang and Zhu 2025] [Zhou et al 2018] [Özkaya and Sakarya 2024]

Verification, validation and the certification of autonomous software

The reason an autonomous combat aircraft is hard to field rather than hard to fly. Verification and validation, airworthiness and certification of unmanned aircraft, safety management and fault-tolerant flight computers. A demonstrator may fly on a waiver and a fielded aeroplane may not, and the X-47B stayed on the demonstrator side of that gap, since neither airframe entered service.

41 records. [Abouzahr and Jacob 2023] [Chen 2007] [Clothier and Walker 2014] [Conducting Unmanned Aircraft Flight 2015] [Cook 2024] [Cour-Harbo 2018] [Cronk 2007] [Cygańczuk and Roguski 2023] [Forman and Moses 1979] [Gao et al 2021] [Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018] [Joslin 2015] [Klyde et al 2020] [Methodology to Aircraft Design 2010] [Miao et al 2025] [Murray et al 2022] [Neufeld and Chung 2008] [Oztekin et al 2011] [Panchal et al 2024] [Pham] [Practice for Application of] [Practice for Production Approval] [Practices for Unmanned Aircraft] [Rajeswari and Suresh 2012] [Schmollgruber] [Schoenbein 2009] [Shriwastav and Song 2020] [Specification for Aircraft Flight] [Specification for Design, Construction] [Specification for Unmanned Aircraft] [Standard Specification for Design] [Standard Specification for Design] [Stastny and Stoica 2021] [Taylor et al 2021] [Truxal and Scott 2024] [Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulation] [Validation and Verification Process] [Walker 2024] [Westat Inc Rockville Md 2001] [Xiao and Li 2024] [Xie et al 2023]

Internal weapons carriage and store separation

A bay is a hole in a low observable aeroplane and opening it is the moment it stops being one. Internal carriage, store separation, cavity flow and acoustics, and store compatibility. The X-47B carries a payload of 2,040 kilograms, and no weapon release appears in the flight test record this article tabulates, so this literature describes what the payload was for rather than anything the programme demonstrated.

39 records. [Air-to-Air/Air-to-Ground Weapons Integration 2010] [Aircraft store separation motion 1980] [Allee 1976] [Anderson 1981] [Anderson and Teope 2017] [Ben-Gida 2022] [Cenko et al 1981] [Chen et al 2002] [Clark 1975] [Gong and Wang 2019] [Gough and Carlson 1979] [Horton 1964] [Horton 1964] [Kiber 1977] [Kunlo 1959] [Lawson and Barakos 2010] [Lee 2010] [Loupy et al 2018] [Manon 1981] [Marti 1970] [Nichols and Westmoreland 2007] [Panickar et al 2013] [Piersol 1977] [Ramachandra et al 1980] [Shaw and Smith 1977] [Shaw et al 1988] [Sinha et al 2001] [Song and Ai 2021] [Stanek 2002] [Stanek 2003] [Stanek 2007] [Tait et al 2009] [Teng and Yu 2023] [Validation Methods for MIL-STD-1760] [Validation Methods for MIL-STD-1760B] [Validation Methods for MIL-STD-1760C] [Washington 1975] [Weapons Carriage and Guidance 2006] [Welterlen 2000]

Datalink, latency and beyond-line-of-sight command

The link is what makes supervision possible and what makes it fragile. Command and control links for unmanned aircraft, communication relay, latency, satellite relay and spectrum. A small cluster for a large subject, and the article draws no number from it.

32 records. [Ahmad and Narmeen 2026] [Avdonin et al 2016] [Bass 2006] [Bennett] [Billings and Durlach 2008] [Bostian and Young 2011] [Bostian and Young 2013] [Brown et al 2014] [Carney 2008] [Cetin and Zagli 2011] [Cruz and Fierro 2015] [Frew and Brown] [Gray 2015] [Grisworld 2008] [Hess 2018] [Horn 1973] [Hunn 2005] [Jain et al 2011] [Khan 2021] [McGough et al 1988] [Mostafa and Schnell 2016] [Reichstein et al 2022] [Schagaev and Kirk 2024] [Schalk 2017] [Schwung and Lunze 2021] [Specification for Design of] [Spura et al 2005] [Vahidi and Saberinia 2016] [Video Communications in Unmanned 2013] [Yuan et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zolanvari et al 2018]

Low observable design and signature

Why the aeroplane has that shape and no fin. Radar cross section, stealth shaping and optimisation, absorbing materials, infrared signature and survivability. The premise is taken from this literature and nothing in it is computed here.

