X-Planes: Boeing X-46

On 29 April 2003 Boeing announced the aeroplane that replaced the X-46, and the announcement does not contain the word X-46 [Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations]. It names the X-45B as the design being set aside and describes the new aircraft as meeting Air Force and Navy requirements together. The naval programme is not cancelled in that document, it is absorbed, and the designation stops being used. This is the forty-seventh article in the X-Planes series, following the X-1, the X-2, the X-3, the X-4, the X-5, the X-6, the X-7, the X-8, the X-9, the X-10, the X-11, the X-12, the X-13, the X-14, the X-15, the X-16, the X-17, the X-18, the X-19, the X-20, the X-21, the X-22, the X-23, the X-24, the X-25, the X-26, the X-27, the X-28, the X-29, the X-30, the X-31, the X-32, the X-33, the X-34, the X-35, the X-36, the X-37, the X-38, the X-39, the X-40, the X-41, the X-42, the X-43, the X-44, and the X-45.

The X-46 designation was assigned normally to a real programme with a contractor, a contract and a documented requirement [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone], so although no X-46A was built there is a keystone to identify and there are systems to dimension, and the sections below dimension them.

The record is thin for a reason that can be named. The specialist designation directory prints a specification table for the X-45A and the X-45C and prints none for the X-46A, stating instead that Boeing disclosed minimal information about it [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. No airframe was ever built. There is no first flight, no envelope, no measured drag polar and no photograph of the vehicle.

What was published instead is the requirement. The Navy and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency specified what a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft had to do before either contractor drew one, and those numbers survive in the open record [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. The record therefore holds a question in place of a vehicle, and the sections below take that question and ask what vehicle it demanded.

The Research Question

The binding unknown was whether removing the crew saves enough airframe weight to pay for twelve hours on station off a carrier deck.

That needs stating carefully. A carrier aeroplane is heavy for reasons that have nothing to do with its mission. It carries a tailhook, a strengthened keel, landing gear sized for an arrested descent rather than a runway one, catapult fittings that put the airframe in tension, and corrosion protection for a service life spent in salt air. Those masses are charged against the same gross weight that has to hold the fuel.

An unmanned aeroplane gives some of that back. It has no cockpit, no canopy, no ejection seat, no life support, no crew station displays and no windscreen structure. The question is whether the credit exceeds the debit, and the requirement for a naval unmanned combat air vehicle, designated UCAV-N, sets how large the credit had to be.

Written as a relation, the argument of the article reduces to one inequality. Let $\zeta_{\text{empty}}$ be the empty weight as a fraction of gross, let $\Delta_{\text{deck}}$ be what carrier suitability adds and $\Delta_{\text{crew}}$ what removing the crew saves, both as fractions of the same gross weight. Then

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} = \zeta_{\text{ref}} + \Delta_{\text{deck}} - \Delta_{\text{crew}}\]

and the requirement is satisfiable only if

\[\Delta_{\text{crew}} - \Delta_{\text{deck}} \ \ge \ \zeta_{\text{ref}} - \zeta_{\text{req}}\]

The sections below attempt to put a number on the right-hand side, since $\zeta_{\text{ref}}$ is what manned carrier aircraft achieve and $\zeta_{\text{req}}$ the requirement’s target. Neither delta is published for any aircraft. Their difference is bounded below, and neither is estimated on its own.

The requirement, as the open record gives it, is a payload of four thousand pounds, an operational radius of six hundred and fifty nautical miles, an ability to loiter for up to twelve hours, and carrier takeoff and recovery [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. Three numbers and a constraint, and the analysis that follows derives what they imply.

The requirement as recorded does not say whether the three numbers hold simultaneously, and the difference is enormous. One secondary compilation, which attributes its figures to a single unnamed report, presents the radius as a strike mission and the twelve hours as a separate surveillance mission [X-46, GlobalSecurity], but no programme document settles the point. An aircraft that flies six hundred and fifty nautical miles, loiters twelve hours and returns is a very different aeroplane from one that does either separately. Both readings are computed below and the article does not pretend to know which was meant.

Programme Origin

The naval effort began as a study rather than as a construction contract. In June 2000 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency awarded the first study contracts for a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft, designated UCAV-N, to Northrop Grumman and to Boeing [Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus] [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], each receiving two million dollars for an initial fifteen-month phase of trade studies, analyses and preliminary design [Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle, GlobalSecurity]. Boeing’s answer received the designation X-46A and Northrop Grumman’s the X-47A.

The two answers were not equally conservative. Boeing proposed a vehicle derived from work it was already doing for the Air Force, described in the contemporary account as somewhat conservative and based on the existing X-45 [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. Northrop Grumman had no such inheritance and had instead built, at its own expense, a proof-of-concept airframe it called Pegasus, completed in July 2001 [Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus].

The competitor flew and this aircraft did not. The X-47A made its first flight on 23 February 2003, a milestone Northrop Grumman announced in terms of autonomous control rather than of speed or altitude [Northrop Grumman’s X-47A Pegasus first flight achieves milestone in autonomous control], and it was the only flight that airframe ever made [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone].

The end came in two steps and the dates are frequently conflated. In December 2002 the Department of Defense decided to merge the Air Force and Navy unmanned combat aircraft programmes into a Joint Unmanned Combat Air System [Unmanned vehicles for U.S. naval forces, Congressional Research Service RS21294]. The formal combination followed in April 2003, and the X-46 programme is described as terminated as redundant at that point [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Boeing X-46]. A decision in one year and a termination in the next are not the same event, and an article that gives only one date makes the programme look shorter or longer than it was.

The X-45B and the X-46A were terminated together and neither had an airframe [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. Boeing was left building the X-45C, which the April 2003 announcement describes as a single design serving both services, with the naval version adding structural changes, landing gear, a tailhook and avionics for precision approach and landing [Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations].

The requirement outlived the designation. A Navy-only demonstrator programme restarted in the summer of 2006, Boeing proposed the X-45N using material developed for the X-45 and the X-46 [Boeing X-46], and in August 2007 the Navy selected the X-47B [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. The carrier-based unmanned strike aircraft was eventually demonstrated, by the other contractor, in the decade after the study contracts. The vehicle class has a longer history than either programme [Unmanned combat aerial vehicle].

What the Record Does Not Contain

This section exists because its absence would be the article’s largest unstated assumption.

No programme source publishes a specification for the X-46A. The designation directory, which prints span, length, mass, thrust, speed, ceiling, radius and payload for both X-45 variants, prints none of those for the X-46A and says that Boeing disclosed minimal information [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. The encyclopaedia entry carries no specification table at all and cites three trade-press articles for a programme summary of five sentences [Boeing X-46]. One secondary compilation does print dimensions, a length of about thirty-four feet, a span of forty-four feet and a height of seven feet, which it attributes to a single unnamed report [X-46, GlobalSecurity].

One statement about the shape does survive, and it matters. The directory describes the X-46A as generally similar to the X-45B except for a new wing planform [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. That single clause is the only physical description of this aeroplane from a source that does not depend on an unnamed report. By that clause, the naval variant differed from its Air Force sibling in the wing alone.

Figures nonetheless circulate, and their provenance is the interesting part. A secondary compilation gives the X-46 a four thousand pound payload and a six hundred and fifty nautical mile radius [X-46, GlobalSecurity]. Those are the UCAV-N requirement numbers exactly [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. They are what the aircraft was asked to do, not what any aircraft was measured doing, and an article that repeated them as a specification would be presenting a requirement as a result.

The hazard is general. For a vehicle that was never built, the requirement is the only quantitative material available, so it migrates into the specification field of every compilation that has a specification field to fill. The distinction between what was demanded and what was achieved collapses whenever nothing was achieved, and it collapses silently, because the number does not change when its meaning does.

So this article uses those numbers deliberately and in the other direction. They are treated as the requirement they are, and the analysis asks what airframe would satisfy them.

Sizing From First Principles

The vehicle is unknown and the requirement is documented, so the requirement is the datum.

The Payload Fraction This Aeroplane Can Inherit

The previous article measured a design constant of this manufacturer’s unmanned line. The X-45A carries 680 kilograms of a gross 5,530 and the X-45C carries 2,040 of 16,600, and the two payload fractions agree to four significant figures across a tripling of payload [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [previous article],

\[\frac{m_{\text{payload}}}{m_{\text{gross}}} = \frac{680}{5{,}530} = 0.12297 \qquad \frac{2{,}040}{16{,}600} = 0.12289\]

Two aircraft agreeing to four figures is too close to be an accident and indicates a design practice. A vehicle Boeing never built may reasonably be assumed to share that practice, and no other property, with the two it did. Taking the mean,

\[\overline{PF} = 0.12293\]

The requirement then fixes the size before any aerodynamics are considered. A payload of four thousand pounds at that fraction gives

\[m_{\text{gross}} = \frac{4{,}000}{0.12293} = 32{,}539 \ \text{lb}\]

or 14,760 kilograms. Against the two aircraft that were built,

\[\frac{32{,}539}{36{,}597} = 0.889 \qquad \frac{32{,}539}{12{,}192} = 2.67\]

That is 11.1 percent lighter than the X-45C and 2.67 times the X-45A, and it places the X-46A firmly in the larger class and out of the demonstrator class.

What the Mission Costs in Fuel

The mission is three segments and each has a closed-form weight ratio. For a cruise leg the Breguet range relation gives the ratio of weights across the leg,

\[R = \frac{V}{c} \left( \frac{L}{D} \right) \ln \frac{W_{0}}{W_{1}} \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} = \exp \left( - \frac{R c}{V (L/D)} \right)\]

and for a loiter leg, where the aircraft is buying time rather than distance, the endurance form applies,

\[E = \frac{1}{c} \left( \frac{L}{D} \right) \ln \frac{W_{0}}{W_{1}} \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} = \exp \left( - \frac{E c}{(L/D)} \right)\]

Both are standard and both are stated here because the remainder of the section is arithmetic on them [Raymer, Aircraft design, a conceptual approach] [Torenbeek, Synthesis of subsonic airplane design] [Anderson, Aircraft performance and design] [Nicolai and Carichner, Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design].

The assumptions are as follows and each is varied afterwards. Cruise is taken at 40,000 feet and Mach 0.75. Forty thousand feet is above the tropopause, so the standard atmosphere holds the temperature constant at its 11 kilometre value and the speed of sound with it [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976] [Air Force Test Pilot School Edwards Afb Ca 1962],

\[T = 288.15 - 0.0065 \times 11{,}000 = 216.65 \ \text{K} \qquad a = \sqrt{\gamma R T} = 295.07 \ \text{m/s}\] \[V = M a = 0.75 \times 295.07 = 221.30 \ \text{m/s} = 430.2 \ \text{kn}\]

The cruise lift to drag ratio is taken as 16, just below the lower bound of 16.3 that the previous article pinned for the X-45C from that aircraft’s stated ceiling and thrust [previous article]. The loiter value is taken as 18, since loiter is flown nearer the best lift to drag ratio than cruise is. Specific fuel consumption is taken as 0.80 per hour in cruise and 0.75 in loiter, values typical of a non-augmented turbofan.

The three segment ratios are then

\[\frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \bigg|_{\text{out}} = 0.9272 \qquad \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \bigg|_{\text{loiter}} = 0.6065 \qquad \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \bigg|_{\text{back}} = 0.9272\]

Segment ratios multiply, and that alone makes a mission of several legs tractable. With a five percent reserve,

\[\zeta_{\text{fuel}} = 1 - \prod_{i} \frac{W_{i+1}}{W_{i}} + 0.05 = 1 - 0.9272 \times 0.6065 \times 0.9272 + 0.05 = 0.5285\]

More than half the aeroplane is fuel, and the loiter leg accounts for most of it. Splitting the product shows where it goes,

\[\zeta_{\text{cruise}} = 1 - \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{out}} \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{back}} = 0.1402\] \[\zeta_{\text{loiter}} = \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{out}} \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{back}} \left[ 1 - \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{loiter}} \right] = 0.3383\]

The two cruise legs together cost 14.0 percent of the takeoff weight and the twelve hours on station cost 33.8, and those two with the five percent reserve are the 0.5285 above. The loiter is charged after the outbound leg has already burned fuel, so it costs 33.8. Applied to the takeoff weight, its ratio would suggest 39.3.

The Empty-Weight Fraction the Requirement Demands

The weight fractions must sum to one, and that closes the problem.

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} + \zeta_{\text{payload}} + \zeta_{\text{fuel}} = 1\]

Every term on the left except the first is now known, so the requirement fixes the empty-weight fraction,

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} = 1 - 0.12293 - 0.5285 = 0.3485\]

This fraction is the central result of the article. The UCAV-N requirement, taken at face value and with the manufacturer’s payload fraction, demands an airframe whose empty weight is under thirty-five percent of its gross weight, and it demands it of an aeroplane that must also survive being stopped by a wire.

What Carrier Aircraft Weigh

The comparison is the point, and it does not flatter the requirement.

aircraft	empty lb	maximum lb	fraction
Grumman A-6E Intruder, land	26,660	60,400	0.441
Boeing F/A-18E Super Hornet	32,081	66,000	0.486
Lockheed S-3A Viking	26,581	52,539	0.506

Each row is the same fraction the requirement was solved for, and the smallest exceeds it by

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} = \frac{W_{\text{empty}}}{W_{\max}} \qquad 0.441 - 0.3485 = 0.0925\]

No carrier aeroplane in that table comes within nine points of the demanded fraction [Grumman A-6 Intruder] [Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet] [Lockheed S-3 Viking]. The S-3A is the closest analogue by mission, being a carrier-based twin-turbofan aeroplane built for long endurance rather than for speed, yet it has the highest fraction of the three.

All three are manned aircraft, and the argument turns on that. The difference between 0.35 and 0.44 is the crew and everything the crew requires, and the requirement is a bet that the difference is worth about nine points of gross weight. Twenty years later, the open literature has not answered that question for a carrier-suitable airframe.

The Same Requirement Read as Separate Missions

If the three numbers are alternative mission points rather than one profile, the problem changes completely.

Every row below assumes an empty-weight fraction of 0.42, the light end of what a carrier airframe plausibly achieves, and the payload fraction is what remains after the fuel,

\[\zeta_{\text{payload}} = 1 - 0.42 - \zeta_{\text{fuel}} \qquad m_{\text{gross}} = \frac{4{,}000}{\zeta_{\text{payload}}}\]

Each reading is a different product of the same segment ratios, and that product is all that distinguishes them,

\[\zeta_{\text{fuel}}^{\text{strike}} = 1 - (0.9272)^{2} + 0.05 = 0.190\] \[\zeta_{\text{fuel}}^{\text{station}} = 1 - 0.6065 + 0.05 = 0.443\] \[\zeta_{\text{fuel}}^{\text{both}} = 1 - (0.9272)^{2} (0.6065) + 0.05 = 0.529\]

reading	fuel fraction	payload fraction available	gross mass for 4,000 lb
650 nm out and back, no loiter	0.190	0.390	10,263 lb
12 h loiter, no transit	0.443	0.137	29,297 lb
650 nm out, 12 h loiter, 650 nm back	0.529	0.051	77,713 lb

The third row cannot be right. An aeroplane of seventy-eight thousand pounds is larger than an F/A-18E at maximum takeoff weight [Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet] and is not what anybody was proposing to put on a deck as a demonstrator. The first row is equally implausible in the other direction. A payload fraction of 0.390 against the family constant is

\[\frac{0.390}{0.12293} = 3.17\]

more than three times what this manufacturer’s aircraft achieve, so an aeroplane meeting the strike reading at that weight would not be one Boeing was building.

The more plausible reading is that the numbers are separate capability points, and that the twelve-hour figure and the six-hundred-and-fifty-mile figure describe different sorties. No programme document says so, although one secondary compilation describes the radius and the twelve hours as separate strike and surveillance missions [X-46, GlobalSecurity]. The arithmetic establishes that they cannot all three hold at once in an aircraft of the size Boeing was building.

Loiter Time at the Inherited Fraction

Turning the calculation around is more informative than the closure test. Fixing the payload fraction at the family value and assuming an empty-weight fraction, the loiter time follows,

\[\zeta_{\text{end}} = \zeta_{\text{empty}} + \zeta_{\text{payload}} = 1 - \zeta_{\text{fuel}} \qquad \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{loiter}} = \frac{\zeta_{\text{end}}}{(W_{1}/W_{0})_{\text{out}} (W_{1}/W_{0})_{\text{back}}}\] \[E = \frac{L/D}{c} \, \ln \frac{(W_{1}/W_{0})_{\text{out}} (W_{1}/W_{0})_{\text{back}}}{\zeta_{\text{end}}}\]

empty fraction	fuel fraction	loiter at 650 nm radius, hours
0.35	0.527	14.35
0.38	0.497	12.87
0.40	0.477	11.93
0.42	0.457	11.03
0.45	0.427	9.74
0.48	0.397	8.52

The requirement is demanding but not absurd. At an empty-weight fraction of 0.42, light for a carrier aeroplane and plausible for an unmanned one, the aircraft holds 11.03 hours on station at the full radius against a requirement of twelve.

The table is close to linear and its slope is the useful number. Differentiating the loiter relation with respect to the empty-weight fraction, at fixed payload fraction and reserve,

\[\frac{\partial E}{\partial \zeta_{\text{empty}}} = - \frac{L/D}{c} \, \frac{1}{\zeta_{\text{end}}} = -44.2 \ \text{hours per unit}\]

which is 0.442 hours per point of empty-weight fraction. Closing the remaining 0.97 hours therefore costs about two points, and solving the relation exactly gives

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} = 0.3985 \quad \text{for} \quad E = 12 \ \text{hours}\]

The requirement sits 2.1 points of empty-weight fraction away from being met, a more informative result than a bare verdict on whether it closes.

Sensitivity to the Loiter Assumptions

The loiter lift to drag ratio and the loiter specific fuel consumption carry the result. Both enter only through the loiter ratio, so the demanded fraction has a closed form in them,

\[\zeta_{\text{empty}} (L/D, c) = 1 - \overline{PF} - \left[ 1 - \left( \frac{W_{1}}{W_{0}} \right)_{\text{out}}^{2} \exp \left( - \frac{E c}{L/D} \right) + 0.05 \right]\]

loiter $L/D$	$c$ per hour	empty fraction demanded
16	0.65	0.3551
16	0.75	0.3169
16	0.85	0.2816
18	0.65	0.3845
18	0.75	0.3485
18	0.85	0.3149
20	0.75	0.3753
22	0.65	0.4302
22	0.85	0.3679

The demanded fraction ranges from 0.28 to 0.43 across that table and every value is below every carrier aeroplane in the comparison. The conclusion is therefore insensitive to the assumptions in direction while being very sensitive in magnitude. A result that survives its sensitivity table is stronger than one that depends on a particular row.

The Carrier Constraint

An approach speed limit is a wing loading limit once the maximum lift coefficient is chosen.

\[V_{\text{app}} = \sqrt{\frac{2 (W/S)}{\rho \, C_{L,\max}}} \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad \frac{W}{S} = \tfrac{1}{2} \rho V_{\text{app}}^{2} C_{L,\max}\]

A tailless aeroplane has a low maximum lift coefficient and cannot easily be given a high one, because trailing-edge high-lift devices produce a nose-down pitching moment that a tailless configuration has no tail to balance [Etkin and Reid, Dynamics of flight]. The configuration is chosen for signature before it is chosen for aerodynamics [Knott, Shaeffer and Tuley, Radar cross section], and it has a documented history far older than the jet age [Wooldridge, Winged wonders, the story of the flying wings].

The wing loading then fixes the area, and the aspect ratio turns the area into a span. Both relations are needed to read the table and neither is more than a definition [Raymer, Aircraft design, a conceptual approach] [Nicolai and Carichner, Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design],

\[S = \frac{W}{(W/S)} \qquad A\!R = \frac{b^{2}}{S} \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad b = \sqrt{A\!R \cdot S}\]

At the gross mass the requirement implies,

approach kn	$C_{L,\max}$	$W/S$ lb/ft²	wing area ft²	span at aspect ratio 5, ft
130	1.2	68.7	474	48.7
130	1.6	91.5	355	42.2
140	1.2	79.6	409	45.2
140	1.6	106.2	306	39.1
145	1.2	85.4	381	43.6
145	2.0	142.4	229	33.8

The first row lands on the aeroplane Boeing built. The X-45C spans 14.9 metres [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], or 48.89 feet, and a 130-knot approach at a maximum lift coefficient of 1.2 and an aspect ratio of 5 gives 48.68,

\[\frac{\left| 48.68 - 48.89 \right|}{48.89} = 0.0043\]

That agreement checks consistency without deriving anything, and the difference matters. Three parameters were chosen to produce it, being the approach speed, the maximum lift coefficient and the aspect ratio, and other combinations in the same table give spans from 34 to 45 feet. What the table establishes is that the requirement and the built aeroplane occupy the same region of the design space. A calculation with three free parameters can establish no more.

Dependent Systems

Each system below is dimensioned against the requirement, because there is no vehicle to describe.

The Wing

The single physical statement in the record is that the X-46A differed from the X-45B by a new wing planform [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. The sizing above explains why a naval variant would need one. The approach speed limit caps wing loading, the endurance requirement demands fuel volume, and both are wing problems while neither is a fuselage problem.

The planform did not vanish with the designation. The previous article recorded that the X-45C’s wing planform was changed to the naval one [previous article], and the directory describes the X-45C planform as similar to that of the X-46A [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], so the surviving joint aeroplane carried a wing close to the one developed for the cancelled naval aeroplane. The clearest surviving trace of the X-46A lies in another aircraft.

Carrier Suitability as a Structural Tax

The April 2003 announcement itemises what the naval version required, being structural changes, landing gear, a tailhook and avionics for precision approach and landing [Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations]. Every item on that list is mass and every item is charged against the empty-weight fraction the endurance requirement needs to be small,

\[\Delta_{\text{deck}} = \frac{m_{\text{hook}} + m_{\text{gear}} + m_{\text{structure}} + m_{\text{avionics}}}{m_{\text{gross}}}\]

No term on the right is published for this aircraft or for any comparable one. The deck penalty is bounded here only through its difference from the crew saving.

The tension is the article’s subject in one sentence. Carrier suitability makes the airframe heavier and the endurance requirement demands that it be lighter, and the crew is the only account with enough in it to pay both.

Propulsion

No engine is stated for the X-46A. The X-45A carried a Honeywell F124 of 28.0 kilonewtons and the X-45C a General Electric F404-GE-102D rated at 31.0 [previous article] [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. A vehicle of 32,539 pounds would need appreciably more than either. Installed thrust follows from the thrust to weight ratio directly [Raymer, Aircraft design, a conceptual approach] [Nicolai and Carichner, Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design],

\[T = \left( \frac{T}{W} \right) W_{\text{gross}}\]

$T/W$	thrust, lbf	thrust, kN
0.30	9,762	43.4
0.35	11,389	50.7
0.40	13,016	57.9

Even the lowest row is 40 percent above the X-45C’s 31.0 kilonewtons. The naval aeroplane needed a different engine or a considerably better one, and no source states which. The specific fuel consumption matters far more than the thrust here, because this aeroplane’s mission is dominated by loiter rather than by acceleration, and the sensitivity table already showed what a tenth of a unit of consumption is worth.

The Link and the Autonomy

The naval requirement makes the supervisory problem harder in a specific way. The previous article established the fan-out relation, in which the number of vehicles one operator can hold is one plus the ratio of neglect time to interaction time [previous article],

\[FO = \frac{NT + IT}{IT} = 1 + \frac{NT}{IT}\]

Latency enters by lengthening interaction without lengthening neglect, so a two-way delay $\tau$ acts only on the denominator,

\[FO = \frac{NT + IT_{0} + 2\tau}{IT_{0} + 2\tau}\]

A carrier is a moving airfield, and recovery aboard it is the least neglectable phase of the sortie. This article does not compute a fan-out for the X-46A, because nothing about its ground station or its autonomy was published, and inventing one would be arithmetic without a datum.

The Flight Test Record

There is none. The section is kept because its emptiness is a finding.

No X-46A airframe was built [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. There were no taxi tests, no first flight, no envelope expansion and no measurements. The programme produced design work, a wing planform and a requirement flowdown, and those are the entire physical legacy.

The competitor’s record is the nearest substitute, and a short one. The X-47A Pegasus flew once, on 23 February 2003, and the announcement of that flight is framed as a demonstration of autonomous control [Northrop Grumman’s X-47A Pegasus first flight achieves milestone in autonomous control]. One flight by the other contractor is not evidence about this aeroplane, and it is recorded here only to establish that the naval competition had reached hardware on one side and not on the other when it was stopped.

Comparison With Ground Prediction

There is no comparison to make, because nothing flew. No X-46A airframe was built [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], so flight returned no figure of any kind, and a table setting prediction beside measurement would have an empty column for every row.

What existed on the ground was a requirement, and a requirement is a prediction of capability rather than of performance. The open record gives a payload of four thousand pounds, an operational radius of six hundred and fifty nautical miles, a loiter of up to twelve hours, and carrier takeoff and recovery [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. The only further prediction comes from this article, being the gross mass of 32,539 pounds and the demanded empty-weight fraction of 0.3485 derived in Sizing From First Principles. No Boeing estimate of either was published, so the contractor’s ground prediction cannot even be set beside the article’s.

The figures that circulate as a specification are not results either. The payload and radius in a secondary compilation are identical to the UCAV-N requirement numbers, as What the Record Does Not Contain shows. Setting them beside the requirement would compare the requirement with itself.

The nearest thing to a comparison sets the requirement beside the aeroplane Boeing did build, and its evidence is a published dimension with no flight behind it. The article makes two. The X-45C’s internal payload of 2,040 kilograms, or 4,497 pounds, carries the four thousand pound requirement with a margin of 0.124, derived under What the Data Changed. The span derived from a 130-knot approach at a maximum lift coefficient of 1.2 and an aspect ratio of 5 is 48.68 feet against the X-45C’s 48.89, a match that Sizing From First Principles treats only as a consistency check with three free parameters.

The competitor’s single flight does not fill the gap. The X-47A flew once, on 23 February 2003 [Northrop Grumman’s X-47A Pegasus first flight achieves milestone in autonomous control], and it cannot stand in for evidence about this aeroplane.

The empty column is the finding. Epistemic State lists whether Boeing’s design met the requirement among the open questions, and no flight exists that could have settled it.

What the Data Changed

There is no data, so the question becomes what the programme changed without producing any.

The substantive answer is that the requirement survived the designation. The X-45C was announced as a single design serving both services, with a naval variant adding carrier equipment, and it carried two two-thousand-pound Joint Direct Attack Munitions [Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations]. Four thousand pounds matches the UCAV-N payload requirement to the pound [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone]. The X-45C’s actual internal payload of 2,040 kilograms [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] comes to 4,497 pounds and carries the requirement with margin,

\[\frac{4{,}497}{4{,}000} - 1 = 0.124\]

The naval wing planform moved into the surviving aeroplane [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles] [previous article], so the aerodynamic work outlived the programme that paid for it.

The competition it was part of eventually delivered. The Navy restarted a demonstrator effort in 2006 and selected the X-47B in 2007 [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles], and in 2013 that vehicle made the first catapult launch of an unmanned aircraft from a carrier and the first arrested landing of one aboard a carrier at sea [Northrop Grumman X-47B]. The question the X-46A was asked was answered by the aeroplane that beat it, which the Navy selected seven years after the study contracts.

What the programme did not change is anything about how aircraft are designed, and an article that claimed otherwise would be inflating a study contract into an influence.

The Contemporary Literature

Cluster	Records
Aircraft sizing, mission analysis and the weight estimate	673
Aerodynamics of the configuration	564
Propulsion, inlet integration and installed performance	530
Aircraft design methods, configuration layout and wing design	490
Unmanned aircraft: systems, operations and military employment	431
Flight dynamics, control and system identification of unmanned and manned aircraft	296
Automatic takeoff, landing and carrier recovery	294
Structural loads, fatigue, corrosion and service life	287
Tailless configurations and their control effectors	265
Aircraft subsystems: hydraulic, electrical, fuel and environmental control	242
Autonomy, mission management and onboard decision making	229
Guidance, navigation, state estimation and path planning	188
Airspace integration, regulation, safety and the law of unmanned aircraft	178
Aircraft performance, range and cruise	178
Crew stations, escape and life support	163
Carrier operations, deck handling and the ship environment	144
Unmanned combat aircraft and the strike mission	132
Flight control law design and handling qualities	109
Multi-vehicle coordination and cooperative control	109
V/STOL, rotorcraft and unconventional configurations	98
Aircraft requirements, programmes, cost and supportability	90
Airframe structure, composites and affordability	85
Human supervisory control and the span of control	82
Stall, dynamic stall and high-incidence aerodynamics	73
Internal weapons carriage and store separation	57
The atmosphere and the flight condition	48
Landing gear, wheels, tyres and brakes	40
Verification, validation and the certification of autonomous software	36
Programme, acquisition and the cost of a demonstrator	33
Low observable design and signature	29
Infrared, acoustic and visual signature and detectability	29
Datalink, latency and beyond-line-of-sight command	21
Suppression of enemy air defences and time-critical targeting	20
Other aeronautical and autonomy literature	9
Total	6,252

Aircraft sizing, mission analysis and the weight estimate

This is the cluster this article argues from, which is unusual and follows from the record. No specification for the X-46A was published, so the analysis sizes the requirement instead of describing a vehicle, and the literature it leans on is conceptual design rather than flight test. Weight estimation and structural weight methods, the Breguet range and endurance relations, mission profiles and mission analysis, the design of endurance aircraft, design space exploration and multidisciplinary optimisation. The largest cluster in this survey, because the article’s keystone lives in it.

673 records. [Adeleke et al 2022] [Abraham and Costello 2009] [Adelman and Mantay 1989] [Adler and Martins 2023] [Agte and Cohen 2008] [Aguiar et al 2008] [Ahn and Ahn 2019] [Aircraft Conceptual Design 2012] [Aircraft Range and Endurance 2011] [Aircraft Range and Endurance 2011] [Aircraft Sizing, Engine Matching 2010] [Aircraft/Engine System Mission Analysis 2018] [Ajaj et al 2013] [Al Atik et al 2025] [Al-Shamma et al 2017] [Al-Zubaidi and Stol 2022] [Alexander and Murphy 2014] [Ali and Al-Shamma 2026] [Allison and Myklebust 2015] [Almbrok et al 2018] [Alsahlani and Rahulan 2016] [Alsahlani et al 2017] [Altman 2015] [Amanatiadis et al 2017] [Andrews and Perez 2012] [Andrews et al 1988] [Datta 2021] [Ardema 2003] [Arhami et al 2010] [Ascani 1974] [Asgari and Henke 2024] [Atreya et al 2005] [Aubeelack] [Automated Design Process of 2024] [Autry and Victorazzo 2019] [Aziz Alaoui] [Babitha Kodavanla et al. 2018] [Bach et al 2016] [Bagdatli et al 2019] [Bakar et al 2021] [Bardell 2000] [Barth et al 2002] [Barton] [Barufaldi and Morales 2023] [Basis for Conceptual Design 2013] [Batill et al 1999] [Batra et al 2023] [Batra et al 2024] [Batra et al 2024] [Batra et al 2026] [Baullinger and Page 1989] [Bekesiene and Ruzgas 2020] [Benard and Oates 1981] [Bendarkar et al 2013] [Berman 1997] [Bernhard and Mokhoff 1981] [Bert 1981] [Bi et al 2005] [Bierbaum et al 1987] [Bindolino et al 2010] [Bird and Langelaan 2017] [Bishop et al 2010] [Boggero et al 2017] [Bolandhemmat et al 2019] [Booker et al 2004] [Botero and Smart 2024] [Boyles and Barnett 1964] [Braafladt et al 2020] [Brandt 2018] [Bronz] [Brown and Anderson 2020] [Bryson et al 2016] [Building the Breguet 413 1935] [Burton and Hoburg 2017] [Burton and Hoburg 2018] [Butler et al 1999] [Cabezon Pedroso et al 2023] [Cai et al 2019] [Cai et al 2022] [Caleb] [Cardoso et al 2024] [Carreyette 1950] [Cassão Gatelli et al 2018] [Cavagna et al 2009] [Cavagna et al 2010] [Cavagna et al 2011] [Cavcar 2006] [Cavcar and Cavcar 2005] [Centracchio 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2007] [Crouse and Sash 2004] [Cruise Performance and Flight 2021] [Cuerno-Rejado and Sanchez-Carmona 2016] [Cyrus 1986] [Cyrus 1995] [Cyrus 1996] [Czinczenheim 1977] [Danilin and Weisshaar 2000] [Danjuma et al 2021] [Dantsker et al 2018] [Dantsker et al 2019] [Dantsker et al 2020] [Dantsker et al 2021] [Daoud 2017] [de Carvalho Bertoli et al 2016] [De Marolles 1930] [de Vries et al 2020] [DeBilzan 1975] [della Noce et al 2021] [Demarchi and Haning 1978] [Deng et al 2018] [Deuschle 2025] [Deuschle et al 2024] [Di Rito et al 2016] [Di Stasio et al 2025] [Diez and Iemma 2012] [Dobrokhodov et al 2024] [Doernte et al 2026] [Doguet and Rancourt 2023] [Doman 2016] [Doman 2016] [Drake and Galloway 1969] [Drake and Solomon 2010] [Dunn et al 1981] [Dwivedi et al 2018] [Dybvad 1973] [Early Conceptual Design 2013] [Ecs 1988] [Ekvall et al 1974] [Endurance Testing for UAS] [Engblom 2012] [Ernst 1994] [Fathi et al 2025] [Fawcett and Martin 1986] [Fayez et al 2021] [Feasibility Studies, Trade Studies 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2024] [Jagtap et al 2025] [Jaiswal and Bhunia 2024] [Joseph et al] [Joseph et al] [Jenkinson and Marchman 2003] [Jeong et al 2022] [Ji et al 2013] [Jo and Majid 2023] [Johnson 1985] [Joksimovic et al 2024] [Jones 1999] [Jordao et al 2021] [Joshi and Geyer 2024] [Jun et al 2020] [Jung et al 2019] [Jung et al 2025] [Jérémy’’ et al 2022] [Kai et al 2026] [Kalinowski 2017] [Kallou et al 2022] [Kallou et al 2024] [Kaloyanova et al 2005] [Kamal and Ramirez-Serrano 2019] [Kao et al 2018] [Kapania and Chun 2004] [Karabacak and Turan 2020] [Karagoz et al 2019] [Karagoz et al 2021] [Karpuk and Elham 2021] [Kaya et al 2016] [Kei̇yi̇nci̇ and Aydin 2021] [Kemp 1988] [Khatri and Sinha 2023] [Kim and Lee 2018] [Kim and Lee 2020] [Kim and Son 2026] [Kim et al 2014] [King 1988] [King et al 2015] [Kolb 1988] [Kong 2009] [Kottapalli and Harris 2012] [Kowalski 1988] [Kowalski et al 2021] [Krengel et al 2019] [Kretov 2020] [Kroo 1983] [Kross] [Krus and Jouannet 2010] [Kurt et al 2024] [Kutney 1964] [Kwiek 2019] [Kwinn et al 2001] [Laine 1982] [Lammen et al 2014] [Larsen et al 2017] [Laughlin et al 2013] [Layton and Kee 1983] [Lee and Ahn 2026] [Lee et al 2009] [Lee et al 2022] [Lehmann 1980] [Lenz and Crossley 2009] [Leonard 2021] [Li and Rodrigues 2025] [Li et al 2018] [Li et al 2022] [Lind et al 2009] [Liscouet-Hanke and Huynh 2013] [Liu and Elham 2019] [Liu and Wu 2003] [Liu et al 2024] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 1983] [Logan 1989] [Logan et al 2007] [Long et al 2008] [Luca et al 2024] [Luqmanul Hakim et al 2018] [Lutz et al 2025] [Lüdders et al 2011] [Ma et al 2020] [Mainini et al 2010] [Mallik et al 2013] [Malpica Galassi et al 2026] [Mane et al 2007] [March et al 2009] [Marisarla et al 2003] [Marriott et al 2020] [Martindale et al 1974] [Martı́nez-Val and Hernández 1999] [Mastroddi et al 2018] [Maximum Range and Endurance 2000] [Mayer 1993] [Mayfield et al 1990] [McDonnell and Ning 2020] [McDonnell et al 2018] [McMurtry 1980] [Meadows et al 2012] [Mehta 2013] [Meier and Olson 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[Pan et al 2026] [Park 2025] [Park and Park 2025] [Park et al 2015] [Park et al 2018] [Park et al 2018] [Park et al 2022] [Park et al 2022] [Park et al 2025] [Parker 1986] [Parush 2015] [Patil et al 1999] [Patil et al 2001] [Patterson 1989] [Pavot et al 2026] [Peck and Hudson 1956] [Peretz 1992] [Perez and Behdinan 2002] [Perez et al 2006] [Phillips and Wert 1999] [Pornet et al 2015] [Posada and Vargas 2020] [Potter et al 2015] [Powerplant Design for Hand-Launched 2010] [Prajapati et al 2023] [Preliminary Estimate of Takeoff 2010] [Preliminary Fuselage Sizing and 2010] [Preliminary Sizing of the 2010] [pustina et al 2026] [Qi et al 2018] [Qin et al 2023] [Qiu et al 2026] [Abhishek et al 2020] [Raczkowski et al 2026] [Rajagopal et al 2007] [Rajaram et al 2017] [Rajaram et al 2018] [Rajpal and Pant 2011] [Randle et al 2011] [Range and Endurance 2003] [Range and Endurance 2006] [Ravindren et al 2007] [Ravishankar and Chakravarthy 2018] [Rawat et al 2026] [Rawat et al 2026] [Rawikara et al 2023] [Raymer 1988] [Raymer 1992] [Raymer 1998] [Raymer 2004] [Raymer 2004] [Raymer and Crossley 2002] [Reeder 2006] [Ren et al 2025] [Retana and Rodriguez-Cortes 2007] [Ricard et al 1961] [Richards 2020] [Rivera and Jayaram 1994] [Rodriguez 2021] [Rodriguez and Liscouët-Hanke 2025] [Rohatgi 1995] [Rohatgi 1996] [Romeo and Frulla 2004] [Romeo et al 2007] [Rosenstein 1989] [Roskam 1985] [Roskam 1986] [Roth et al 2002] [Roy Salam and Bil 2016] [Rumayshah et al 2018] [Ruscello 1992] [Sabeti and Winter 2024] [Sabeti et al 2023] [Sachs et al 2008] [Sadraey 2014] [Sadraey 2016] [Saenger et al 2015] [Sagala and Liscouët-Hanke 2026] [Sagdeo 1990] [Sairam and Balakannan 2018] [Samareh et al 2006] [Sampath and Kattimani 2025] [Sampath et al 2023] [Sanchez and Liscouët-Hanke 2020] [Sanchez et al 2018] [Sanchez-Carmona and Cuerno-Rejado 2018] [Sandy and Judt 2024] [Sanghi 2003] [Saves] [Saves 2024] [Scaravetti and Sebastian 2009] [Schmidt and Vos 2014] [Sensmeier and Samareh 2005] [Seresinhe and 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Aerodynamics of the configuration

The flow the vehicle lives in. Lift, drag, vortex behaviour, boundary layers, wind tunnel technique and computation. The X-46A has no aerodynamic record at all because no airframe was built, and the only physical statement about it that this article has found is that it was generally similar to the X-45B except for a new wing planform.

564 records. [Adhikari and Nichols 2018] [Adhikari and Nichols 2018] [Adiwidodo and Wijaya 2022] [Aerodynamic configuration design using 1993] [Aerodynamic Data of Real 2010] [Aerodynamic design of low-speed 1986] [Aerodynamic Design Wing 1969] [Aerodynamic Drag and Its 2013] [Aerodynamic efficiency and performance] [Aerodynamic Forces on Aircraft 1995] [Aerodynamic Performance 2012] [Aerodynamics 2024] [Aerodynamics and Airframe Configurations 2010] [Aerodynamics of Wing-Body Combinations 2010] [Ahn et al 2001] [Aircraft Aerodynamics 1997] [Aircraft Drag 2010] [Airfoil and Wing/Tail Geometry 2024] [Airfoils - Significance and 1980] [Alley et al 2007] [Alm and Li 2026] [Altstatt 1974] [Ames 1975] [Amrit et al 2018] [An and Williams 2025] [An and Williams 2026] [Andreu Angulo and Babinsky 2022] [Anggraeni 2019] [Anyoji et al 2013] [Appa et al 1996] [Appendix G Aerodynamic Data 2010] [Appendix H Aerodynamics of 2010] [Aprovitola et al 2021] [Arnould and Laurendeau 2026] [Ashenberg and Weihs 1984] 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Propulsion, inlet integration and installed performance

The engine and what the airframe does to it. Turbofan cycles and installed performance, inlets and nozzles, thrust estimation and control, specific fuel consumption, and electric and hybrid propulsion. The article uses this literature for one purpose, being to bound the installed thrust a vehicle of 32,539 pounds would need, since no engine is stated for the X-46A.