22 records. [Allard 1982] [Altman 2008] [Chen and Liu 2018] [Forrester] [Fry 2008] [Gaitanakis et al 2020] [Kurdyla 1963] [Lu 2026] [Misovec et al] [Nath Dubba 2021] [Orhan 2020] [Papageorgiou et al 2018] [Paterson 1999] [Paterson and Paterson 1997] [Siegel and Crain 1960] [Siegel and Lanterman 1963] [Strattan 1978] [Sutrakar et al 2025] [Welch 1989] [White 2012] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhou et al 2025]

Suppression of enemy air defences and time-critical targeting

A mission the X-47B demonstration did not fly and the one that would set its clock. Suppression of enemy air defences, air defence systems and air vehicle penetration. A mobile emitter that shuts down sets a deadline, and whether the loop closes inside it is the question the mission poses to the autonomy.

10 records. [Army War Coll Carlisle Barracks Pa 1982] [Gaver and Jacobs 1998] [Heilenday 2000] [Horrigan 1990] [Mustopa 2022] [Purvis 2003] [Stegall 2001] [Suminsby 2002] [Sutton 2005] [Sutton 2006]

Where the Framing Breaks Down

Six places.

The precision this article computes is the deck’s requirement and not the aeroplane’s performance. By the geometry, a wire is worth two to three and a half feet of height. It does not show what the X-47B achieved, and the figures in circulation for that cannot be traced to a programme document, so no claim about achieved accuracy is made here.

The arrestment reading is settled by argument and not by the record. A stopping distance aboard a ship must be a deck distance, and the aeroplane’s wing loading makes 145 knots an implausible stalling speed and an ordinary approach speed, so the slower engagement is the better reading. Both rows are still printed because the wind over the deck on the day is not recorded, and because an argument that fixes a reading is weaker evidence than a document that states one.

Scoring the previous article’s predictions is comparing a requirement to one aeroplane. The X-47B is a single design by a single manufacturer that won a competition, and a payload fraction measured from it is one observation. The previous article’s constant came from two aircraft and this adds a third from a different company, which is better evidence and still not a population.

The gross mass figures disagree between sources by six percent. The specialist directory gives 19,000 kilograms [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] and the encyclopaedia entry a maximum takeoff weight of 44,501 pounds, which is 20,185 kilograms [Northrop Grumman X-47B], and the directory warns that its own figures may be inaccurate,

\[\frac{20{,}185}{19{,}000} - 1 = 0.0624\]

Every mass fraction in this article moves by about six percent between those readings, and the conclusions do not turn on which is right because the differences being argued about are larger than that.

Treating the X-47A as a proof of concept understates what its single flight was for. It carried the relative navigation system on which the subject turns, and is described as landing on a designated spot [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. One flight is one flight, and an article that made more of it would be building on a sentence.

The published range disagrees between sources by two-thirds. One source gives 2,100 nautical miles [Northrop Grumman X-47B] and the other 3,500 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], so the fuel the range relation demands is between 3.7 and 4.6 tonnes on one reading and between 5.8 and 7.1 on the other. The fuel-volume argument holds on both, more strongly on the larger figure, but the article cannot say which figure is a range and which, if either, is a radius.

The Source Base

The argument rests on a handful of public documents and none of them is a Northrop Grumman engineering report.

One carries both aircraft. The specialist designation directory gives the contract history, the designations, the dimensions, the engines, the payload and the X-47A’s single flight and its purpose [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. It is a secondary source, it is the best one available for the X-47A, and it warns that its own figures may be inaccurate. It was last updated in February 2009, so it predates every flight of the X-47B and supports nothing in this article after that date.

One carries the chronology and the second set of dimensions. The encyclopaedia entry supplies the wing area, the folded span, the weights, the range and the full sequence of carrier firsts [Northrop Grumman X-47B], and it disagrees with the directory about gross mass by six percent, about range by two-thirds and about the month in which the joint programme was cancelled.