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[Sarr et al 2025] [Satria Palar et al 2024] [Schierman and Lowell 1992] [Schkolnik 1993] [Schmidt 1985] [Schoelen 1981] [Scholz 2021] [Schweikhard and Berry 1974] [Sebastiampillai et al 2019] [Seiler 1977] [Semakov and Semakova 2023] [Sens 1978] [Seyam et al 2025] [Shen et al 2014] [Shimoyama and Kamisori 2017] [Siddiqui 2022] [Silva and Guimarães 2020] [Sizing the Engine Installed 2002] [Sizing the Engine Installed 2018] [Sliwinski et al 2017] [Smith and Wehofer 1982] [Snyder 2015] [Sokhey 1984] [Song et al 2018] [Sosounov and Orlov 1990] [Sowers and Tabakoff 1983] [Speak et al 2015] [Specific fuel consumption] [Stagliano and Hornung 2012] [Steinmetz and Wagner 1986] [Stepaniak et al 2009] [Stephan and Fichter 2016] [Stephenson et al 1974] [Strash et al 1997] [Strash et al 2000] [Strome 1969] [Suh 1990] [Suracharttumrongrat and Kampoon 2023] [Svoboda 2000] [Swavely and Soileau 1972] [Systems of Commercial Turbofan 2008] [Szafranski et al 2014] [Taflan et al 2026] [Tate and Gillard 1975] [Telectro-Mek Inc Fort Wayne In 1965] [Temporary Methods for Assessing] [The Measurement of Engine] [The Rolls-Royce RB.211 Three 1968] [Theys et al 2016] [Throndson 1970] [Thrust Reverser Systems] [Thrust-induced effects on pitching-up 1994] [Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing 2024] [Traub 2022] [Turan 2012] [Turbine Engine Inlet Design 2010] [Turbofan and Turboprop Engines 2022] [Turbofan engine components 1998] [Tyson 1979] [Ulizar and Pilidis 1995] [Underwood] [Urban et al 2023] [Van Dommelen 1995] [Vance 1973] [Varela Martínez] [Varsegov 2010] [Varsegov and Saukhin 2025] [Varsegov and Shabalin 2015] [Vegh et al 2017] [Venkatraman 2009] [Venkatraman 2011] [Vos 2019] [Vos et al 2017] [Vyas et al 2023] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2025] [Wannenburg 1963] [Warsch et al 2026] [Wasson 1977] [Wei et al 2024] [Weinberg and Wyzykowski 2001] [Weisshaar and Allen 1991] [Wen et al 2024] [Werle 2020] [Whitfield and Blackburn 1965] [Whitten et al 1976] [Wilson 1986] [Wilson and Mahoney 1987] [Wilson et al 1975] [Wilson et al 1999] [With low fuel consumption 1974] [Xie et al 2018] [Xin et al 2021] [Xingjian et al 1985] [Yalcin 2017] [Yang et al 1983] [Yanik et al 2014] [Yin et al 2000] [York et al 2018] [Young 1961] [Youngblood et al 1984] [Yuhas and Ray 1992] [Yunusov et al 2006] [Zaid 1960] [Zeising and Gerhardt 1993] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zhao et al 2024] [Zhong et al 2026] [Zhou and Prasad 2013] [Zhou and Xin 2020] [Zhou and Xin 2021] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zhu et al 2024]

Aircraft design methods, configuration layout and wing design

Aircraft design as a discipline, rather than sizing to one mission. Design texts and methods, configuration layout, wing design and its optimisation, weight and its estimation, and the selection and integration of engines at the design stage.

490 records. [Abbas 2018] [Abdelrahman et al 2009] [Acaba and Bostic 1996] [Adamson et al 1978] [Aerospace conceptual vehicle design 1992] [Agrawal 1984] [Aircraft Anatomy 1985] [Aircraft Classification, Statistics, and 2010] [Aircraft Compartment Design Criteria 1960] [Aircraft design] [Aircraft Design A Conceptual 2024] [Aircraft Design Fundamentals 2012] [Aircraft Design Optimization 2013] [Aircraft design optimization with 1989] [Aircraft Weight Distribution 2012] [Aircraft Weights Data 2010] [Aircraft Wing Design 2005] [Aircraft with annular wing 2001] [Aircraft/Engine System Constraint Analysis 2018] [Airframe Computer-Aided Design and 2021] [Airplane wing design] [Albuquerque et al 2018] [Allison et al 2006] [Altman 2002] [Analysis of the relationship 2024] [Anderson 1957] [Anderson 1995] [Appendix C Gas Turbine 2002] [Argrow 2016] [Army Service Forces Washington Dc 1940] [Badyagin et al 1979] [Bahar et al 2003] [Baldock and Mokhtarzadeh-Dehghan 2006] [Ball 1966] [Banerjee and Taneja 2025] [Banerjee and Taneja 2026] [Bangert et al 1983] [Barber 1963] [Barlow 1929] [Barlow 1999] [Basak and Akdemir 2024] [Bashkirov et al 1997] [Bateman 1986] [Bateman et al 2007] [Beebe 1968] [Belart 1938] [Belhafnaoui and Diouane 2026] [Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1955] [Benassi 2024] [Bil 1989] [Birrenbach 2000] [Boden and Burschyk 2026] [Bodonyl 1994] [Bona and Risse 2018] [Boretz 1984] [Boretz 1985] [Boretz 1985] [Boudreault 1983] [Boyer 1994] [Bruening et al 2000] [Bruening et al 2001] [Horvath and Wrenn] [Buda et al 2026] [Bye 1993] [Camatti et al 1998] [Cao et al 2026] [Carrier et al 2021] [Carrier et al 2022] [Casarosa et al 2004] [Case Study Micro Tactical 2007] [Catchpole 1990] [Cawthorne and Devos 2020] [CHAPTER SEVEN. Wings of 1990] [Characteristics of Aircraft Types 2010] [Chattot 2005] [Chattot 2006] [Chaussee and Dervault 2013] [Chung et al 2025] [Chuprun 1980] [Cipolla et al 2022] [Clark et al 2019] [Cleveland 1970] [Cohen and Jones 1960] [Coirier et al 2014] [Coiro and Nicolosi 2001] [Computer-Aided System of Aircraft 2018] [Concepts and Computational Models 2021] [Configuring Aircraft 2010] [Cosyn and Vierendeels 2006] [Cousin and Metcalfe 1990] [Cox et al 2009] [Cox et al 2010] [Cramer et al 1993] [Crossley 2004] [D’Urso 1990] [Dang 2026] [Day 1966] [Filippo 1983] [Silva and Carmichael 1978] [Dehua and Changyou 1993] [Delavenne] [Demir et al 2021] [Design and Development of 2014] [Design and Fluid Flow 2015] [Design of the Well-Tempered 2013] [Design of Unique Aircraft 2024] [Development of Micro Air 2007] [Deyoung 1971] [Dixit and Patel 1980] [Dizdarevic 2013] [Dodds and Vahdati 2014] [Dodds and Vahdati 2014] [Dong et al 2023] [Dovi and Wrenn 1989] [Dovi and Wrenn 1990] [Drinkwater and Rolls 1965] [Dudley 1986] [Duong Nguyen et al 2022] [Eckels 1983] [Edgington 1978] [Edi 2022] [Effing et al 2023] [Eisler] [Electric Aircraft 2024] [Elham and Ghasemi 2023] [Ellis and Maris 1977] [Engine Component Design Rotating 2002] [Engine Component Design Turbomachinery 2018] [Engine/Airframe Performance Matching 1989] [Er-El 1988] [Erwin and Vitale 1972] [Eschweiler et al 1977] [Escuret and Garnier 1995] [Estimating the Takeoff Wing 2010] [Eustace 1998] [Evolution of modern air 1980] [Fadel et al 2022] [Fellers and Patierno 1970] [Fioriti 2014] [Flexible-Wing Micro Air Vehicles 2007] [Franco et al 2019] [Fritzsche et al 2026] [Fuel Flow Laboratory 1964] [Fuselages and Tails Empennage 2017] [Förster et al 2022] [Gadh 2026] [Gallard] [Galloway 1989] [Gates 1992] [Generic Aircraft Design Flowchart 2017] [Ghiglino et al 2026] [Ghosh et al 2014] [Goddard and Eastgate 2010] [Goldschmied 1990] [Goldsmith and Bowles 1980] [González et al 2004] [Greenhalgh 1983] [Greeson et al 2024] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Guerder] [Gupta 2026] [Gómez-Rodríguez and Cuerno-Rejado 2025] [Hague et al 1972] [Haider et al 2023] [Haim et al 1996] [Hamilton and Welge 1992] [Hammond 1986] [Harasani 2010] [Hartney] [Haupt 1977] [Hawkswell et al 2022] [Hays 1989] [Hein et al 2025] [Hendrickson et al 1978] [Henne 1981] [Henne 1989] [Hertel and Albers 1993] [Hicks and Henne 1977] [Hicks and Henne 1978] [High altitude reconnaissance aircraft 1989] [Hileman et al 2010] [Hill 1994] [Hirsh 1965] [Holloway et al 1972] [Holst 1990] [Hood et al 1984] [Howe 2000] [Howe 2000] [Hoying 1993] [Huang et al 2024] [Hwang et al 2014] [Ibrahim 2004] [Ibrahim and Mohnot 2006] [Information Model of Aircraft 2021] [Irvine 1968] [Islam and Sjolander 1999] [Iwaniuk et al 2016] [Vankan et al 2021] [Jackson 1976] [James 1972] [Jansen and Perez 2010] [Janus 2006] [Jenkinson 1991] [Jinan and Xiaoxu 1985] [Johnson 1940] [Johnson and Silva 2026] [Johnson and White 1983] [Jones 1963] [Jones 1964] [Jones 1975] [Kalenskii et al 2019] [Kawai 1973] [Kaymal 2016] [Keane et al 2017] [Khare et al 2024] [Kiely and Agarwal 2024] [Kilkis 2024] [Kim and Oh 2017] [Kim et al 2001] [King] [Kirkham and Driver 1973] [Kolom 1965] [Kormanik et al 2024] [Krenz 1979] [Kress 1983] [Krispin and Portnoy 1988] [Krone 1980] [Kroo 1988] [Kubrynski 2003] [Kulik et al 2015] [Kumar and Khalid 2014] [Kumuk and Ilbas 2023] [Lamar 1980] [Landry and Baldwin 1992] [Lange 1983] [Lange 1984] [Lange and Mikolowsky 1979] [Lange and Rudnik 2019] [Lapeña-Rey et al 2010] [Lawton 1990] [Lee and Boedicker 1985] [Lee et al 2007] [Lee et al 2008] [Lefebvre and Zha 2015] [Li and Qin 2020] [Li and Tiniakov 2026] [Li et al 2013] [Lin 2024] [Lindner] [Liseitsev 2025] [Liseitsev et al 2025] [Lissaman 1980] [Lou et al 2017] [Love and Argrow 2021] [Lu et al 2020] [Luo Xiuchun and Huang Ning 2005] [Luu 2025] [Lyu et al 2021] [Major changes in the 1993] [Majoros 1989] [Malaek and Soltan-Mohammed 2001] [Malone 1982] [Malone and Mason 1991] [Marretta et al 1999] [Marti 1970] [Martinez-Rodriguez et al 2021] [Mason 1990] [Mason and Iglesias 2001] [Masud et al 2017] [Matching Engines and Airframe 2013] [Mathias et al 1995] [Mattingly 1989] [Maughmer 1987] [Maute and Reich 2006] [McDonald and Stevens 1970] [Mechatronic Design of Unmanned 2015] [Mele et al 2016] [Mirhashemi et al 2022] [Mistree 1987] [Modern Aeroplane Types 1945] [Moosavian et al 2014] [Morin and O’Connor 1987] [Morley 1961] [Morote and Liaño 2012] [Morozov 2015] [Morris 1984] [Morris 1983] [Morris 1984] [Mosimann and Ducard 2014] [Most 2016] [Most and Stroup 2021] [Murotsu 1990] [Naik and Ostowari 1990] [Namet-Allah and Birk 2015] [Nangia and Palmer 2007] [Navaratna and Pontillo 2022] [Nelms et al 1976] [Nelson and Dix 2003] [Neri et al 2024] [Newey] [Nguyen et al 2015] [Nguyen et al 2026] [Nicolai 1978] [Nicolaides 1990] [Nie 2003] [Niedling 1980] [Nikolitsch 1978] [Nix et al 2009] [Ol et al 2008] [Olason 1969] [Olsen et al 2000] [Olson and Henricks 2018] [Ormsby 1968] [Oyama 2021] [Oyibo et al 1992] [Palaia et al 2024] [Pallot et al 2016] [Pant and Fielding 1999] [Park 2021] [Park et al 2016] [Park et al 2018] [Patierno 1980] [Pehlivan et al 2023] [Phoa et al 1985] [Pogosyan 2025] [Polhamus 1983] [Prasad 2022] [Qi and Staudacher 2025] [Quest and Wright 2002] [Rao et al 2004] [Raymer 2012] [Raymer 2012] [Raymer 2018] [Raymer 2024] [Reed 1984] [Reghunath and Ramaiah 2022] [Resulkulyeva and Serebryansky 2023] [Revell et al 1982] [Rhode and Sobolik 1985] [Riaz et al 2017] [Ribi and Dalbert 1999] [Robinson and Melary 1985] [Robson and Peters 1972] [Rocha et al 2006] [Rodden 1972] [Rohl and Schrage 1992] [Rose et al 2022] [Roskam and Malaek 1989] [Ross 1984] [Rusovici et al 2017] [Ryan Aeronautical Co San Diego Ca 1962] [Ryan Aeronautical Co San Diego Ca 1963] [Gupta 2023] [Sachs 1969] [Sadraey 2008] [Sadraey 2010] [Sadraey 2026] [Saeed and Graham 2015] [Sakamoto and Cota 1965] [Salay and Elliott 1996] [Sanchez-Carmona et al 2025] [Sanders 1957] [Sands 1952] [Santarelli et al 2009] [Sarojini et al 2017] [Sasamori et al 2022] [Savoni and Rudnik 2018] [Scardelletti et al 2022] [Scholz et al 2023] [Schrage et al 2001] [Schuck et al 2003] [Schultz 1946] [Schwartz 1988] [Scott 2021] [Sears 1980] [Seow] [Serghides and Fielding 1988] [Seven Wings the F-4 1980] [Shankar and Malmuth 1982] [Sharma and Sim 1995] [Shubham et al 2025] [Shubov 2001] [Simpson et al 2004] [Sjoblom 1980] [Slender Aircraft for Flight 2012] [Small and Lewis 1985] [Smith and Lee 1989] [Sobieczky 1998] [Sobti] [Solvey 1951] [Sorensen et al 1979] [Spacht 1980] [Span Load Program 1998] [Spearman 1985] [Spinelli and Kipouros 2025] [Spirochkin 2025] [Srokowski and Orszag 1977] [Stalcup and Heersema 2023] [Stringfield 1984] [Subramaniam et al 2012] [Sunago et al 2009] [Szodruch 2001] [Taig and Kerr 1973] [Takanashi 1985] [Takenaka et al 2008] [Taylor 1940] [Templalexis et al 2016] [The Design of Classical 2012] [Thin Wing Sections 2012] [Three-Dimensional Wing Synthesis 2014] [Tondji and Botez 2016] [Toor et al 2018] [Toor et al 2019] [Torenbeek 1976] [Torenbeek 1976] [Torenbeek 1982] [Torenbeek 1982] [Torenbeek 2013] [Turanoguz and Alemdaroglu 2015] [Turanoğlu Şirin 2023] [Turbine-Engined Transport Aircraft 1949] [Turevskiy et al 2007] [Tye 1980] [Unmanned Aircraft Geometry and 2014] [Unmanned-Aircraft Geometry and Configurations 2012] [Useful Aircraft Design Data] [Useful aircraft design data 1999] [van Heerden et al 2019] [Variable sweep wing design 1980] [Variyar et al 2014] [Vaughan and Anderson 2005] [Vessey 1938] [Viars 1989] [Wagner 1973] [Walker 1976] [Wallace 1952] [Ward 1983] [Ward and Jenal 2010] [Wasnik et al 2025] [Wauters 2022] [Wells et al 1999] [Weyl 1933] [Whitehead 1975] [Whitehead 1975] [Whitener 1978] [Whitener 1979] [Whitford 1990] [Whitford 1992] [Whitford 1993] [Whitford 1994] [Whitten and Woodrey 1977] [Why Should We Design] [Why should we design 1999] [Wiegand et al 2025] [Willan 2011] [Williams 1970] [Wilson and Wilson 1997] [Wing Design 2012] [Wing Design 2025] [Wing Design Considerations 2021] [Wings 2017] [Woelk 1989] [Wolf et al 2016] [Wolz and Shira 1995] [Wood et al 2009] [Woodward 1968] [Worked Manned Aircraft Detail 2017] [Wu et al 2000] [Wunderlich and Dähne 2026] [Wygonik 2013] [Xie and Haberland 1999] [Xu and Kroo 2014] [Xun et al 1993] [Yazdi 1991] [Yongjie et al 2021] [Yuchao and Chanying 2024] [Zhai et al 2023] [Zhang and Zhang 2020] [Zhang et al 2019] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zheng et al 2026] [Ziqiang and Sobieczky 1988] [Çakıcı and Leblebicioğlu 2016]

Unmanned aircraft: systems, operations and military employment

The vehicle class as a system and as a military instrument. Overviews and histories of unmanned aircraft, named systems such as the MQ-1C, MQ-4C and Compass Cope, operations and persistent surveillance, missions flown by several vehicles together, the roles of their operators, and their armed employment. Unmanned aircraft in general outnumber the combat class by more than three to one in this survey, which is why the strike literature is kept as its own narrower cluster.

431 records. [A Polish Medium Bomber 1938] [Ananyev 2019] [Abdulla 2023] [Abeyratne 2016] [Abeyratne 2019] [Acevedo et al 2015] [Aerospace series. Unmanned Aircraft] [Ahern et al 1993] [Air National Guard Remotely 2015] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1954] [Aircraft Payload Limits for 1970] [Ajitha et al 2024] [Al Nuaimi et al 2020] [Alfredson and Ohlander 2019] [Alighanbari and How] [Altynova et al 2011] [Analysis of At-Altitude LTE 2019] [Analysis of the Development 2022] [Angell 2009] [Anisimov et al 2015] [Anzev and Sarychev 2023] [Arogeti and Ailon 2023] [Auborn et al 2003] [Austin 2010] [Aviation And Troop Command Army St Louis Mo 1995] [Aviation History and UAS] [Ayar and Karakoc 2023] [Baek and York 2020] [Ball and Atkinson 1998] [Ballard 1982] [Banks 2000] [Barbaroux 2019] [Basic Principles for the 2012] [Bass 2006] [Batista da Silva et al 2017] [Baxter 2013] [Bayramov and Hashimov 2019] [Belta 2012] [Belta 2012] [Bennett] [Bentz and Panagou 2017] [Bian et al 2013] [Bishop et al 2000] [Blask 2002] [Bolohin and Bolohina 2024] [Bonser and Mlinar 1977] [Booz-Allen And Hamilton Inc McLean Va 2000] [Bostian and Young 2011] [Bostian and Young 2013] [Boutros 2015] [Box and Globus 2011] [Box et al 2008] [Brewer 2017] [Brown 1979] [Brown 1980] [Brown 2010] [Brungardt 2011] [Brungardt and Carraway 2021] [Buchanan 2010] [Buckner 2000] [Budd 2002] [Buerger et al 2012] [Bulka et al 2022] [Buric 2018] [Burke 2015] [Bushey] [Cao et al 2024] [Carr et al 2003] [Casey-Maslen 2018] [Castanon and Cassandras 2010] [Cerezo Magaña 2025] [Chaari and Al-Maadeed 2021] [Chapter 1 Overview of 2021] [Chen and Cenko 1990] [Chen et al 2024] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen et al 2026] [Chen et al 2026] [Cheng and Nicol 2023] [Cheng et al 2024] [Chiesa et al 2000] [Choi 2026] [Clare et al 2012] [Clark 2013] [Collins et al 2021] [Competence of Unmanned Aircraft 2018] [Connor 2020] [Considerations for Safe Store] [Control of cooperative unmanned] [Cookerly 1988] [Cooperative Communications in UAV 2020] [Cote 2015] [Crandall 1999] [Cummings 2014] [Dalamagkidis 2014] [Dalamagkidis et al 2012] [Dantsker and Mancuso 2019] [Darbha et al 2013] [Deets and Brown 1986] [DeJarnette-Crumsey et al 2022] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 1994] [Department Of Defense Washington Dc 2009] [Department Of The Air Force Washington Dc 2005] [Dhanasekar et al 2026] [Digman 2009] [Displaying trajectory of remotely 2011] [Dixon et al 2005] [Doan] [DoD Office of Inspector General 2015] [Dodge 2015] [Doherty et al 2013] [Donmez et al 2008] [Drones and Unmanned Smart 2020] [Dubicki and Gorospe 2026] [Durmus et al 2023] [Dwi Setiawan and Aldino 2026] [Edwards and Lennie O. 1990] [El-Ferik 2020] [Elia and Theocharides 2024] [Eremin 2025] [Esparza 1979] [Evaluating The Use of 2015] [Evolution of Human Systems 2016] [Faied and Girard 2008] [Falahi and Mounir 2026] [Fang 2025] [Fant 2001] [Farrell 2011] [Ferrari and Daugherty 2010] [Fierro et al] [Fincannon et al 2009] [Foch 1992] [Fogel et al 1974] [Forsmo et al 2013] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2001] [Frederick et al 2002] [Frew and Brown] [Frey 2011] [Frontera Sánchez] [Fu et al 2015] [Fukui et al 2020] [Fulton et al 2011] [Gacy 2011] [Gage 1994] [Gaub 2011] [Geister et al 2017] [Geng et al 2014] [Ghosh et al 2020] [Glizde and Urbaha 2019] [Goerttler and Schnepf 2024] [Goncharenko 2013] [Gonzalez 2010] [González 2023] [Goudarzi and Richards 2020] [Graham et al 2023] [Greaney 2010] [Gregory and Kim 2022] [Guijarro Reyes et al 2018] [Gupta et al 2019] [Hafez and Kamel 2016] [Hafez et al 2015] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Ham et al 2022] [Hammack and Mullen 1995] [Han et al 2019] [Haritos and Barnhart 2021] [Hart and Williams 2008] [Hartuv et al 2020] [Hatch et al 2007] [Haus et al 2013] [Hawkes 2009] [He et al 2025] [Heyns and Borden 2017] [Hicks and Durbin 2014] [Hing and Oh] [Hinsz 2006] [Historical Aspects of Unmanned 2016] [Hobbs 2017] [Hobbs 2023] [Hobbs et al 2016] [Hobe et al 2026] [Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018] [Holland et al 2009] [Howard 1995] [Howard 1996] [Huang et al 2018] [Huang et al 2018] [Human Factors in Unmanned 2016] [Human Systems Integration for 2016] [Scott and Huttunen 2023] [Initial evaluation of video 2012] [Introduction to the Aircraft 1985] [Introduction to the Aircraft 2003] [Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft 2010] [İşci and Günel 2021] [Jackson 2001] [Jackson et al 1996] [Janetka et al 2001] [Jenkins et al 2005] [Jensen 2016] [Jensen 2021] [Jimenez et al 2016] [John 2014] [Johnson and O’Neill 2003] [Johnson et al 2005] [Jones 1973] [Jorris et al 2011] [Kafetzis et al 2021] [Kearns 2018] [Kearns 2021] [Khan 2021] [Kim 2025] [Kim and Morrison 2013] [Kim et al 2015] [Klesh et al 2009] [Knutzon] [Konar et al 2024] [Korchenko and Illyash 2013] [Krings et al 2013] [Kulyk et al 2013] [Kumar 1997] [Kurkcu et al 2011] [Larm 2004] [Lechniak and Melton 2017] [Lega and Ricci 2002] [Lewis and Pickering 2014] [Li and Fan 2018] [Li and Tiniakov 2026] [Li and Tiniakov 2026] [Li et al 2015] [Li et al 2024] [Liu and Bush 2004] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2020] [Logan and Glaab 2017] [Lovett 1984] [Lv et al 2026] [Lynch 2012] [Ma and Jin 2025] [Maere et al 2010] [Manyam et al 2017] [Mao et al 2025] [Marshall] [Martin et al 2024] [Matlock et al 2009] [Matolak and Sun 2014] [McIngvale and Dudley 1990] [McLaughlin and Perhinschi 2023] [Mei 2025] [Merhav and Grunwald 1978] [Merino et al] [Miura and Suzuki 2003] [Mohammad 2013] [Moser 2011] [Mulkerin 2007] [Mumm et al 2020] [Muniraj and Farhood 2017] [Murray and Wild 2026] [Mutuel 2015] [Naundrup] [Neal 2010] [Neff 2019] [Neff and Garman 2016] [Neuenswander 2013] [New Achievements in Unmanned 2023] [New Technologies and Developments 2023] [Newcome 2004] [Nguyen et al 2022] [Ni et al 2024] [Nichols 1998] [Nichols 2021] [Nigam 2014] [Nigam and Kroo 2008] [Nigam and Kroo 2008] [Niles 1964] [Niu et al 2019] [Nordholt and Greeff 2026] [Nusyirwan and Bil 2007] [Nygard 1995] [Oh et al 2017] [Okcu 2016] [Olsen et al 2019] [Ooi] [Operator Interface 2026] [Overholt 2007] [Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 2012] [Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 2014] [Pack and York 2008] [Pack et al] [Palmer 1970] [Pan et al 2026] [Papageorgiou et al 2020] [Parasuraman and Miller 2006] [Park et al 2017] [Paul et al 2013] [Pauls 2012] [Payton 2011] [Perry 2000] [Perry 2011] [Persistent tactical surveillance elements] [Perzanowski et al 2000] [Piersol 1977] [Pomranky 2006] [Price and Forrest 2016] [Primatesta et al 2021] [Prkačin et al 2024] [Purvis 2003] [Pyzynski 2020] [Qu et al 2015] [Ramachandra et al 1980] [Ramasamy and Ghose 2016] [Rasmussen et al 2006] [Relationship Between the Manned 1963] [Reorganization for the Era 2008] [Republic Aviation Corp Mineola Ny 1963] [Reynolds 2016] [Roden and Harrhy 1992] [Rodriguez 2013] [Rollo et al 2015] [Romero 2015] [Ross 1954] [Ryan 1990] [Răducanu and Cîrciu 2017] [Sager 2009] [Saif et al 2014] [Salinas et al 2018] [Sandstrom et al 2022] [Santamaría Barnadas] [Sastry 2001] [Schneider et al 2011] [Schutz and Kutrzyba 2000] [Scott and Trimarchi 2024] [Sells and Crossley 2023] [Sherstjuk 2015] [Sherstjuk and Zharikova 2021] [Shi 2023] [Shi et al 2024] [Shima et al 2014] [Shively and Barnes 2008] [Shmelova et al 2017] [Singh and Ali Khan 2023] [Snyder 2000] [Solar aircraft achieves longest 2010] [Sosa 1997] [Spearman 1984] [Special Topics in Unmanned 2014] [Specification for Design and] [Spry et al] [Squire et al 2006] [Steeb et al 1979] [Stewart et al 2012] [Stuhne et al 2023] [Summey et al 2001] [Swift et al 1990] [Taghizade 2026] [Tang et al 2019] [Taylor et al 2021] [The Basic Principles and 2012] [The Control of Multiple 2026] [The Coyote Unmanned Air 2007] [The Future of Unmanned 2016] [The Path Forward for 2016] [Tomczyk 2014] [Toussaint et al 2007] [Towhidnejad and Clifford 2009] [Tvaryanas 2006] [Tvaryanas and Maupin 2013] [Tvaryanas et al 2012] [Tweddale et al 2011] [UAV System Deployment 2010] [UAV Systems Continuing Evolution 2010] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2013] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2016] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2020] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for 2016] [Unmanned Air Vehicles 2015] [Unmanned Air Vehicles 2017] [Unmanned Aircraft System Elements 2016] [Unmanned Aircraft System Operations 2016] [Unmanned aircraft systems] [Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles 2013] [Vahidi and Saberinia 2016] [Vahidi and Saberinia 2017] [Valavanis and Kontitsis] [Valavanis and Vachtsevanos 2014] [Valois et al 2008] [Van Nederveen 2001] [Vashishth et al 2024] [Venosa et al 2017] [Vulnerability of Quick-Reacting Sheltered 1959] [Walker 2011] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2023] [Wanyonyi Rodgers 2024] [War and Risk Non-Lethal 2016] [Wasser et al 2011] [Watson et al] [Watson et al 2018] [Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 2013] [White 2005] [Wierzbanowski and Kasten 1990] [Wilcox 1991] [Wilson 2011] [Wise 2004] [Wolfe] [Xu and Carrillo 2015] [Xu et al 2024] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2025] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Yao et al 2018] [Yin et al 2023] [Yoo et al 2014] [Yu et al 2018] [Yu et al 2023] [Yu et al 2023] [Yuma Proving Ground Az 2013] [Yuma Test Center Yuma Proving Ground Az 2008] [Zhang et al 2016] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zheng et al 2014] [Zhiqiang and Wu 2017] [Zhong et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhyvotovskyi and Petruk 2018]

Flight dynamics, control and system identification of unmanned and manned aircraft

How an aircraft moves and how its motion is measured. Equations of motion, stability and control, system identification, flight simulation and the flight control of manned and unmanned aircraft, together with the proceedings of the Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference.

296 records. [Abualigah et al 2024] [Ackerman et al 2019] [Adoghe] [Advanced Aircraft Control 2026] [Aircraft Dynamics and Classical 2015] [Aircraft Flight Control 2014] [Aircraft Maneuvers and Flight 2011] [Aircraft Models 2012] [Aircraft Stability and Control 2026] [Airframe Equations of Motion 1998] [Alatorre Sevilla] [Amin et al 2016] [Appendix B Aircraft models] [Application of dynamic flight] [Autopilot Design Using Successive 2012] [Autopilot Design Using Successive 2012] [Aygün et al 2014] [Azimov and Allen 2017] [Azizi et al 2024] [Bean 1970] [Bernstein 2000] [Beyer et al 2005] [Beyers 1983] [Bhardwaj et al 1987] [Biber 2023] [Blodgett and Lagor 2022] [Bodson 2001] [Bogos et al 2018] [Boothe 1971] [Bretschneider et al 2021] [Buck et al 2004] [Cao et al 2017] [Carpenter and Jenny 1964] [Cen et al 2018] [Chao et al 2007] [Chapman et al 2024] [Chatterjee and Basak 2021] [Chauhan and Lyshevski 2012] [Chauhan and Lyshevski 2012] [Chen and Zhao 2017] [Cheng and Pei 2020] [Cho and Nagati 1998] [Chodnicki et al 2024] [Chu and Bryson 1987] [Chung 2012] [Costello 2009] [Cunis] [Cunningham 1976] [Curtiss 1970] [Cyrus and Fogarty 1979] [Dahleh and Tsitsiklis 2002] [Dakhno et al 2021] [Danowsky et al 2017] [Davidson et al 1972] [de Divitiis 2006] [de Oca and Flores 2020] [Dehghan Manshadi and Saghafi 2021] [Dermer] [Dhiman et al 2022] [Diez-Garcia and Dahm 2002] [Dlapa 2020] [Dobrokhodov 2014] [Dobrokhodov 2021] [Dollinger et al 2021] [Dorobantu et al 2013] [Dołęga et al 2017] [Dukes 1970] [Erkol 2017] [Erturk and Dogan 2017] [Fan et al 2021] [Fantoni and Palomino 2013] [Feedback Flight Control 2026] [Flight Control 2015] [Flight Control Compartment Nomenclature] [Flight Dynamics of Elastic 2014] [Flight Envelope Awareness/Protection] [Flores and Lozano 2013] [Forkun et al 2020] [Fung and Amitay 2002] [Gao et al 2013] [Gao et al 2020] [Gatto 2009] [Generally on automatic flight] [Geronel et al 2023] [Ghazi and Botez 2022] [Ghidella and Mosterman 2005] [Gilyard and Espana 1994] [Girish et al 2014] [Goldberger 1966] [Goodner and Rao 1988] [Gray 1964] [Gu and Zhou 2002] [Gu et al 2019] [Guclu et al 2016] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Hall and Boothe 1972] [Hartmann et al 2016] [Heald 1955] [Hegde 2020] [Henry et al 2005] [Hernandez Ramirez and Nahon 2022] [Hess and Hess 1997] [Hill 1981] [Hill 1987] [Hoffer et al 2013] [Hoffer et al 2014] [Hoffer et al 2015] [Hofmann and Riedel 1979] [Hongyan and Xiaoyong 2026] [Hossny et al 2020] [How et al 2014] [Hu et al 2026] [Huang 1969] [Huang and Zhang 2020] [Huber et al 2024] [Iliff 1987] [Internal Model Control Tuned 2020] [Ivanova 2025] [Jafari and Xu 2018] [Jarrah and Ashley 1989] [Jategaonkar 2000] [Jategaonkar and Thielecke 1994] [Jianhong and Yanxiang 2026] [Kai 2024] [Kandath et al 2023] [Kaye] [Khamvilai et al 2024] [Khan and Khorasani 2010] [Khobin and Goncharenko 2021] [Kikkawa and Uchiyama 2017] [Kim et al 2020] [Kirk et al 2022] [Kitsios et al 2020] [Kleinert et al 2023] [Klipp et al 2021] [Krüger et al 2010] [Kumar et al 2007] [Kuppusamy and Yoon 2016] [Lanteigne and O’Reilly 2020] [Lee et al 2011] [Li et al 2016] [Liang 2026] [Linear Quadratic Flight Control 2026] [Ling 1970] [Liu and Singh 1995] [Liu et al 2014] [Liu et al 2016] [Liu et al 2017] [Long 1968] [Lu et al 2011] [Lu et al 2018] [Ma et al 2015] [Maqsood and Go 2010] [Marino 2001] [Minto et al 1989] [Mirchandani 2020] [Modeling atmospheric effects for 1989] [Modeling the Aircraft 2015] [Morelli 1998] [Morse 1945] [Morton and Elgersma 1998] [Moua and Dees 2010] [Muhammad Aamir Zafar et al 2011] [Muhammad Umer et al 2020] [Murray 1999] [Murray and Doyle 2000] [Murray and Doyle 2001] [Mustapa 2015] [Müller and Moormann 2023] [Nelson 1974] [Nemati and Montazeri 2018] [Nicolosi et al 2015] [Nie et al 2021] [Obradovic and Subbarao 2011] [Ogorodnikov 1993] [Okumoto and Elsanker 1973] [Oliveira and Guerreiro 2024] [Omran and Newman 2009] [Omran and Newman 2011] [Omran et al 2008] [Owashi et al 2017] [Paranjape 2023] [Patience and Nahon 2020] [Pauli 1964] [Pei et al 2025] [Pham] [Pham] [Pizetta et al 2014] [Placement in Flight Control 2026] [Porter and Manganas 1986] [Pradeep 1998] [Pujara and Shabbarhussein 1994] [Quantitative Design Requirements for 2017] [Quigley et al 1960] [Rabenberg and Palarz 1983] [Ramirez and Nahon 2021] [Rawson 1963] [Reinhardt and Johansen 2019] [Reinhardt and Johansen 2021] [Riedel 1979] [Riso et al 2020] [Risse et al 2014] [Rogalski 2018] [Rogalski et al 2020] [Rogalski et al 2021] [Rohlf et al 2012] [Rolling Maneuvers 1996] [Rosario-Gabriel and Cortes 2018] [Rustenburg 1972] [Ryś et al 2014] [Sadraey and Colgren 2006] [Sanchez-Rivera et al 2019] [Sandino et al 2013] [Sarabakha] [Sarigul-Klijn and Huber 2006] [Saxena and Faruque 2016] [Schütte and Hummel 2023] [Seanor] [Selvesyuk et al 2019] [Seraj and Martins 2022] [Sgarioto et al 2006] [Shao et al 2024] [Sherstnev 2022] [Shore and Bodson 2004] [Shore and Bodson 2005] [Shukla et al 2020] [Simms 2023] [Sims] [Sivrioglu 2023] [Sivrioğlu 2023] [Smith 1962] [Smith et al 1973] [Song 2008] [Souanef 2024] [Specification for Low-Speed Flight] [Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft 2010] [Stapleford 1978] [Stern 1984] [Stone] [Supsukbaworn and Lin 2014] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Szabolcsi 2018] [Tantrairatn and Veres 2015] [Tekinalp and Prach 2013] [The effects of canard-wing 1988] [Thelander 1965] [Theodore et al 2004] [Thomasson 1995] [Thorne and Yim 2011] [Tischler 2018] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Dynamics 2016] [Valasek et al 2009] [Validation and Verification Process] [Vehicle Management Systems] [Venkataraman and Seiler 2019] [Vepa 2016] [Vepa 2023] [Vepa 2023] [Vepa 2026] [Villanueva-Aguado and Bronz 2026] [Vishniak 1993] [Wagdi 1984] [Walker 1960] [Walker 1961] [Wang et al 2025] [Wasserman and Mitchell 1973] [Watts] [Wei Ren and Beard 2004] [Whiteside 1977] [Whiteside and Iffland 1977] [Williams and Trivailo 2006] [Williams and Trivailo 2006] [Wood et al 2019] [Xie et al 2026] [Xu 2009] [Xu and Feng 2025] [Xu et al 2013] [Xu et al 2013] [Xu et al 2014] [Yan et al 2023] [Yawing Maneuvers 1996] [Yildiz and Keskin 2023] [Yu et al 2023] [Zbrutsky et al 2024] [Zhang and Bradley 2022] [Zhang et al 2011] [Zhang et al 2014] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhou et al 2016] [Zipfel 2011] [Zou et al 2017] [Żugaj 2017]

Automatic takeoff, landing and carrier recovery

Where an unmanned aeroplane earns or loses its case. Automatic takeoff and landing, carrier approach and recovery, arresting gear and catapults. Carrier recovery is the requirement that made the X-46A a naval aeroplane, and the April 2003 announcement lists avionics for precision approach and landing among what the naval version of the X-45C required.