Four carry the landings. The Navy’s release of 10 July 2013 gives the wire caught on the first engagement, the speed and the stopping distance [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR], and a contemporary account adds the second wire and the abandoned third approach [Gresham, Details of the X-47B’s first autonomous carrier landing]. Two reports of the programme manager’s account of that third approach agree that the aeroplane detected the fault and disagree about whether the wave-off was automatic [Cahn, Navy drone fails third aircraft carrier landing attempt] [Sicard, Navy: glitch in X-47B test only proves unmanned aircraft’s reliability]. The naval news service’s report of the day says that precision satellite guidance brought the hook to the deck and gives none of the figures [New age in carrier aviation takes off with X-47B landing].

Two more carry the guidance and the engine. The same news service’s report of the first touch and go quotes the programme manager calling the guidance precision relative navigation technology and describes a precision satellite positioning scheme that gives the aeroplane its position relative to the ship [Navy’s unmanned carrier aircraft performs first touch and go]. The engine maker’s product sheet describes a nonaugmented turbofan of 16,000 pounds dry thrust [F100-PW-220U powered X-47B, Pratt and Whitney].

One set carries the deck. The wire count of each ship, the pendant spacing and the glide slope come from published descriptions of the Nimitz class, the arresting gear and the optical landing system [Nimitz-class aircraft carrier] [Arresting gear] [Tarantola, How to stop a jet dead in its tracks in two seconds] [The meatball, Air & Space]. The forty-foot pendant spacing in the sizing tables has no source and is carried as a sensitivity case.

The research survey holds 4,859 research records drawn from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Technical Reports Server, the Defense Technical Information Center and the journal literature indexed by Crossref. Records from 2015 or later number 2,094, or 45.6 percent of the 4,597 dated records, records predating 2000 number 1,086, and the median publication year is 2013. The arresting gear literature is mostly recent. Of the 53 dated titles that carry the word arrest, arrested, arresting or arrestment, 32 date from 2010 or later and 13 from the 1950s and 1960s.

The standard atmosphere is load-bearing in this article. The fuel table at Mach 0.75 and 40,000 feet needs it to become a true airspeed, the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1976 is cited beside that step, and the cluster holds 60 records. Two foundational primaries anchor it, being the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1976 and a performance flight test volume showing how a test discipline uses it.

One of the article’s conclusions rests on a substantial literature. The claim that an automatic wave-off on a detected fault is the behaviour a deck requires rests on 158 research records, counting titles that name a wave-off, a go-around, a balked landing, a missed approach, an abort or aborted approach or landing, fault detection, a fault-tolerant system, fault management, fault monitoring, failure detection, failure management, a failure mode, health monitoring, built-in test, contingency management, or a safe abort, safe separation or safe state.

How precisely a manned carrier landing lands is operational data, held by the Navy and not published in the open archives, and the thin-subject count below shows how little of it reaches a title. The word touchdown spans carrier aviation and planetary landing, and of the 20 records carrying it none is lunar, Martian or planetary.

No primary programme document was located. No test report, no navigation performance analysis and no weight statement for either aircraft has been found in the open literature.

The Definition of Primary

Primacy is a property of the document, and this survey derives it from the identifier. A record is a report primary when its address is on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Technical Reports Server or it carries a digital object identifier under the 10.21236 prefix, which Crossref registers for Defense Technical Information Center reports. Report primaries number 479, or 9.9 percent of the 4,859 research records.

On a definition fitted to this subject, 2,694 of the 4,859 are primary, or 55.4 percent. The fitted definition adds the identifier prefixes of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 10.2514, of the Society of Automotive Engineers, now SAE International, 10.4271, of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 10.1109, and of the Association for Computing Machinery, 10.1145. The engineering society venues matter here because satellite navigation and relative positioning are published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers rather than in aeronautical journals. Neither definition reaches the public documents above, which are not research records, so neither percentage measures how first-hand the article’s argument is.

Thin Subjects

Seven subjects that this article’s derivations or conclusions depend on have thin literatures. Each count below is the number of research records in this survey whose title carries at least one of the listed terms, with a hyphen read as a space.