294 records. [Abu-Akeel 1968] [Abu-Akeel 1969] [Aerospace Landing GEAR Systems] [Aircraft Automatic Approach and 1996] [Aircraft Landing GEAR] [Aircraft Tires Key Principles 2022] [Aircraft Wheels, Brakes, and 2022] [Allen and Breitsamter 2008] [Allison 1972] [Apeng et al 2018] [Arık and Bilgiç 2022] [Asyraf and Omar 2026] [Aubert et al 2016] [Banks and Paulson 1985] [Bardera et al 2019] [Batill and Bacarro 1988] [Belland et al 2010] [Benditt 1963] [Berman 1974] [Berry 2000] [Berthomieu et al 2014] [Best 1986] [Bi et al 2021] [Bihrle 1969] [Billec 1967] [Black 1968] [Blackman and Eigenmann 1981] [Bly 2020] [Bodson and Athans 1985] [Bohao et al 2026] [Bolonkin 2005] [Boullianne 1997] [Brown 2009] [Buell 1970] [Butler 1970] [Cai et al 2018] [Cao et al 2026] [Carrato et al 1979] [Chai and Mason 1996] [Chaloff et al 1974] [Chen and Chen 2026] [Chen and Yong 2023] [Chen et al 2013] [Chen et al 2015] [Chen et al 2021] [Chen et al 2024] [Chernenko and Burnashev 2022] [Chester 1995] [Chisholm and Rudd 1957] [Collins et al 2025] [Collyer et al 1980] [Connelly 1982] [Connelly 1983] [Coutard et al 2011] [Crashworthy landing gear for 1998] [Crassidis and Mook 1991] [Crassidis et al 1993] [Criteria-Based Modeling of Shipboard 2020] [Cunningham 1981] [Currey 1988] [Dai et al 2015] [Daly 1994] [Daughetee 1974] [De Lellis et al 2013] [Delebarre 2019] [Development of algorithmic support 2022] [Dewispelare and Stager 1981] [DeWispelare and Stager 1983] [Dhote et al 2025] [Dinc and Gharbia 2023] [Di̇nç 2021] [Dong et al 2021] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1962] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1963] [Duan et al 2022] [Durand and Teper 1964] [Durand and Wasicko 1965] [Durand and Wasicko 1967] [Dutta and Hemalatha 2024] [Dynamics of Shipboard Launch 2017] [Engelbeck et al 1986] [Epp 2024] [Filippone 2008] [Finishing Systems for Naval 2006] [Fracture of an Aluminum 2019] [Franklin and Innis 1977] [Frost et al 2002] [Gehring and George A. 1976] [Gevaert and Schulze 1978] [Ghiringhelli 2000] [Ghosh Dastidar and Frazzoli 2011] [Gibson et al 1968] [Giridharan and Sivakumar 2022] [Godfrey 1953] [Gold 1974] [Gold and Walchli 1974] [Grantham and Williams 1987] [Grasso 1994] [Green and Findlay 2016] [Gressang 1976] [Guide for Installation of] [Han et al 2019] [Haoyuan et al 2025] [Harper 1936] [Heirendt et al 2014] [Hess 2019] [Hess and Judd 1976] [Hintzke and Haggard 1991] [Historical Design Information of] [Hoare 1968] [Horn 1973] [Hsin 1973] [Hsin 1974] [Huntington and Lyrintzis 1996] [Huntington and Lyrintzis 1998] [Jafar et al 2006] [Jiang et al 2013] [Jiang et al 2018] [Jing and Zheng-Chun 2015] [Joshi and Compton 1985] [Kaminer et al 2001] [Kansas Univ Lawrence 1952] [Kaplan and Sargent 1970] [Kautz 1972] [Ke et al 2014] [Kennedy and Floyd D. 1985] [Ketcham 1976] [Kewley et al 2016] [King 1954] [Kitts and Lucas 1963] [Krabacher 1993] [Krüger et al 1997] [Lai 2024] [Lai et al 2026] [Lampton et al 2018] [Landing GEAR - Aircraft] [Landing Gear Fatigue Spectrum] [Landing Gear Shock Absorption] [Lee and Chiou 1994] [Lee and Waldman 1994] [Lee et al 2005] [Lehman 1964] [Lehman 1965] [Lehman 1966] [Li 2020] [Li and Maiorova 2022] [Li et al 2012] [Li et al 2014] [Li et al 2021] [Li et al 2024] [Lin et al 2017] [Lion 1966] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2025] [Loftus and Piekarski 1994] [Lorenzetti et al 1969] [Lorenzetti et al 2020] [Low plasticity burnishing tested 2006] [Lowrance and Smith 1996] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2014] [Lu et al 2017] [Lu et al 2022] [Lu et al 2025] [Lv et al 2011] [Makarenko et al 2017] [Martorella et al 1981] [Mayer 2000] [McDonald et al 2020] [Meng and Li 2014] [Michini and How 2011] [Micklos 1991] [Miller 1970] [Miller and Seeliger 1975] [Misra and Bai 2018] [Misra and Bai 2019] [Morrison et al] [Mosby 1965] [Mottram 1997] [Naval Air Systems Command Washington Dc 1978] [Naval Air Systems Command Washington Dc 1980] [Nave 1973] [Nengjian Wang et al 2016] [Nickerson et al 2019] [Novakovic et al 2016] [Overview of Aircraft Landing] [Owen et al 2021] [Owen et al 2023] [Peng et al 2020] [Peng et al 2025] [Perkasa et al 2024] [Perry and Schneider 1984] [Pervan et al 2003] [Photometric characteristics of U.S 1968] [Picard 2002] [Pollack 2013] [Prasad et al 2020] [Promisel and Mustin 1951] [Promisel and Mustin 1951] [Qi et al 2018] [Quigley 2011] [Ramsey and Dixon 1967] [Redesigned aircraft landing gear 1987] [Redesigning landing gear for 2001] [Richards and Erickson 2019] [Richards and Tate 2023] [Richards et al 2023] [Ridha 1968] [Rosa et al 2007] [Rose et al 2000] [Rudowsky et al 2002] [Ruiyang et al 2020] [Ryan et al 2011] [Ryan et al 2014] [Sankar 2012] [Schallhorn 2020] [Schmidt 2015] [Schmidt 2021] [Scholz et al 2026] [Sedlmair et al 2022] [Shafer et al 2019] [Shao et al 2023] [Shao et al 2026] [Shimski et al 2013] [Shipman 2014] [Siegel and Crain 1960] [Sivaramakrishnan 1981] [Stachiw et al 2021] [Stanton et al 2024] [Steinberg and Page 2001] [Streamline development of aircraft 2009] [Strietzel and Shefler 1963] [Structure with carrier suitability 1974] [Su and Abrial 2014] [Subrahmanyam 1994] [Sun et al 2022] [Tang and Lai 2020] [Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical San Diego Ca 1974] [Tests, Impact, Shock Absorber] [Tseng and Epshteyn 2009] [Urnes and Hess 1985] [van Slagmaat 1992] [van Slagmaat 2004] [van Slagmaat 2026] [Wang 2022] [Wang and Carl 1999] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2023] [Wang et al 2024] [Wen et al 2009] [Westra et al 1981] [Whitehead 1960] [Wilkinson et al 2001] [Wilson 2018] [Wilson 2019] [Witherell 1992] [Wong et al 2017] [Wu et al 2018] [Xiao et al 2024] [Xu et al 2017] [Xue et al 2025] [Yang 1970] [Yang 1971] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2025] [Yilmaz and alaiwi 2024] [Yin et al 2025] [Yoo et al 2013] [York and Alaverdi 1996] [Young Jr 2002] [Yuan et al 2025] [Zakrajsek et al 2017] [Zarchi and Attaran 2018] [Zhang et al 2015] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zhang et al 2026] [Zhao et al 2012] [Zhen et al 2019] [Zhicong and Voronko 2023] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2013] [Zhimin and Guanxin 2014] [Zhou and Huang 2020] [Zhu and Qiu 2013] [Zhu Bin et al 2018] [Zhu et al 2018] [Zhu et al 2019] [Zhu et al 2022] [Zou et al 2026]

Structural loads, fatigue, corrosion and service life

What the airframe must carry and how long it lasts. Design loads, gusts, flutter and aeroelasticity, fatigue, corrosion, structural integrity programmes, structural health monitoring and airframe manufacture. Corrosion is the carrier’s own structural subject, since the Research Question charges corrosion protection for a service life spent in salt air against the gross weight that has to hold the fuel.

287 records. [A Aircraft Rigid Body 2014] [A Static and Dynamic 1993] [Aeroelasticity and Loads Models 2014] [Aerospace Corrosion Control 1989] [Agrawal et al 1992] [Ahmad et al 2018] [Aircraft flutter control system 2011] [Aircraft Internal Loads 2014] [Aircraft Load 2010] [Aircraft Load Cases 2025] [Aircraft moments of inertia 1996] [Aircraft Structural Components and 2015] [Airframe Components by ‘Chemical 1980] [Aly et al 2002] [Appendix E. Airframe Parameters 2012] [Arrieta and Striz 2000] [Ashburn et al 1970] [Aspects of Airframe Design 2010] [Austin and William H. 1964] [Bachman et al 1961] [Bahamonde Jacome and Elham 2017] [Bajurko 2019] [Baker and Wang 2018] [Balachandran 2014] [Baluch et al 2007] [BAMS airframe risk reduction 2007] [Barnard 1969] [Barnewitz 2009] [Becroft 2012] [Bell 1964] [Berci and Torrigiani 2020] [Bibin et al 2012] [Biezad 1999] [Bolds 1961] [Bolds 1962] [Bolton and Rogers 1968] [Borden 2004] [Boudreault 1983] [Boyd and Krishnan 1996] [Breitkopf 1989] [Brigham et al 1973] [Bronstein et al 2015] [Brown et al 1980] [Brownfield and Badger 1960] [Bråmå 1987] [Burris and Bender 1969] [Butler 1998] [C Aircraft Symmetric Flexible 2014] [Calculation of critical flutter 1981] [Carr 2011] [Cea and Palacios 2021] [Chang et al 2026] [Chiu 2010] [Constantin et al 2023] [Corrosion of Low-Embrittling Cadmium] [D’Vari and Baker 1999] [Dal’Carobo and Fensterseifer 2010] [Das and Jones 2008] [Davis 1973] [de Jonge 1993] [Deburring Airframe Components 1988] [Delgado Regis et al 2004] [Demo and Kim 2018] [Dempster and Bell 1965] [Disney 1966] [Doggett and Soistmann 1992] [Doherty and Butzel 1979] [Doherty and Butzel 1979] [Dowell 1996] [Duran 2010] [Dyess and William W. 1976] [Elham and Bahamonde Jacome 2016] [Elliott and Christian 1984] [Elsner et al 1997] [Fagley et al 2017] [Fang et al 2017] [Figge 1973] [Figge and Bernhardt 1975] [Flansburg 2011] [Fonte et al 2015] [Fortney and Avery 1957] [Fuller 1995] [Félix et al 2019] [Gadomski et al 2006] [Galffy et al 2021] [Giles and McCullers 1975] [Giunta 1999] [Goncharov and Muravey 2019] [Gould 2001] [Grinsted 1949] [Gwin 1976] [Haftka et al 2010] [Harter and Litvinov 2001] [Henderson et al 2016] [Hoener et al 1968] [Holzwarth 1998] [Hooker and Waisman 1954] [Hooker and Waisman 1956] [Horizontal Tail Loads 1996] [Horton and Mayers 1965] [Hunt and Brillhart 1993] [Ilesanmi et al 2025] [Inoyama et al 2008] [Ishii 1965] [Iñesta et al 2024] [Johnson et al 1979] [Jones 2009] [Julke and Kawa 2000] [Kambampati and Smith 2017] [Kao et al 1990] [Karniadakis 2004] [Katz 1979] [Kaufmann et al 2009] [Kilimtzidis and Kostopoulos 2026] [Kim et al 2009] [Kliment et al 2018] [Krishnan et al 1995] [Krog et al 2004] [Krueger et al 2017] [Krüger et al 2022] [Laitone 1994] [Lanteigne et al 2020] [Lappe 1966] [Lee et al 2007] [Lewolt and Okeefe 1979] [Lightening the load for 2002] [Lissandrello 2004] [Lizotte and Lokos 2005] [Lomax 1996] [Long and Ellis 1986] [Lovejoy et al 2021] [Low VOC military aircraft 2008] [Luderer and Thielecke 2025] [Lushkin et al 2026] [Luttgeharm 1990] [López et al 2023] [Maekawa and Takegaki 2005] [Maekawa et al 2007] [Majumder and Rao 2009] [Manimala et al 2006] [Manning et al 1984] [Masud and Khan 2015] [Materials and material requirements 2012] [Matsushita et al] [McCarty 1973] [McCombs et al 1968] [McCray et al 2005] [McDonnell Aircraft Corp St Louis Mo 1963] [Meadows et al 2008] [Megson 2010] [Megson 2010] [Megson 2013] [Megson 2017] [Megson 2018] [Megson 2018] [Megson 2022] [Miller and Jansen 2023] [Miller and Schuessler 1989] [Mills 2009] [Miura et al 1988] [Montel and Thielecke 2015] [Moon 1996] [Moosavi 2025] [Mori] [Mullen 1979] [Muller 2001] [Murty and Agarwal 2007] [Nagesh et al 2015] [Nam et al 1996] [Negaard 1980] [Newell and Harrington 1939] [Nickerson 2015] [Norrefeldt and Riedl 2021] [Norrefeldt and Riedl 2022] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1953] [O’Brien 1989] [Oakley et al 1997] [Obradovic and Subbarao 2010] [Obradovic and Subbarao 2011] [Olson 2005] [Onkar et al 2024] [Paget et al 2004] [Paletta et al 2010] [Pantelakis 2009] [Panzarella 1962] [Patrick 1981] [Petersson et al 2010] [Pfingstl et al 2022] [Poplingher and Raveh 2023] [Poplingher and Raveh 2024] [Pototzky and Moses 2005] [Pozzi et al 2012] [Practice for Aircraft Simplified] [Practice for Aircraft Water] [Practice for Simplified Aircraft] [Preisighe Viana 2025] [Putscher 1967] [Rainey 1968] [Raley and Wang 1999] [Ranson 1993] [Rao 2018] [Raveh and Karpel 1999] [Raveh et al 2000] [Riso et al 2021] [Robinson 2004] [Rodzewicz and Glowacki 2014] [Roe and Kattus 1957] [Romano and Mercurio 2017] [Rondeau et al 1996] [Rose and Legg 2013] [Rose and Legg 2015] [Rosende 1979] [Rothwell 2001] [Rutkowski 1979] [Sachse 1998] [Sakata et al 1975] [Sakata et al 1976] [Samuels 1982] [Sandoz 1966] [Schmidt 1984] [Schuster 2013] [Scott and Clayman 2013] [Scott et al 1992] [Sensburg et al 1988] [Seshadri and Krishnamurthy 2017] [Sevy and Clark 1970] [Shen and Ferguson 2004] [Shipilov 2025] [Singletary 1987] [Snider 1967] [Sodja et al 2021] [Standard Practice for Aircraft] [Standard Practice for Aircraft] [Standard Practice for Simplified] [Static Aeroelastic Considerations 1996] [Strganac 2007] [Stroud et al 2002] [Structural Loads Analysis for 1998] [Structural weight comparison of 1981] [Study on aircraft structure 2015] [Su et al 1995] [Sulaeman 2012] [Suleman 2007] [Svoboda 1999] [Switzky 1962] [Taylor et al 2003] [Testing Relevant to Aeroelasticity 2014] [The Wing Structure and 2013] [Thomas 1961] [Torenbeek 1972] [Trapp et al 1977] [Tuegel et al 2013] [Tyrer 1973] [Ungwattanapanit et al 2016] [Velicki and Barkey 1992] [VFW 614 airframe 1974] [Wallace 2000] [Wang] [Wang et al 2017] [Waszak and Buttrill 1991] [Watanabe and Scheumann 1998] [Waterhouse 1988] [Weight Optimization of FTAC 2016] [Weisshaar 1979] [Wellen and Bartholomew 1987] [What’s Under the Skin?] [What’s under the skin? 1999] [Whirl flutter optimisation-based solution 2017] [Wick] [Wilhem 1970] [Wilkinson et al 1974] [Wilkinson et al 1976] [Wing Loads 1996] [WlTTEL and DlSNEY 1967] [Wollner 1971] [Xu and Ma 2014] [Xue et al 2011] [Yang 1980] [Yang and Li 2022] [Yang and Manning 1994] [Yu 2018] [Yu et al 2019] [Zainuddin et al 2021] [Zhou et al 2008] [Zink] [Zou et al 2017] [Özöztürk et al 2011]

Tailless configurations and their control effectors

The configuration, and the thread this article inherits from its predecessor. Tailless and flying wing aerodynamics and flight control, control allocation among redundant effectors, split drag rudders and yaw by thrust vectoring. A tailless aeroplane has a low maximum lift coefficient and cannot easily be given a high one, and the carrier approach speed limit turns that into a limit on wing loading.

265 records. [Agenbag et al 2009] [Agte et al 1997] [Ahmed et al 2024] [Alex 2014] [Alipour et al 2022] [Alyanak and Pendleton 2014] [Amanuddin and Dey 1980] [Anderson et al 1997] [Ashkenas and Klyde 1989] [Atay et al 2021] [Atmaca et al 2026] [Banerjee 1984] [Banerjee 1988] [Barker and Balas 1999] [Begin 1983] [Bergman 1979] [Bishop 1961] [Boraas and Ashby 1969] [Boskovic and Mehra 1999] [Boskovic and Mehra 2000] [Boskovic et al] [Bourdin et al 2007] [Bradley et al 2012] [Bramsiepe et al 2020] [Brinker and Wise 1998] [Brinker and Wise 1999] [Brinker and Wise 2000] [Brinker and Wise 2001] [Brodsky and Luby 2013] [Bronz 2019] [Buch and George M. 2010] [Buffington 1997] [Buffington 1999] [Buffington 1999] [Buffington and Sparks 1998] [Buffington et al 1998] [Burkhalter et al 1992] [Calise 2000] [Calise et al 1998] [Calise et al 2001] [Cheng and Pei 2021] [Chudoba and Cook 2003] [Colgren and Loschke 2008] [Collins Jr 2005] [Control Surface Loads and 1996] [Control Surface Sizing Criteria 2010] [Cook and Hauser 2018] [Cox et al 1949] [Culpepper et al 2021] [Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2006] [Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2012] [Dakka and Johnson 2019] [Das et al 2024] [Davis and Hines 1976] [DeLaurier 2022] [Denieul et al 2015] [Deslich et al 2021] [Eberhardt and Ward 1999] [Ebrahimi Fakhari et al 2024] [Ericsson and Beyers 2002] [Erwin et al 1964] [Experimental investigation of synthetic 2023] [Fernando 2018] [Formation of aerodynamic outline 2008] [Foster et al 1993] [Friehmelt 1996] [From Tube and Wing 2013] [Gillard et al 1997] [Gingerich et al 2026] [Giuliano et al 1994] [Giuliano et al 1997] [Goldthorpe et al 2010] [Gopejenko et al 2026] [Gregory et al 2007] [Guiler] [Guiler and Huebsch 2005] [Guiler and Huebsch 2005] [Harris and Harris 1997] [Hassairi and Abid 2021] [Hauser 1999] [Hefazi et al 2013] [Hoffler et al 1986] [Hou et al 2022] [Howard et al 2002] [Hu et al 2026] [Huang and Wei 2025] [Huber 1995] [Huber 2022] [Huber et al 2012] [Innocenti and Tonon 1988] [Islam et al 2024] [Jiang et al 2019] [Jiang et al 2024] [Jiguang Li et al 2016] [Johnson 1949] [Jun 2023] [Jyothi et al 2006] [Karimi Kelayeh and Djavareshkian 2024] [Kazarin et al 2017] [Keidel et al 2019] [Keidel et al 2020] [Ko et al 2019] [Kumar et al 2020] [Kumar et al 2020] [Kwiek 2019] [Kwiek and Figat 2016] [Li et al 1996] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2018] [Liebeck 2004] [Lin et al 2026] [Liu and Zhang 2022] [Liu et al 2021] [Loechert et al 2018] [Love and Kapania 2020] [Löchert et al 2019] [Ma and Wang 2009] [Ma et al 2008] [Mader and Martins 2010] [Mahantesh Katagi et al 2015] [Maimako et al 2026] [Mansor et al 2019] [Mardanpour and Hodges 2013] [Mardanpour and Hodges 2014] [Marques 2013] [Mason and Crowther 2004] [Matamoros and de Visser 2018] [McBreen et al 2023] [McKeehen 1998] [Meheut et al 2012] [Mertzlufft et al 2022] [Metin et al 2023] [Miller 1983] [Mitcham et al 1956] [Molinari et al 2015] [Molinari et al 2018] [Morris 1992] [Morris and Tigner 1995] [Mullins et al 1996] [Murray 1949] [Myatt et al 1998] [Nazim et al 2026] [Nieto-Wire and Sobel 2007] [Nieto-Wire and Sobel 2009] [Nieto-Wire and Sobel 2011] [Oganyan and Loginov 2025] [Orhan and Subbarao 2021] [Oshin Mittal et al 2024] [Pan and Huang 2019] [Pan et al 2025] [Paranjape and Chung 2010] [Paranjape et al 2011] [Parello] [Park et al 2017] [Paul et al 1997] [Peng et al 2014] [Phan and Park 2018] [Postma 1970] [Protz and Sparks 1998] [Qi et al 2017] [Qi et al 2018] [Rajamurugu et al 2026] [Rajput et al 2014] [Rajput et al 2015] [Ramprasadh and Devanandh 2015] [Reist et al 2022] [Richter et al 2021] [Richter et al 2022] [Riethausen 2026] [Rojas Carvajal and Amitay 2023] [Rojas Carvajal and Amitay 2025] [Rojas Carvajal et al 2022] [Roy 2009] [Roy and Ghosh 2010] [Rui et al 2007] [Saephan and van Dam 2006] [Saephan and van Dam 2006] [Saheby et al 2026] [Saucez] [Saucez and Boiffier 2012] [Schuette et al 2018] [Schwagerus et al 2025] [Seebass 1997] [Sharma and Hosder 2024] [Shayan and Van Kampen 2021] [Shen 2026] [Shi and Wu 2022] [Shtessel et al 1999] [Shtessel et al 2002] [Shuang et al 2016] [Shuang et al 2017] [Simon et al 1993] [Sineglazov and Karabetsky 2013] [Song et al 2014] [Sparks] [Sparks and Sparks 1997] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2009] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2010] [Stenfelt and Ringertz 2013] [Strüber and Hepperle 2006] [Sun et al 2005] [Sun et al 2024] [Surapaneni et al 2016] [Suresh et al 2013] [Tal and Karaman 2021] [Tal and Karaman 2022] [Tan et al 2014] [Tanveer and Ahmad 2023] [Tao et al 2016] [Tao et al 2018] [Teel 1999] [Teel 1999] [Tingting and Aijun 2014] [Tohidi et al 2018] [Tomac and Stenfelt 2014] [Torenbeek 1991] [Torvik 1990] [Tournes and Johnson 1999] [Tournes et al 1997] [Traas et al 2026] [Ulizar 1997] [Vale J 2013] [Variable mode turbofan jet 2002] [Velden 1997] [Vertical Tail Loads 1996] [Voss 2018] [Voß 2019] [Wahler et al 2023] [Wang and Wang 2012] [Wang and Zhou 2022] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2024] [Wang et al 2025] [Weyl 1944] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [Weyl 1945] [White and Innis 1959] [Wing and Asbury 1991] [Wise et al 1999] [Wooten et al 1984] [Xi and Zhao 2017] [Xie et al 2011] [Yao et al 2017] [Yeo et al 2015] [Yu et al 2023] [Yu et al 2024] [Yue et al 2009] [Yue et al 2013] [Yue et al 2013] [Zhang and He 2026] [Zhang and He 2026] [Zhang and Zhao 2023] [Zhang et al 2013] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2018] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zheng et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhou et al 2023] [Zhu et al 2016] [Zhu et al 2025]

Aircraft subsystems: hydraulic, electrical, fuel and environmental control

The systems an airframe carries whether or not anyone is aboard. Hydraulic, electrical, fuel, pneumatic and environmental control systems, avionics and instruments, and weight and balance systems. These masses are part of the empty-weight fraction the requirement demands be small.