Subject	Title terms counted	Records
wing loading and thrust loading as design variables	wing loading, thrust loading, thrust to weight, constraint analysis or diagram, matching chart or diagram, design point selection	16
which constraint actually sizes a wing	active constraint, binding constraint, design driver, driving requirement or constraint, constraint activity, diagram or analysis, a sensitivity analysis or study followed within 25 characters by design, design point selection, which constraint or requirement	10
how well a conceptual estimate matches the aeroplane built	prediction accuracy, error, versus or compared, estimate versus or compared to actual, validation of a design, weight, sizing or performance method, estimate or model, historical data, regression or trend followed within 25 characters by weight or design, weight growth, design maturity or convergence, as built	1
fuel volume as the thing that sizes a wing	fuel tank, volume, capacity or system followed within 25 characters by wing, design or sizing, wing followed within 25 characters by fuel tank, volume or capacity, internal volume, tank or tankage volume or arrangement, volumetric constraint, efficiency or sizing	7
how precisely a carrier landing lands	touchdown dispersion, scatter, accuracy, point or statistics, landing dispersion or scatter, boarding rate, bolter rate, wire selection or engagement statistics, pilot performance followed within 25 characters by landing or approach, approach performance or deviation statistics	6
autonomous aerial refuelling	aerial refuelling, air to air refuelling, in flight refuelling, probe and drogue, refuelling boom, tanker followed within 20 characters by rendezvous or receiver	55
supervisory control and the operator to vehicle ratio	supervisory control, human robot interaction, fan out, span of control, neglect time or tolerance, interaction time, operator workload, level or levels of automation, single operator, multiple robots	43

Wing loading as a design variable is thin in the vocabulary rather than in the literature. The phrase is rare while the design-point literature it belongs to holds 372, counting titles that name wing loading, thrust loading, thrust to weight, a constraint analysis or diagram, a design point, sizing, or conceptual or preliminary design.

Two of the article’s most distinctive claims stand on the arithmetic rather than on a literature. Identifying which constraint is active reaches ten titles on the terms in the table, and comparing a conceptual estimate against the aeroplane that was built reaches one, which validates a dynamic model in flight rather than a design estimate, so no title in the survey does what the section headed What the Data Changed does. Fuel volume as what sizes a wing is a subject of fuel tank design rather than of wing sizing, and its seven titles do not test the inference this article draws.

The precision of a carrier landing reaches six titles, and none of them gives the touchdown scatter of a carrier landing, which is why the article computes what the deck requires and does not compare it with what pilots achieve. Autonomous aerial refuelling is a genuinely modest literature, and this article mentions the achievement rather than arguing from it. Supervisory control is not load-bearing here at all, because this article explicitly declines to compute a fan-out for a vehicle that was demonstrated one at a time.

What the Survey Admits

A record is admitted only when a person reading its title finds it on this article’s subject, being a subject the argument uses, from the deck and its arresting gear through relative navigation, the configuration’s aerodynamics and control, sizing, propulsion, the airframe and its loads, autonomy and fault handling, supervision, the vehicle class and its programme. The configuration’s aerodynamics are admitted only as far as the argument uses them, being maximum lift and stall, drag and the lift to drag ratio of complete aircraft, wing and planform design, and the delta, lambda, flying wing and blended wing body family to which the aeroplane belongs. Its 4,859 records come from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Technical Reports Server, the Defense Technical Information Center and the journal literature indexed by Crossref. No cluster is a residual. Every record belongs to a named literature, and a title that bore on none of the subjects the argument uses was excluded rather than gathered under a heading of its own.

Many words this subject depends on also name something else, and a record that shares only such a word is excluded. Lift also names cargo lifts, sealift, plunger lift in gas wells, the lift-off of a flame and the lifting of sanctions. Wing also names a military unit, a church and the wings of birds, bats and insects. Carrier also names troop carriers, low-cost airlines and charge carriers in solids. Flight deck also names the cockpit of an airliner, and lower deck and main deck name the cargo holds of transports. Shipboard also names the antennas, radio links, cranes and magazines of ships. Heave and pitch also name the motion of road vehicles, offshore platforms and wave energy devices. Station keeping also names the line of battle of eighteenth-century fleets and the station keeping of satellites. Approach also names a method, sizing also names inventory lot sizing and the sizing agent of a carbon fibre, Breguet also names an aircraft company, and weight estimation also names estimating an airliner’s takeoff weight from air traffic surveillance data.

Neighbouring literatures that bear on none of the argument’s subjects are excluded too. These are rotor aerodynamics and helicopter flight mechanics, supersonic and hypersonic flow, missiles and rockets, spacecraft and planetary landing, atmospheric chemistry, climate and weather, satellite navigation used only as an instrument for geodesy, timing or ionospheric science, ground and marine vehicles, airline economics, air traffic management and airports, aircraft noise and icing, cabin and electrical systems, maintenance and logistics, and the law and ethics of armed drones. So are configurations and vehicle classes the argument never uses, among them tilt wing, short and vertical takeoff and powered lift aircraft, thrust reversers, canard, tandem and joined wings and propeller integration, together with general aviation and light aircraft, the ground risk of small unmanned aircraft, textbook lift theory, airfoil sections, unsteady and low Reynolds number flow, high-lift device design that does not concern maximum lift, generic flutter analysis and the vibration surveys of particular aircraft, engine component flow and engine maintenance monitoring, crashworthiness, guns, simulator motion cueing, pedestrian navigation, design education, and the chemistry and dynamics of the tropopause region. Correction notices, conference front matter and the records of whole conference volumes, and editorials are excluded as well, because a survey counts research works. Book reviews, unsigned news items and encyclopedia and dictionary entries of two pages or fewer are not admitted either, and nor is a second deposit of a document already held, such as a report-server copy of a presentation whose own record is kept, because counting it would count one work twice.

Some records of doubtful relevance are kept. Satellite and inertial navigation methods applied to land vehicles, ships and spacecraft formations share the relative measurement the deck problem needs. The heave and pitch of ships other than carriers, planing craft among them, share the motion of the deck. Studies of the height and temperature of the tropopause share the flight condition. The conceptual design of rotorcraft, electric, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft shares the sizing method. Supervisory control of unmanned vehicles that are not aircraft shares the fan-out theory. Each is kept and a reader may weigh it accordingly.

Every research title has been read for relevance, so the off-topic share that remains is a matter of reading judgement. A reading of titles cannot show that a work is relevant in substance, so this is a statement about titles only.

Epistemic State

Historical Fact

In June 2000 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency awarded study contracts of two million dollars each to Northrop Grumman and Boeing for a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

The X-47A Pegasus was completed in July 2001 and flew once, on 23 February 2003, carrying a shipboard relative navigation system [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles].

In August 2007 the X-47B won the Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstration under a contract of 635.8 million dollars. It first flew on 4 February 2011 [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

On 14 May 2013 an X-47B was catapulted from USS George H.W. Bush and on 10 July 2013 one made an arrested landing aboard her, catching the three-wire and then on a second approach the two-wire, with a third approach abandoned once the aeroplane had detected a navigation subsystem failure [Northrop Grumman X-47B] [Unmanned X-47B makes historic landing aboard USS George H.W. Bush, NAVAIR] [Gresham, Details of the X-47B’s first autonomous carrier landing] [Cahn, Navy drone fails third aircraft carrier landing attempt].

In April 2015 an X-47B refuelled from a tanker autonomously, and in May 2015 the primary test programme was declared complete [Northrop Grumman X-47B].

Verified by Independent Derivation

A height error divides by the tangent of the glide slope to give a displacement along the deck, which is 19.08 feet per foot at three degrees, 16.35 at three and a half and 14.30 at four.

A pendant spacing of 40 to 50 feet corresponds to 2.10 to 3.50 feet of height across glide slopes from three to four degrees.

An arrestment from 145 knots in 350 feet is 26.08 metres per second squared, or 2.66 g, in 2.86 seconds, and from 120 knots is 17.86 metres per second squared, or 1.82 g, in 3.46 seconds. The energy is 56.2 megajoules at 20,185 kilograms and 145 knots.

The X-47B’s aspect ratio is 4.04, its wing loading 43.9 pounds per square foot at 19,000 kilograms, its thrust to weight ratio 0.382, and its payload fraction 0.10737.

Analysis

The deck sets a precision requirement of one metre or better in height if a particular wire is to be chosen rather than accepted, and that requirement is on a measurement relative to a moving ship.

The previous article’s inherited payload fraction did not hold for this aeroplane, and the failure ran in the direction that article predicted.

The approach speed constraint did not size this wing, since the achieved wing loading is below every value that constraint implies.