242 records. [A thermodynamic analysis of 2003] [Adler et al 2022] [Aerospace - Design and] [Aerospace - Lightning Effects] [Aerospace Hydraulics and Actuation] [Aerospace Vehicle Wiring, Lessons] [Air Conditioning of Aircraft] [AIR Conditioning of Subsonic] [Airborne Hydraulic and Control] [Airborne Monitoring of Commercial] [Airborne Windshear Systems] [Aircraft batteries] [Aircraft Compartment Automatic Temperature] [Aircraft Components and Subsystems 2011] [Aircraft Components and Subsystems 2011] [Aircraft Electrical Power Systems 2025] [Aircraft Engine Fuel Feed] [Aircraft Environmental Control Systems 2025] [Aircraft Flexible Tanks General] [Aircraft Flight Control Actuation] [Aircraft fuel] [Aircraft Fuel System Design] [Aircraft Fuel System Pressure] [Aircraft FUEL System Vapor-Liquid] [Aircraft Fuel Weight Penalty] [Aircraft Hydraulic System Characteristics] [Aircraft Indicating Systems] [Aircraft Indicating Systems Optical] [Aircraft On Board Weight] [Aircraft Pneumatic Power Systems 2025] [Aircraft Secondary Power Systems 2025] [Aircraft Thermal Management System] [Aircraft Weight and Center 2010] [Aircraft/Engine Fuel Pump Net] [Airframe Avionics and Systems 2017] [Airframe control and indicating 2009] [Airframe Systems Design Process 2025] [Akrim] [Alatishe et al 2007] [Altimeter, Pressure, Compensated Turbine] [Aluc and Komurgoz 2023] [Amin 2023] [Arthurs and Valasek 2016] [Automatic Pilots Turbine Powered] [Autopilot, Flight Director, and] [Avionics, Flight Software, and 2012] [Bachman 1988] [Baig et al 2024] [Baker 1955] [Barber and Lavi 1970] [Bejan 2010] [Bendix Corp York Pa 1963] [Bennett and Bennett 1997] [Burnside 1974] [Buzzelli and Lauer] [Castrillo et al 2017] [Chandler et al 1993] [Chawla and Alexander] [Clark et al 2023] [Combined environmental control and 2001] [Compass, Magnetic, Non-Stabilized TYPE] [Control for Wireless Charging 2025] [Cook et al 1975] [Coordinating Research Council Inc Atlanta Ga 1988] [Cox 1989] [Cuifeng and Wenqiang 2016] [Cun Shi et al 2018] [Dantsker et al 2020] [Davis 1988] [De Hoff and Hall 1978] [Dell’Amico 2024] [Deresh 1982] [Design and Installation of] [Detail Requirements for 4,000] [Di Stasio et al 2026] [Dickey and Marek 1963] [Directional Indicating System Turbine] [Dogga et al 2024] [Doman 2015] [Drummond 1971] [Dyer 1977] [Eichler 1975] [Engelhardt 2004] [Enhanced vision system for 1999] [Environmental Control for Civil] [Environmental Control Systems ECS] [Equipment Cooling in Present] [Expósito Turbak et al 2023] [Fazeli et al 2016] [Feucht et al 1978] [Flight Directors Turbine-Powered Subsonic] [Flight Test Procedures for] [Flilght Directors Turbine-Powered Subsonic] [Ford 1995] [Fu 1972] [Fuel and Oil Quantity] [Fuel System Functions of 2009] [Fuel System Functions of 2009] [Fuhrmann et al] [Garmendia et al 2016] [General Requirements for Application] [General requirements for the] [George and Burton 1979] [Gill] [Goebel et al] [Goh and Zekavat 2021] [Gong 2023] [Gorgulu et al 2023] [Green 1998] [Gregory and McCrink 2016] [Grenich et al 1984] [Guide for Aircraft Electrical] [Gupta and Kumar 2022] [Gutterman 2007] [Guven and Hajiyev 2023] [Harriman and Palosky 1981] [Himich and Kineyko 1981] [Hovering Wireless Charging for 2025] [Hydraulic System Survivability for] [Hydraulic Systems, Aircraft, Design] [Hydraulic Systems, Military Aircraft] [Jacobs] [Jansen et al 2015] [Jansen et al 2016] [Jenab and Rashidi 2009] [Jensen 2001] [Jiang et al 2016] [Johnsen et al 2021] [Johnson 1995] [Jung et al 2018] [Kaman Nuclear Colorado Springs Co 1963] [Kamboj and Sun 2026] [Key Characteristics of Aircraft 2012] [Key Characteristics of Aircraft 2019] [Kineyko 1982] [Kish et al] [Koopman 2021] [Krupen and Rogers 1964] [Ku and Andersson 2003] [Kulkarni and Corbetta 2019] [Larson 1958] [Leuchter 2013] [Li 2024] [Li et al 2018] [Lighting, Integral, for Aircraft] [Lighting, Integral, For Aircraft] [Lighting, Integral, for Aircraft] [Lightning Effects on Hydraulic] [Lightning Test Waveforms and] [Lin et al 2026] [Mach Meters Turbine Powered] [Magnetic Coupler Design for 2025] [Mahulkar 2010] [Malpica Hincapie and Bejarano Cifuentes 2026] [Mare 2006] [Marhefka and Burnside 1978] [Markas 1993] [Marques et al 2022] [Martin 1978] [Maximum-Allowable-Airspeed Instruments Turbine Powered] [Mayerson 1969] [McCarroll and Jackel 1961] [McElreath 1972] [MCMillan and Preston 1966] [Menke and Dombro 1957] [Moody et al 2019] [Mullin 1986] [Mutar 2022] [Nagy 1979] [National Research Council Washington Dc 2001] [Naval Air Development Center Warminsterpa 1975] [Nedresky 1996] [Neusypin and Selezneva 2019] [New York Univ Ny School Of Medicine 2001] [null] [Obrien 1984] [Ohio State Univ Columbus Electroscience Lab 1968] [Overspeed Warning Instrument Turbine] [Oz 1998] [Parker 1980] [Parts 1979] [Pathak 1976] [Pisani 1977] [Pressure Fueling Simulator for] [Primary Flight Controls by] [Reid and Albayati 2021] [Remote Servoed Air Data] [Requirements for Aircraft on] [Robertson and turnbow 1966] [Roland and Rumpfkeil 2017] [Rose et al 1986] [Rosenthal 1970] [Samy et al] [Sasanapuri 2015] [Sawata and Sangha 2009] [Saxena et al 2012] [Schleicher 1966] [Semke 2016] [Semke 2021] [Shah 2023] [Shang et al 2025] [Shull 1952] [Shull 1953] [Sjovold et al] [Slapnicar] [Smith 1997] [Spreen 2019] [Springer et al 1982] [Spurthy et al 2024] [Stall Warning Instrument Turbine] [Striebich 1986] [Tai 2005] [Takeoff Performance Monitor TOPM] [Te-Chang Li and Shaner] [Technical requirements for small] [Temperature Control Equipment, Automatic] [Temperature Instruments Turbine Powered] [Terörde et al 2013] [Test Requirements and Means] [Testing of Airplane Installed] [Testing of Commercial Airplane] [The Aircraft Systems 2012] [The Aircraft Systems 2019] [The Influence of Modern 1966] [Thompson and Robertson 1990] [Three Loop Adaptive Robust 2025] [Togayev] [Total Temperature Measuring Instruments] [Transport aircraft fuel tank 2000] [Tu and Lin 2011] [Tuck et al 2018] [Vance 1984] [Vetsch and Burgener 1988] [Vlasov 1969] [Wang et al 2018] [Webb 2022] [White and Hanna 2026] [Wochholz 1989] [Yadav 2025] [Zhang et al 2025] [Zokowski 2020] [Ürgen and Altınel 2026]

Autonomy, mission management and onboard decision making

What the X-46A’s autonomy would have had to deliver, and nothing about it was published. Autonomous flight and landing, mission planning and mission management, contingency handling, autonomous aerial refuelling, and the ethics and law of autonomous weapons. The competitor’s single flight was announced in terms of autonomous control rather than of speed or altitude, and this is the field that framing was drawn from.

229 records. [A.Heidari and Abbaspour 2014] [Abershitz et al 2009] [Aguiar and Pascoal 2012] [Alam et al 2026] [Albaker and Rahim 2011] [Alijani and Osman 2021] [Alonso da Silva 2019] [An et al 2023] [Anitha and Kumar 2012] [Arora et al 2022] [Ashokkumar 2023] [Atkinson 2009] [Automation and Autonomy in 2016] [Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2012] [Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2019] [Autonomous unmanned aircraft RandD 1994] [Baca et al 2017] [Barbier and Chanthery 2004] [Bardhan et al 2017] [Barlow 2004] [Barnhart 2012] [Bassi 2008] [Bestaoui and Lakhlef 2013] [Bhatia et al 2021] [Blidberg 2003] [Borshchova and O’Young 2017] [Boskovic and Redding 2009] [Brinker 2004] [Brockett et al 2002] [Bryant et al 2015] [Bulka and Nahon 2017] [Cai et al 2026] [Campbell 2009] [Cappuzzo et al 2022] [Castillo-Effen and Visnevski 2009] [Cetin and Yilmaz 2013] [Cetin et al 2010] [Chaikalis et al 2023] [Chakrabarty et al 2016] [Chandra and Ghosh 2019] [Chen and Duan 2016] [Chen and Molnar 2002] [Chen et al 2025] [Civil Regulation Of Autonomous 2024] [Clare et al 2012] [Clough] [Cooper and Ravela 2024] [Crump et al 2002] [Davoudi et al 2023] [de Bruin and Jones 2016] [Design, control, and autonomous] [Doherty et al 2023] [Drusinsky et al 2022] [Duraklar 2024] [Eubank and Atkins 2011] [Fan et al 2019] [Fan et al 2021] [Frau 2022] [Fu et al 2014] [Fukuda and Takimoto 2014] [Gallo and Barrientos 2022] [Gallo and Barrientos 2023] [Gallo Olalla] [Galway 2008] [Garcia and Casbeer 2017] [Gardi et al 2015] [Gautam et al 2014] [Getir Yaman et al 2025] [Grecu and Gonsalves 2000] [Gu and Enoiu 2023] [Guide for Unmanned Undersea] [Gunawardana and Alonso 2013] [Gunetti et al 2013] [Hanford et al 2005] [Healey and Kim 2005] [Herbst and Klöckner 2014] [Hinchey et al] [Hirsch and Schroeder 2014] [Hongfu Liu et al 2012] [Horn et al 2014] [Horn et al 2015] [Horowitz et al 2014] [Hsiao et al 2002] [Hu et al 2018] [Huan et al 2015] [In-flight demo of multiple 2007] [Innocenti et al 2006] [Jahangirova et al 2021] [Jiang et al 2016] [Jiaxin et al 2017] [Johnstone and Arntz 1990] [Jones and Dye 2016] [Senthil Kumar and Shanmugam 2023] [Kaidan 2026] [Karásek et al 2026] [Kaynak 2010] [Ke et al 2009] [Keke et al 2014] [Kelly 1994] [Kendall et al 2022] [Khanafseh and Pervan 2007] [Kiam and Schulte 2017] [Kim et al 2022] [Koh and Paranjape 2020] [Konert and Balcerzak 2021] [Koo and Sastry 2003] [Kopeikin et al 2013] [Kukla 2026] [Kurnaz et al] [Kwon et al 2013] [Lee et al 2018] [Lee et al 2021] [Lee et al 2026] [Leylek and Costello 2010] [Li and Chen 2003] [Lieret et al 2021] [Linne 2022] [Liu and Valavanis 2026] [Liu et al 2019] [Lowe et al 2026] [LP Based Path Planning 2013] [Lugo and Zell 2013] [Lungu et al 2022] [Luo et al 2016] [Madej 2024] [Mammadov and Gueaieb 2014] [Mata and Insa 2024] [McManus and Walker 2006] [Mejias 2014] [Mersha et al 2020] [Mobile Autonomous Recovery Landing 2024] [Mohammadi et al 2020] [Morris et al 2005] [Munoz et al 2013] [Müller and Bauer 2024] [Navickiene et al 2025] [Neace et al 2017] [Niendorf et al 2012] [Nijveldt and Ijtsma 2022] [Nikolaidis et al 2025] [Ogorzalek et al 2019] [Ogren et al 2006] [Opening up civil airspace 2007] [Ozerdem 2023] [Papa 2023] [Papa et al 2026] [Patel et al 2011] [Patel et al 2021] [Pedrozo 2022] [Peng 2021] [Peng et al 2016] [Pessanha Santos et al 2023] [Peter et al 2024] [Pieniążek 2003] [Polvara et al 2018] [Pouya and Saghafi 2009] [Powell 2001] [Primatesta 2025] [Prohorov et al 2025] [Qiu and Ye 2012] [Qu et al 2011] [Qu et al 2013] [Ramos et al 2011] [Raza] [Ridder and HandUber 2005] [Rodriguez-Ramos et al 2017] [Rosales et al 2021] [Ruff and Calhoun 2013] [Rumba and Nikitenko 2020] [Safeer and Costello 2026] [Saghafi and Esmailifar 2009] [Sato et al 2016] [Scheidt 2014] [Schopferer and Benders 2020] [See et al 2017] [Seitzer 2003] [Shin et al 2013] [Silva] [Simpson 2021] [Song et al 2023] [Tan et al 2019] [Tan et al 2022] [The algorithm of the 2020] [Tin et al 2020] [Tinoco] [Tomczyk and Gruszecki 1999] [Torno et al 2014] [Tošić 2023] [Tsoukalas et al 2026] [Tsourveloudis and Doitsidis 2025] [Tweedale 2012] [Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle 2016] [Usach Molina] [Vachon et al 2002] [Vankadari et al 2018] [Vanualailai et al 2013] [Venugopalan et al 2012] [Visnevski and Castillo-Effen 2010] [Voznesenskii 2021] [Wang and Wang 2020] [Wang Chang-qing et al 2016] [Wang et al 2009] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2022] [Wang et al 2025] [Webster et al 2012] [Weiskopf et al 2002] [Wu and He 2022] [Wu et al 2023] [Xie et al 2019] [Xiong et al 2022] [Xu 2018] [Xu et al 2014] [Yang et al 2024] [Yavnai 2003] [Yomchinda 2015] [Yoon et al 2009] [Young et al 2005] [Zhang and Li 2023] [Zhang et al 2017] [Zhang et al 2022] [Zhang et al 2023] [Zhao and Pei 2012] [Zhao and Zhu 2016] [Zhao et al 2013] [Zhao et al 2018] [Zhao et al 2019] [Zhao et al 2021] [Zheng et al 2017]

Guidance, navigation, state estimation and path planning

Where the aircraft is and where it goes next. Navigation and state estimation, path and trajectory planning, wind estimation, cooperative target tracking, collision avoidance and the selection of an emergency landing site by an unmanned aircraft.

188 records. [Airborne Landing Guidance System] [Akagi et al 2024] [Amelin 2022] [Andert and Mejias 2015] [Antony et al 2024] [Approach to Landing Guidance] [Asfour et al 2025] [Azad et al 2024] [Bageshwar 2017] [Balaji et al 2020] [Balmer et al 2018] [Battiston et al 2017] [Ben-Asher 1992] [Benders 2018] [Benders and Koch 2019] [Benders et al 2018] [Benders et al 2020] [Birnbaum et al 2014] [Blomenhofer et al 1994] [Borrelli et al 2006] [Brezoescu et al 2013] [Bulka and Nahon 2019] [Caballero et al] [Cao et al 2017] [Cao et al 2025] [Capitan et al 2014] [Castrillo et al 2018] [Center 1975] [Ceren and Altuğ 2011] [Chan and Hsiao 2011] [Chan et al 2011] [Chang and Laliberté 2023] [Cheng et al 2014] [Chitrakaran et al 2005] [Chitrakaran et al 2006] [Coombes et al 2013] [Coombes et al 2015] [Coombes et al 2017] [Cordero et al 2014] [Cross] [Dai and Cochran 2009] [Dang et al 2019] [Darbari et al 2017] [de Cos et al 2017] [de Souza et al 2018] [Deal and Mazumdar 2026] [Di et al 2011] [Dobrokhodov 2011] [Eaton and Chen 2015] [Elston et al 2015] [Eun and Bang 2009] [Fahimi 2005] [Fahimi and Thakur 2013] [Farmani et al 2015] [Frew et al 2006] [Gabrlik and Cihlar 2026] [George and Ghose 2009] [Gladkov I. A. Application 2017] [Gomez and la Cour-Harbo 2021] [Gruszecki et al 2007] [Guo et al 2020] [Hajiyev 2024] [Hajiyev et al 2015] [Hamanaka 2023] [Hamnanaka 2018] [Hari et al 2019] [Huang et al 2017] [Huang et al 2020] [Huang et al 2021] [Huang et al 2025] [Humphrey and Humphrey 1997] [Iglesis et al 2021] [Iglésis] [Incremona and Ferrara 2023] [Jafari et al 2017] [Jain et al 2017] [Jameson et al 2009] [Janoušek et al 2023] [Jun and D’Andrea 2003] [Kahn 2010] [Kamanlı 2023] [Kaminer et al] [Kharchenko and Mukhina 2014] [Kim and Bang 2016] [Koch et al 2016] [Kohno and Sasa 2005] [Kumon et al] [Lee et al 2016] [Lei and Liu 2019] [Lei et al 2025] [Li et al 2024] [Liang et al 2014] [Male and Bodenhorn] [Malhotra et al 2026] [Mathur and Atkins 2025] [McGee 1977] [McGee and Hedrick 2006] [McKinnis et al 2021] [Mengying et al 2017] [Microwave Landing System MLS] [Milijas et al 2021] [Minervini et al 2024] [Mingfeng Zhang and Liu 2012] [Montiel-Varela et al 2016] [Moon et al 2014] [Mueller 2018] [Mueller and Kochenderfer 2016] [Nakamura and Johnson 2016] [Natesan et al 2008] [Nospes and Stütz 2023] [O’Rourke et al 1999] [Olivares Méndez] [Opromolla 2020] [Ostheimer and Giguere 1963] [Pang] [Parada et al 2017] [Path Planning for Multiple 2010] [Pelizer et al 2017] [Petnga and Xu 2016] [Pierson 1986] [Pinchetti et al 2022] [Potes et al 2026] [Pravitra and Puntunan 2016] [Qu et al 2017] [Ragi and Chong 2013] [Ramasamy 2015] [Ramasamy et al 2015] [Ren 2007] [Rhudy et al 2019] [Rhudy et al 2023] [Ringkowski and Chao 2017] [Sabatini et al 2014] [Sabatini et al 2015] [Saeed Mirza] [Safaei and Sharf 2021] [Sajjadi et al 2026] [Sakamaki et al 2017] [Sandino et al 2015] [Schopferer and Pfeifer 2015] [Schopferer et al 2018] [Schwung and Lunze 2021] [Sease et al 2023] [Seiferth et al 2020] [Sharma and Hablani 2014] [Sharma et al 2009] [Sharma et al 2012] [Shiyan et al 2016] [Sivrioglu and Basaran 2024] [Sollie et al 2024] [Stachura and Frew 2011] [Static Output Feedback Control 2014] [Sun et al 2025] [Surkova A.D. et al 2026] [Ta et al 2014] [Tang] [Tang 2013] [Tekinalp and Ariyibi 2015] [Thrasher 1969] [Tomczyk 2003] [Tomczyk and Rogalski 2005] [Tosun 2023] [Tsourdos et al 2010] [Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path 2014] [Vuppala and Kara 2022] [Váňa et al 2020] [Wang et al 2018] [Wang et al 2020] [Wenz and Johansen 2020] [Wu and Mueller 2018] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Xie et al 2026] [Yacef et al 2014] [Yang et al 2020] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Yanushevsky 2026] [Yoon and Kim 2010] [Youngrun and Jung 2025] [Zarzhitsky et al 2009] [Zelenka et al] [Zhang et al 2020] [Zhao and Tsiotras 2013] [Zheng et al 2026] [Zhou et al 2012] [Zhubin and Ruikun 2023]

Airspace integration, regulation, safety and the law of unmanned aircraft

The conditions under which an unmanned aircraft may fly at all. Integration into controlled airspace and traffic management, detect and avoid, regulation and law, airworthiness standards, safety and risk assessment, and the law and ethics of armed unmanned aircraft.

178 records. [Abouzahr and Jacob 2023] [Air Force Safety Agency Kirtland Afb Nm 2000] [Air Tracking and Monitoring 2019] [Alharasees and Kale 2023] [Alieksieiev and Tsybov 2025] [Allouche 2005] [Ates et al] [Ayhan et al 2016] [Barbeau and Jacob 2017] [Baum 2021] [Baum 2021] [Ben et al 2017] [Berger 2013] [Breunig and Sayed 2018] [Bulusu et al 2020] [Burke 2019] [Canolla et al 2017] [Casey-Maslen 2018] [Casey-Maslen 2018] [Casey-Maslen 2018] [Casey-Maslen et al 2018] [Castagno et al 2018] [Categorization and classification of] [Cho 2017] [Clothier and Walker 2014] [Conducting Unmanned Aircraft Flight 2015] [Cour-Harbo 2018] [Cour-Harbo 2020] [Cronk 2007] [Current Manned Aviation Regulation] [Cwojdziński et al 2012] [Dalamagkidis et al 2012] [Dalamagkidis et al 2012] [Dang 2025] [Devasia and Lee 2016] [Edwards and Mackay 2017] [Feltman et al 2020] [Flight performance of civil] [Funk 1964] [Gardi et al 2016] [Geister and Geister 2013] [General requirements for tethered] [George 2015] [Gerster and Niederl 2025] [Grisworld 2008] [Guerin 2015] [Hamnanaka 2019] [Harrison 2011] [Hartmann et al 2024] [Hartmann et al 2024] [Henderson 2023] [Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018] [Hodgkinson and Johnston 2018] [Howard 2023] [Huang et al 2024] [Integrating Remotely Piloted Aircraft 2016] [Jamoom et al 2016] [Janisch et al 2023] [Jaussi and Hoffmann 2018] [Joslin 2015] [Kaliardos and Lyall 2014] [Kallinen] [Kallinen et al 2020] [Kasim 2018] [Kasprzyk and Konert 2020] [Kenny] [Kephart and Braasch 2008] [Kim 2018] [Kim 2019] [Ko and Kumar 2019] [Konert and Kasprzyk 2024] [Kushneruk 2026] [König et al 2023] [La Monica 2021] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2026] [Londner 2016] [Longino 1994] [Lunsford] [Luxhoj and Morton 2011] [Magister 2010] [Maki et al 2010] [Maki et al 2012] [Masutti 2009] [Matsuno and Andreeva-Mori 2023] [McFadyen and Martin 2016] [Mendes de Leon and Scott 2015] [Milano et al 2022] [Moody and Strain 2009] [Mostafa and Schnell 2016] [Murray et al 2022] [Mutuel 2013] [Mutuel 2013] [Mutuel 2020] [Nadler 2015] [Newton 1978] [Noth 2011] [Noth and Luke 2011] [Nysetvold and Salmon 2019] [Ogan 2014] [Oncu and Yildiz 2014] [Oren and Kocyigit 2016] [Orrell et al 2017] [Pappas 2016] [Park et al 2014] [Perz 2023] [Petnga 2018] [Petrock and Huizenga 2006] [Phillips and Herr 2020] [Pieniazek and Ciecinski 2021] [Policy Issues of Remotely 2016] [Practical issues of application 2025] [Practice for Application of] [Practice for Methods to] [Practice for Unmanned Aircraft] [Rainer 2014] [Rainer 2015] [Randolph 1997] [Range of safety issues 2008] [Rocchio et al 2017] [Rollo et al 2024] [Rudy 2013] [Sabó et al 2025] [Sacharny and Henderson 2022] [Sacharny and Henderson 2022] [Sahawneh and Beard 2014] [Sampigethaya et al 2018] [Schalk 2017] [Schoenbein 2009] [Schulzke 2016] [Shah 2013] [Shen et al 2017] [Singh 2024] [Specification for Aircraft Flight] [Specification for Design and] [Specification for Design, Construction] [Specification for Design, Construction] [Specification for Small Unmanned] [Specification for Unmanned Aircraft] [Standard Practice for Methods] [Standard Specification for Design] [Standard Specification for Design] [Standard Specification for Small] [Standard Terminology for Unmanned] [Stellatou and Erotokritou 2024] [Strawser 2013] [Sutcliffe 2002] [Tabassum et al 2020] [Templin and Mohammad 2011] [Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft] [Test methods for civil] [Thomas and Takahashi 2020] [Tran] [Tran et al 2020] [Trimarchi 2023] [Truong et al 2024] [Truxal and Scott 2024] [Uncrewed aircraft systems�� UAS] [Unmanned Aircraft Categories 2012] [Unmanned Aircraft Categories 2014] [Unmanned Aircraft System risk-based 2018] [Unmanned aircraft systems airspace 2011] [Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulation] [Unmanned aircraft systems UAS] [Unmanned Systems Terminology Based] [Van Trees 2015] [Wallace et al 2019] [Wang et al 2025] [Wanyonyi Rodgers 2024] [Weizmann 2018] [Westat Inc Rockville Md 2001] [White] [Xiaofei et al 2025] [Xue and Do 2019] [Zhang] [Zhou et al 2024] [Zoldi et al 2016] [Zvyagina and Mordovin 2026]

Aircraft performance, range and cruise

The performance the segment ratios summarise. Cruise, range and endurance performance, climb, takeoff and landing performance, and the optimisation of cruise altitude and speed, which What the Mission Costs in Fuel holds fixed at one altitude and one Mach number.

178 records. [Adami et al 2024] [Aggarwal et al 1979] [Air Force Test Pilot School Edwards Afb Ca 1979] [Aircraft Cruise in Steady 2011] [Aircraft Cruise in Steady 2011] [Aircraft landing procedure 1998] [Aircraft Operating Envelope 2010] [Aircraft Performance 2007] [Aircraft Performance 2010] [Aircraft Performance 2026] [Aircraft Performance Methods 2010] [Aircraft Steady Gliding Longitudinal 2011] [Aircraft Steady Gliding Longitudinal 2011] [Aircraft Steady Level Turning 2011] [Aircraft Steady Level Turning 2011] [Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight 2011] [Aircraft Steady Longitudinal Flight 2011] [Aircraft Steady Turning Flight 2011] [Aircraft Steady Turning Flight 2011] [Aircraft, Basic Forces, and 1995] [Alexandrov et al 2023] [Anderson 1986] [Appendix C Aircraft Performance 1997] [Appleman 1957] [Avanzini and Giulietti 2013] [Aydın et al 2025] [Baker 2006] [Banister and Hereford 1982] [Barman and Erzberger 1976] [Barufaldi and Annes Da Silva 2020] [Barufaldi et al 2022] [Bilimoria 1989] [Blakey et al 2011] [Block Novelo et al 2019] [Bonnin and Hoogreef 2025] [Bovet 2005] [Boyle 2011] [Carson 1980] [Cavcar 2006] [Cavcar and Cavcar 2004] [Chase 1944] [Chu et al 2010] [Climb Performance 2012] [Coales 1931] [Collins 1982] [Cruise Performance 2012] [Cruise Performance 2022] [Cutler et al 2010] [de Nercy - Maingard and Palies 2023] [Delgado et al 2024] [Design constraints in the 1993] [Diallo 2012] [Dowling and Costello 2017] [Edwards 1950] [Effect of High Mach 2010] [Ekici et al 2024] [Energy Approach To Performance 2003] [Fairey 1929] [Filippone 2010] [Flittie and Curtin 1998] [Foss 1944] [Foster et al 2018] [Galvão 2007] [Gavrilovic et al 2017] [Ghaemi et al 2019] [Gibelli 2023] [Gilbert and Lyons 1981] [Gilbert and Parsons 1976] [Glīzde 2017] [Gomez-Tierno et al 1999] [Głowacki and Kawalec 2015] [Hale and Steiger 1978] [Hale and Steiger 1979] [Hall et al 2018] [Hawkins 1982] [Helmken et al 1996] [Hetherington et al 2025] [High-altitude atmospheric density 1960] [Holmes 1982] [Holzapfel et al 2006] [Hoogreef 2026] [Jagtap et al 2023] [Jagtap et al 2025] [Jameson 2009] [Johnson 1972] [Jones 1948] [Joo et al 2015] [Kale 2024] [Kang and Ryu 2021] [Klaproth and Hornung 2021] [Larsen 1966] [Level Flight Performance Jet 2003] [Li and Hansman 2018] [Lin 1982] [Linnell 1963] [Manon 1981] [Martinez-Val et al 1994] [Marwa et al 2017] [McDonald 2011] [Mendoza et al 2015] [Menon 1986] [Miller 1965] [Miller 1993] [Miller and Koch 1985] [Morris 1954] [Mosyam and Ardian 2026] [Murat Otkur 2021] [Murthy 1996] [Myschik et al 2010] [Nicks 1983] [Ohme 2009] [Ohme and Raab 2008] [Ozcan and Alemdaroglu 2015] [Palaia and Abu Salem 2023] [Paranjape and Ananthkrishan 2005] [Pargett and Ardema 2005] [Pavitpok et al 2020] [Perez and Jansen 2014] [Piloted Aircraft Performance 2004] [Pourtakdoust and Mortazavi 2008] [Riboldi 2019] [Roberts 1990] [Ruan and Wu 1985] [Sachs 2012] [Sachs 2013] [Sachs and Christodoulou 1987] [Sachs et al 2021] [Sadraey 2017] [Sadraey 2023] [Schairer 1946] [Schopferer et al 2016] [Shankar and Cliff 1988] [Shankar and Cliff 1988] [Shankar et al 1989] [Simpson 1979] [Singh and Dhawan 2015] [Slingerland and Volders 2003] [Sogut 2025] [Soltmann and Hall 2017] [Spark et al 2026] [Stratford 1948] [Suchomel et al 2008] [Sun et al 2020] [Suwal and Cliff 1990] [Tang et al 2024] [Tang et al 2025] [Tich et al 1987] [Torenbeek 1997] [Torenbeek and Wittenberg 1983] [Turgut 2017] [Turgut and Rosen 2012] [Ucar et al 2023] [Unified Cruise Performance 2013] [Update of knowledge-based aircraft 2008] [Vaidya and Peter-Contesse 1985] [Valenzuela and Rivas 2014] [Vallone] [Vazquez et al 2017] [Velásquez-SanMartín et al 2021] [Verstraete 2013] [Very High Altitude Science 2026] [VIII. HIGH Altitude Flight 1938] [Wagenmakers 2020] [Wang 2026] [Wang and Mesbahi 2020] [Wei et al 2010] [White 1992] [Wild 2021] [Wittenberg 2001] [Wortmann et al 2015] [Wu et al 2024] [Yechout 1986] [Yechout 1988] [Yokell and Baker 1994] [Young 2010] [Zaprianov et al 1987] [Zheng et al 2026] [Özer and Baklacioglu 2026]

Crew stations, escape and life support

This is the literature of what a crew costs. Cockpits and crew stations, ejection and escape, oxygen and life support, pressurisation, crew seats and crashworthiness, displays, and the crew’s own physiology. These are the masses the Research Question lists as given back by an unmanned aeroplane, and Thin Subjects records that no title in the survey puts a weight on them as a whole.

163 records. [A Crew for Big 1914] [Aircraft Cabin Pressurization Control] [Aircraft crew escape system 2014] [Aircraft Instrument Standards Wording] [Altava et al 2020] [Analytical Methods for Aircraft] [Aponso and Johnston 1988] [Aragon] [Aryaman et al 2023] [Ast and Green 1981] [Barnes 1968] [Barnett 1961] [Basic Aircraft Oxygen Systems] [Beaudet et al 1987] [Blevins et al 1989] [Boscola 1973] [Breitmaier 1988] [Bridges 1988] [Brown 1978] [Buller 2017] [Cabin air requirements for 1972] [Catelani et al 2015] [Chang 2006] [Chen et al 2026] [Cockpit Crew Oxygen Equipment] [Cockpit Visibility for Commercial] [Continuous Flow Aviation Oxygen] [Convenient Location of Oxygen] [Cottrell 1988] [Crew Compartment and Aircraft 1965] [Crew Safety Provision for] [Crew Safety Provisions for] [Crew Station Lighting] [Crewmember Demand Oxygen MASK] [Daidzic and Simones 2010] [Delgado 2018] [Design criteria for airborne 1975] [Desjardins and Laananen 1980] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1983] [Dufour and McGillivary 2007] [Echols 1953] [Ergonomic aspects of crew 1974] [FAR Regulatory Requirements] [Farmer and Seibert 1992] [Field 1999] [Flight Crew Interface Considerations] [Flight Deck Escape Provisions] [Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display] [Flight Deck Interior Doors] [Flight Deck Lighting for] [Flight Deck Lighting for] [Flight DECK Seats for] [Folds] [Formisano 2024] [Frazier and McElreath 1976] [Freeman et al 1962] [Games et al 1954] [Geiselman et al 1993] [Genco and Task 1981] [Gifford and Gaito 1957] [Gorham and Livingston 1967] [Grether 1973] [Hackenberger and Mattenson 1965] [Harris 2007] [Harris et al 2005] [Harrison et al 2007] [Henry 1953] [Hicks et al 2014] [High Altitude Chamber Training 2015] [Hinton and Oseguera 1993] [Houtsma 2003] [Instrument and Cockpit Illumination] [Instrument and Cockpit Lighting] [Instrument Panel Arrangement for] [Integration Procedures for the] [Itt Systems Rome Ny 1987] [Jet Blast Windshield Rain] [Jines 1983] [Johnson 1986] [Johnson 1989] [Johnson and Robertson 1980] [Keller and Plaga 2008] [Kennedy 1999] [Ketchel and Jenney 1968] [Kiehl 1960] [Knobs, Control Aircraft, Recommended] [Kumar et al 2019] [Laananen 1980] [LaPuma and Bridenbaugh 1988] [Lauren and Hervé 2022] [Lebedev and Kulida 2021] [Lehman et al 1994] [Location and Actuation of] [Location and Actuation of] [Lorch 1981] [Loudon 1973] [Lowry et al 1994] [Lypaczewski et al 1987] [Magruder et al 1968] [Maldonado and Stork 1983] [Masud and Ayyaz 2014] [McCarty and Smith 1983] [McGrath 2000] [Middleton 1959] [Newman and Stanzione 1991] [Night Vision Goggles NVG] [Norton and Dyme 1952] [null] [O’Donnell et al 1988] [Oxygen Regulators for Commercial] [Ozone in High Altitude] [Ozone Problems in HIGH] [Parate 2020] [Parate 2022] [Parate 2026] [Parate et al 2026] [Parisi 2004] [Pianpian et al 2023] [Pilot Versatility From the] [Pilot Visibility from the] [Pilot Visibility from the] [Rash 2001] [Reardon et al 1999] [Reed and Avery 1966] [Regan 1986] [Regulatory Requirements Covering the] [Risby et al 2013] [Rodak 2019] [Rothe et al 1963] [Safety Considerations - Flight] [Schoenbeck and Schultz 1999] [Schwartz and Shearer 1964] [Schwartz et al 1999] [Seats for Flight DECK] [Seats for Flight Deck] [Selcon 1990] [Selcon et al 1995] [Shannon 1973] [Sherry and Mauro 2014] [Shevchenko et al 2023] [shi et al 2024] [Shu et al 2023] [Singh et al 2013] [Specification for Crew Interface] [Specification for general design] [Standard Specification for Crew] [Subsonic Aircraft Instrument Standards] [Swingle 1995] [Tauby 1979] [Test methods for transparent] [The Cockpit Design Process 2017] [Trikha and Creighton 1989] [Veitengruber 1977] [Vivona 2002] [Welbourn and Lachance 1961] [Williamson 1966] [Winder and Michaelis] [Wynveen 1966] [Yipton and Blachowski 1996] [Zehner 2001] [Zehner and Hudson 2002] [Zhang and Sun 2013] [Zhang and Yi 2011]

Carrier operations, deck handling and the ship environment

The ship the aeroplane has to live on. Deck operations and their scheduling, deck motion and ship air wake, carrier landing control and guidance, steam and electromagnetic launch, mooring, and the carrier and its air wing as a combat system.

144 records. [Aircraft carrier base 1987] [Algorithm for evaluation the 2020] [Anderson 1996] [Baker et al 2000] [Barnett and White 1963] [Baumgartner et al 1979] [Bernardin 1961] [Brodersen and Sauer 1992] [Brodzinsky 1959] [Calvano and Harney 1998] [Chen 2025] [Chen et al 2015] [Chen et al 2018] [Chessman 2022] [Cook 1964] [Coutard and Chaumette 2011] [Crafton 1965] [Cui et al 2020] [Ding et al 2015] [Dong et al 2020] [Englebry 1980] [Englebry 1981] [Evaluation of the Quality 2021] [Ferrier and Duncan 2012] [Fish and Sitzman 2008] [Flansburg 2015] [Flansburg 2016] [Frost 1968] [Ge et al 2025] [Guo and Kang 2019] [Guo et al 2025] [Guo et al 2026] [Aerospace Design Co Inc Bedford Ma 1987] [Haitao and Yan 2021] [Han 2022] [Han et al 2026] [Hausknecht and Vaitys 1961] [Helliwell 1952] [Hicks 1968] [Hicks et al 2002] [Hone et al 2011] [Hoy 1963] [Hu 2024] [Initiative for aircraft launch 2007] [Jiang et al 2014] [Jiang et al 2017] [Johnston and Swenson 2009] [Johnston and Swenson 2010] [Kansas Univ Lawrence 1952] [Kaplan 1965] [Kaplan 1969] [Kaplan and sargent 1965] [Kistyarev and Wang 2025] [Kovtun and Tkachenko 2018] [Kozol and Tankins 1993] [Krahnstoever et al 2026] [Krawczyk et al 2019] [La Porte et al 1988] [Lawrence and Draper-Donley 2005] [Lawson 2001] [Lehman and Kaplan 1965] [Li 2016] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2013] [Li et al 2014] [Li et al 2015] [Li et al 2026] [Liang 2017] [Liang et al 2020] [Lin et al 2015] [Liu and Qu 2005] [Liu and Wang 2025] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2023] [Liu et al 2025] [Liu et al 2026] [Lu and Xu 2024] [Lu et al 2024] [Luan and Sun 2020] [Luan et al 2018] [Mann 1963] [Mathew et al 2021] [Mazzitelli 1966] [Mazzitelli 1967] [Meyer 2013] [Meyer 2015] [Mirzaei et al 2008] [Nan et al 2024] [Nebiker 1981] [Norris 1998] [Norwood and Chichester 2015] [Qi and Wang 2016] [Qiao et al 2008] [Research on the Calculation 2022] [Rosenthal and Walsh 1996] [Ryan and Cummings 2016] [Savuran and Karakaya 2015] [Savuran and Karakaya 2015] [Shi et al 2025] [Shujun et al 2014] [Si et al 2024] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2018] [Su et al 2019] [Sun et al 2015] [Sun et al 2021] [Swett and Blanche] [Thompson 1965] [Tian and Zhao 2012] [UAV control with active 2023] [UAVs Launch and recovery 1999] [Wadley et al 2003] [Wang and Wang 2013] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2016] [Wang et al 2023] [Watson et al 2020] [Watson et al 2025] [Wilson 1992] [Wu et al 2016] [Xia et al 2016] [Xie and Xu 2024] [Xing and Ai 2023] [Xing and Ai 2023] [Yang and Li 2019] [Yang et al 2019] [Yang et al 2021] [Yin et al 2013] [Yongtao and Zhi 2014] [Yongtao et al 2021] [Yujie et al 2024] [Zhang and Wang 2023] [Zhang and Zhu 2025] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhao et al 2023] [Zhenxing Ding et al 2016] [Zhou et al 2022] [Zhu et al 2011] [Zhu et al 2012] [Zhu et al 2020]

Unmanned combat aircraft and the strike mission

The vehicle class, as distinct from the far larger literature on unmanned aircraft in general. Armed unmanned aircraft, strike mission analysis and the operational arguments for and against them. This cluster is deliberately narrow, because the civil small aircraft literature now dwarfs the combat one and would otherwise swamp the survey.