The quoted 145 knots is an approach airspeed rather than an engaging speed, because reading it as a stalling speed demands a maximum lift coefficient of 0.617 while reading it as an approach speed gives 1.14 times the stall at a maximum lift coefficient of 0.8. The engagement was therefore slower than 145 knots and the deceleration nearer 1.8 g than 2.7.

The wing area is most plausibly set by fuel volume, since the published ranges cost between 3,700 and 4,600 kilograms of fuel on one source and between 5,800 and 7,100 on the other, and there is no fuselage to put it in.

Inference

The relative navigation system is what made the rest of the aeroplane ordinary, inferred from the geometry in the absence of any statement of achieved accuracy, and the programme manager described the guidance as precision relative navigation without stating its accuracy [Navy’s unmanned carrier aircraft performs first touch and go].

The wing was sized by fuel volume or by low-speed handling margin rather than by approach speed, inferred from the margin between the achieved wing loading and the constraint.

What the Record Does Not Settle

What accuracy the navigation system achieved. No traceable figure has been found.

Whether the wave-off of the third approach on 10 July 2013 was automatic. The sources concur that the aeroplane detected the fault, and they divide on who waved it off.

Which published range is right. Both label their figure a range, the encyclopaedia giving 2,100 nautical miles and the specialist directory 3,500, and neither states the mission profile behind its figure.

What the wind over the deck was on 10 July 2013. The reading of the quoted 145 knots is argued from the aeroplane’s wing loading and from the fact that a deck distance implies a deck speed, and that argument is not a substitute for a recorded figure.

What the X-47B weighs empty. The encyclopaedia entry labels its empty weight a zero-fuel weight [Northrop Grumman X-47B], and the two differ by the payload.

Whether the aeroplane could have met the endurance the original naval requirement asked for. Its range is published and its loiter is not.

Out of Scope

The X-45 and the X-46, which are the previous two articles and are cited here only where this aeroplane’s record bears on theirs.

The operational programmes that followed, which are outside this series because they carry no X designation.

The arresting gear as a machine, meaning the hydraulic engine, the purchase cable and the sheave dampers, which the survey covers and which this article treats only through the deceleration it produces.

Satellite navigation as a subject, including integer ambiguity resolution and integrity monitoring, which the survey covers and which this article uses only as far as the relative measurement.

Conclusion

The Northrop Grumman X-47B is the aeroplane that made a carrier deck a place an unmanned aircraft can use.

The binding unknown was never the aerodynamics and never the autonomy in the sense the word usually carries. It was whether a position could be known with respect to a moving ship to the precision the deck demands. The deck’s geometry sets that precision and leaves little room for error, because a normal glide slope of 3.5 degrees converts height into distance at about sixteen feet per foot, and the fifty feet between arresting pendants is only about three feet of height.

A metre of height error is about one wire spacing. That is why the programme’s navigation was relative rather than absolute, and why an aeroplane that could do this could also be built to ordinary tolerances everywhere else [Navy’s unmanned carrier aircraft performs first touch and go].

The record it left covers the deck cycle from launch to refuelling. Catapult launch in May 2013, arrested landing in July, night flying in 2014, operations alongside manned aircraft in the same pattern, and autonomous refuelling in 2015 [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. On the third approach of 10 July 2013 a navigation subsystem failed, the aeroplane registered the fault, and the approach was abandoned, the accounts differing on whether the wave-off was automatic, and a demonstration that produced two traps and one correct refusal is worth more than three traps [Cahn, Navy drone fails third aircraft carrier landing attempt] [Sicard, Navy: glitch in X-47B test only proves unmanned aircraft’s reliability].

This article also scores the previous one, whose sizing had no aeroplane to check it against. That article predicted a gross mass of 32,539 pounds from an inherited payload fraction of 0.12293, and named that fraction as its weakest assumption because a designer under carrier weight pressure might trade it to avoid a larger aeroplane [previous article]. The X-47B carries the same payload as the X-45C at a fraction of 0.10737 and a mass 1.287 times the prediction. [Parsch, Northrop Grumman X-47, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] Both predicted changes appeared, each larger than foreseen.

One prediction held and one failed usefully. The thrust to weight ratio of 0.382 fell inside the assumed band. The approach speed constraint, which that article used to size a wing, is met by this aeroplane with room to spare and therefore did not size its wing. A constraint that binds in an argument and not in the hardware is a true constraint used in the wrong role, the most useful lesson this aeroplane holds for the one before it.