132 records. [Ananyev 2019] [Ahn et al 2023] [Aleisa et al 2023] [Aslan and Erkin 2023] [Aslan and Oktay 2023] [Baba et al 2002] [Bakirci and Ozer 2022] [Bookstaber 2000] [Booz 1998] [Bozov 2023] [Brown 1989] [Brown 1998] [Cao et al 2012] [Celestine 2021] [Chang et al 2022] [Chaplin and Birch 2012] [Chen and Hu 2012] [Chen and Wang 2014] [Choi et al 2010] [Cox 2009] [Cummings and Schütte 2012] [Cummings et al 2003] [Cummings et al 2008] [Cummings et al 2018] [Davidson 2004] [Dewangga and Sasongko 2019] [Dickes et al 2002] [Dong et al 2017] [Dong Kangsheng et al 2016] [Elkhoury 2008] [Elkhoury and Rockwell 2004] [Elkhoury et al 2005] [Eom 2023] [Eremenko 2006] [Ernest and Carroll 2016] [Ernest and Cohen 2016] [Faisal and James 2025] [Fedorovich et al 2026] [Flow Control and High-Lift 2016] [Franke 2016] [Fu Li et al 2008] [Gal-Or 2015] [Gangl et al 2013] [Ganglin 2009] [Gao et al 2024] [Ghee 2002] [Giannini 2003] [Gordnier et al] [Gordnier et al 2006] [Gordnier et al 2007] [Grzesik and Sobolewski 2014] [Gu et al 2013] [Haiwen et al 2015] [Hansu Dai and Jihong Zhu 2010] [Howitt and Platts 2002] [Huang et al 2022] [Jung et al 2014] [Khalid 2023] [Khreish et al 2005] [Klein 2002] [Kontis et al 2025] [Kumar 2020] [Kumar et al 2026] [Lei 2020] [Lewis 2002] [Li and Kun 2011] [Li et al 2024] [Liersch and Bishop 2018] [Lima Filho et al 2021] [Lin and Liu 2015] [Liu and Ma 2017] [Liu et al 2022] [Liu et al 2025] [Matsushima 2001] [Minglang et al 2018] [Mishra et al 2022] [Nguyen et al 2009] [Nguyen et al 2013] [Ordaz et al 2004] [Pradeep 2002] [Qinkun Xiao et al 2006] [Ramin et al 2022] [Reichenbach 2003] [Renehan 1997] [Roosenboom et al 2013] [Ruetten 2018] [Ruetten et al 2014] [Rybalko et al 2019] [Sudhakar et al 2025] [Sathe and Pant 2010] [Schneider 1989] [Secretary Of The Air Force Washington Dc 2001] [Sepulveda Palacios and Smith 2019] [Sijabat and Indriyanto 2021] [Talley and Mavris 2006] [Talley et al 2004] [Tekinalp and Cavus 2012] [Tianyuan and Xiongqing 2009] [Tomac et al 2012] [Twesme and Corzine 2003] [Vallespin et al 2011] [van Rooij and Cummings 2018] [van Rooij et al 2018] [van Rooij et al 2019] [Venetsky et al 2003] [Vicroy et al 2012] [Vicroy et al 2018] [Vicroy et al 2014] [Vos et al 2002] [Voss et al 2011] [Wan et al 2025] [Wang et al 2019] [Wang et al 2020] [Wang et al 2021] [Wang et al 2026] [Wills 2015] [Wills 2015] [Wilt et al 2022] [Wise 2003] [Woo et al 2022] [Woodbury 2003] [Wyatt 2003] [Wyatt 2021] [Xin et al 2019] [Yagci and Nikbay 2022] [Yang 2024] [Yang et al 2022] [Yin et al 2020] [You 2026] [Yue et al 2025] [Zhou et al 2015] [Zhu et al 2024]

Flight control law design and handling qualities

What replaces the pilot’s hands. Control law design, adaptive and robust control, stability augmentation, and the handling qualities framework that an unmanned aeroplane inherits without inheriting the pilot who defined it. A handling quality is a statement about a human being, and this cluster is where the field works out what the term means when there is nobody aboard.

109 records. [Aerospace - Flight Control] [Aerospace - Vehicle Management] [Agarwal et al 2021] [Aircraft Flight Control Systems] [Aircraft lateral-directional handling qualities 2011] [Aircraft longitudinal handling qualities 2011] [Alazard 2001] [Amato et al 2022] [Baughman and Longeauay 2015] [Bazzocchi and Suleman 2023] [Beaufrere 1988] [Beh et al 2018] [Berry and Powers 1970] [Bingaman 2012] [Black and Thomas] [Blight et al 2018] [Bouadi] [Boudreau 1977] [Brandon et al 1995] [Breul 1963] [Chaikalis et al 2020] [Chance Vought Corp Dallas Tx 1979] [Clark 1964] [Configuration Development and Flying 2021] [Cosenza and Vos 2017] [Crespo et al 2010] [Cromwell and Koven 1965] [Cully and Boller 1973] [Davis et al 1977] [Design Objectives for Flying] [Design Objectives for Handling] [Development of a robust 1994] [Difranco 1969] [Dragos Daniel et al 2026] [Duggan and Bhandari 2021] [Farhadi and Kortunov 2017] [Fielding and Southworth 2001] [Flight control system for] [Flower 1980] [Flying Qualities 2003] [Gao et al 2021] [Gerken 1979] [Gresham et al 2022] [Grossman 1957] [Ha 1990] [Harper and Cooper 1984] [Harris et al 1984] [Hart 1956] [Herrmann and Ben-Asher 2016] [Higgins and Shomber 1964] [Hoh and Mitchell 1983] [Hyde and Glover 1991] [Hyde and Glover 1993] [Integrated Flight Instruments and] [Ito et al 2016] [Jansen 1980] [Junfeng et al 2020] [Kadiri et al 2019] [Kahn 2010] [Kannan et al 2014] [Key 1971] [Kim and Kunz 2017] [Kisslinger and Wendl 1971] [Kocurek et al 1997] [Kong et al 2024] [Kubica and Livet 1994] [Larrabee and Tymczyszyn 1968] [Larsson 2025] [Lavretsky 2014] [Lei and Shuguang 2011] [Liang et al 2024] [Luo et al 2022] [Ma] [Maria-Agneta and Stef 2011] [Martin 1963] [Mikami and Uchiyama 2015] [Montgomery 1972] [Montgomery and Price 1976] [Mullen et al 2016] [Northrop Aircraft Inc Hawthorne Ca 1952] [Oosterom and Babuska 2001] [Ossmann et al 2019] [Ozimina et al] [Peng et al 2018] [Peng et al 2025] [Perhinschi et al 2006] [Peters et al 1997] [Place et al 1974] [Rhoads 1967] [Safwat et al 2018] [Sato et al 2017] [Schmidt 1986] [Schmidt 2016] [Shi et al 2018] [Shweyk and Hyde 2013] [Simulation Requirements for Flight 2017] [Smith and Geddes 1979] [Solies 1995] [Suresh and Kannan 2008] [Teofilatto 2001] [Teper and Stapleford 1965] [Teper and Stapleford 1966] [Weiser 2025] [Weiser and Ossmann 2022] [Wilhelm and Schafranek 1986] [Yu and Yin 2026] [Yu et al 2018] [Yuksek and Inalhan 2022] [Zhang et al 2018]

Multi-vehicle coordination and cooperative control

The other half of the fan-out problem, approached from the machine’s side. Cooperative control, task allocation, consensus, formation flight and swarm coordination. Autonomy raises the fan-out by raising neglect time, and this cluster is where the algorithms that do so live.

109 records. [A Prediction Method for 2017] [Abas et al 2013] [Ali Dehghani and Bagher Menhaj 2016] [An and Kim 2025] [Anum et al 2022] [Bailey 2008] [Bao et al 2026] [Bayraktar et al 2004] [Bayraktar et al 2004] [Braasch 2006] [Cai et al 2018] [Cetin and Yilmaz 2014] [Chen et al 2016] [Chen et al 2017] [Chen et al 2020] [Chen et al 2026] [Choi and Hwang 2024] [Cooper and Schierman 2014] [Cosenzo 2010] [Costa et al 2023] [Cui et al 2022] [D’Andrea 2008] [de Vries and Subbarao 2011] [Dehghani and Menhaj 2016] [DeLima and Pack 2008] [Dong and Gu 2026] [Dong et al 2009] [Dong et al 2011] [Duan 2013] [Dudek and Schulte 2022] [Eun and Bang 2004] [Eun and Bang 2006] [Feng et al 2025] [Formation and adjustment of 2018] [Hammarbäck 2022] [Han et al 2019] [Han et al 2022] [Haque et al 2013] [Hino and Tsuchiya 2013] [Hoke 2018] [Hou et al 2021] [Hudak et al 2021] [Huhn et al 2009] [Huo et al 2021] [Jia et al 2016] [Jianan Wang and Ming Xin 2013] [Kniffin et al 2016] [Korecki and Hoika 2026] [Korkischko and Konrath 2017] [Leonard et al 2013] [Li et al 2017] [Li et al 2019] [Lin 2002] [Liu and Bucknall 2018] [Liu and Hao 2023] [Liu et al 2018] [Liu et al 2022] [Lukacovic] [Malhotra et al 2024] [McLain and Beard 2004] [McLemore et al 2016] [Meyer and Schulte 2020] [Miller 2006] [Mingfeng Zhang and Liu 2013] [Misra et al 2019] [Orozco et al 2026] [Oruc and Baklacioglu 2024] [Pack et al] [Park and Kim 2026] [Rasmussen and Schumacher 2007] [Ray et al 2002] [Rosa and Belo 2021] [Roth and Schulte 2022] [Roth and Schulte 2022] [Ru and Subbarao 2017] [Sadraey 2018] [Sadraey 2025] [Safe Coordinated Maneuvering of 2016] [Sauter et al 2005] [Shang et al 2022] [Sherstjuk et al 2019] [Singh] [Sperling et al 2008] [Sun et al 2024] [Tancredi et al 2013] [Teague et al 2008] [The People’s Liberation Army’s 2025] [Uybarreta et al 2025] [Wang and Wang 2017] [Wang and Xin 2012] [Wang et al 2020] [Weijun et al 2008] [Wen et al 2023] [Wu and Han 2019] [Xue et al 2024] [Yang et al 2016] [Yang et al 2024] [Yang et al 2026] [Ye Wen et al 2009] [Yen-Chen Liu 2013] [Yin et al 2023] [Yoo et al 2021] [York et al] [Yu et al 2022] [Yu et al 2024] [Yunhui et al 2024] [Zhang 2025] [Zhang and Mehrjerdi 2013] [Zhou et al 2014]

V/STOL, rotorcraft and unconventional configurations

The configurations that set the conventional aeroplane in proportion. Vertical and short takeoff aircraft, rotorcraft, tilt-wing and tilt-rotor aircraft, compound and stopped-rotor concepts, and joined, oblique and morphing wings.

98 records. [Alves et al 2022] [Anwar 2025] [Bai et al 2022] [Barra et al 2020] [Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1956] [Beyne and Castro 2022] [Briardy et al 1970] [Brown 1950] [Brown 1965] [Cabarbaye et al 2016] [Campbell 1960] [Carlson 2014] [Chana and Sullivan 1992] [Chen 2025] [Chen and Hubner 2021] [Craig et al 1991] [Daud Filho] [Desilets] [Detore and Gaffey 1969] [Dudley et al 1986] [Dumond 1969] [Fenwick 1966] [Fenwick 1967] [Ford 1977] [Fradenburgh 1991] [Gallman et al 1990] [George et al 1964] [Giurca 2014] [Gu et al 2017] [Guertin 1985] [Guo and Liang 2024] [Harding] [Harned and Head 1965] [Head 1966] [Hebert et al 1973] [Herdiana et al 2023] [Hosseini et al 2024] [Hu-Sheng Wu et al 2015] [Hubbard and Caldwell 1990] [Irvin and Swan 1956] [Jiang et al 2025] [Klemin 1940] [Krosche and Heinze 2015] [Kubo and Suzuki 2008] [Kuhn 1979] [Layton 1986] [Levinsky et al 1969] [Levinsky et al 1970] [Lim] [Lind and Tamplin 1981] [Liseitsev 2025] [Liu et al 2017] [Manoilo 2025] [Marchese 1963] [McCarthy and Kelly 1993] [McNeill et al 1974] [Mihalik and Keane 2022] [Moschetta 2010] [Mrusek 2021] [Nakadate 2005] [Nakadate and Maekawa 2007] [Nangia and Palmer 2007] [Oblique Wing Aircraft 2020] [Painter 1983] [Painter and Erickson 1984] [Papadales and Basil S. 1979] [Price 1964] [Prior 2018] [Qi et al 2013] [Rasmussen et al 2006] [Richardson and Liiva 1970] [Richardson et al 1970] [Rosenthal et al 1988] [Rutherford et al 1991] [Rutherford et al 1993] [Sachs 2016] [Schrage and McKeithan 1989] [Shirbhate et al 2025] [Shuang and Zhang 2021] [Snyder 1950] [Stange 1959] [Stepniewski and Schneider 1964] [Stone 2002] [Stone et al 2008] [Sullivan 1993] [Takita and Kashitani 2016] [Takita and Kashitani 2017] [Thome 2003] [Vasista et al 2019] [Wang] [Wang et al 2025] [Wiler and White 1984] [Winslow et al 2018] [Wolkovitch 1984] [Yanev and Staack 2026] [Yeol and Lin 2014] [Çelebi and Aydın 2025] [Özbek et al 2023]

Aircraft requirements, programmes, cost and supportability

How an aircraft is specified, paid for and kept flying. Aircraft requirements, programme histories, cost estimating relationships, maintenance cost, supportability, readiness and operational suitability testing.

90 records. [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1944] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1949] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1954] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1955] [Air Proving Ground Center Eglin Afb Fl 1955] [Aircraft Cost Considerations 2010] [Anton et al 2010] [Army Aviation Materiel Labs Fort Eustis Va 1963] [Baily and Gilbertson 1980] [Ballou 1963] [Beron 1979] [Bogdan 2015] [Booz-Allen And Hamilton Inc New York 1957] [Brand and Dresksler 1995] [Brewer 2017] [Brewer 2017] [British Aircraft Corporation 111 1961] [Burleigh and Fielding 1983] [C Selected Aircraft Data 2006] [Carico 1995] [Carlyle 1976] [Chapa 2013] [Cheney and Holzer 1987] [Chuprun 1984] [Considerations for Requirements, Specifications] [Cost-Estimating Relationships for Aircraft 1972] [Dahlin 1984] [Dana 1993] [Dawson 2015] [Debutts 1964] [Giorgio 1983] [Duperre et al 1978] [Duperre et al 1979] [Eichorn 1989] [Erdman and Mitchum 2013] [Fioriti et al 2018] [General Database for Commercial 2014] [Gudmundsson 2014] [Gudmundsson 2022] [Harvey 1967] [Hatfield and Honecker 2025] [Hoang and Soban 1993] [Hopp and Kuo 1998] [Johnson 1993] [Kaminski 1997] [Kaminski and Ralston 1996] [Kaplan 1981] [Karagoz 2025] [Kayten et al 1984] [Kenyon 1974] [Killingsworth and Wolz 1990] [Kindley 2015] [Lemmon 2013] [Lemmon 2015] [Madni et al 2021] [Makrygianni and Tsarouhas 2021] [Martin 1979] [McDevitt 2005] [McGahern 2000] [Meister 1967] [Mikolowsky and Garrett 1980] [Morley 2013] [Morrison 1980] [Nash 1982] [Natural environment requirements definition 1993] [Naval Air Systems Command Patuxent River Md 2013] [Palomino and Epp 2012] [Peteilh et al 2020] [Peterson and Finkenstadt 2011] [Peterson and Staley 2011] [Pittsburgh Univ Washington Dc Research Staff 1966] [Reliability of Aircraft as 1969] [Richardson 1992] [Rosenman and Hoekstra 1964] [Dronov 2021] [Safoklov and Serebrianskii 2025] [Schrage 1983] [Serebryansky and Bekirov 2023] [Shang 1994] [Skira 1999] [Spreen 2019] [Spreen 2023] [Stahl et al 1984] [Steiner 1977] [The New Large Aircraft 2003] [Vaughan and Johnson 2010] [Venaccio 1989] [Wilkinson 1951] [Wise 1990] [Yates 1964]

Airframe structure, composites and affordability

Affordability is an argument made for the vehicle class, and the requirement this article works from states no cost objective for the X-46A. Composite airframe structure, structural design and its cost. The comparison aircraft are all manned and a modern composite airframe should do better than any of them, and the argument for an unmanned strike aircraft has always been partly that it can be built cheaply enough to lose.

85 records. [Abelkis 1967] [Acar and Haftka 2007] [Adams 1974] [Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations 2010] [Al-Bahkali et al 2015] [Austin Jr 1965] [Bellinger 2009] [Bokuchava et al 2019] [Bowkett 1986] [Bramsiepe et al 2018] [Brzęczek et al 2014] [Budd Co Fort Washington Pa Technical Center 1978] [Burdette et al 2016] [Cherry 1975] [Clayton 1970] [Cosmin 2011] [Cruise 1995] [Dotseth et al 1977] [Fisher 1950] [Foster 1957] [Gajek 2022] [Gerhards et al 2000] [Gintert 1995] [Goyal et al 2021] [Grover 1966] [Guo et al 2005] [Gurdal 2002] [Haas 1955] [Harvill and Kizer 1976] [Harvill et al 1972] [Harvill et al 1973] [He et al 2016] [Hewitt et al 2005] [Irving 2024] [Jones 2013] [Jones and Eftis 1981] [Kapidžić et al 2014] [Kim 2026] [Kolesov and Takahashi 2020] [Kozel 1985] [Lawrence and Mosnier 2009] [Li and Tiniakov 2026] [Lindsey 1977] [Liu et al 2015] [Logan 1985] [Luber 2025] [Lyons et al 1981] [Mannepalli and Yedla Bala 2026] [Marx et al 1994] [Meyerhoefer and Trost 2006] [Michaud et al 2018] [Molent 2021] [Molent and Wanhill 2021] [Nordby and Crisman 1964] [Norwood 1992] [Ogburn 1998] [Oskay 2012] [Practice for Design and] [Practice for Design and] [Practice for Design and] [Raper 1991] [Rarthlomeusz et al 1993] [Ridgard 2008] [Robinson et al 1975] [Sahadevan et al 2006] [Saltzgaber and Miller 2003] [Schneider 1976] [Schulz et al 2024] [Shiao and Chamis 1994] [Siegel 1972] [Simpson 1958] [Smith 1968] [Smith 1996] [Soutis 2020] [Stauffer 1964] [Stepanova 2025] [Urbahs et al 2019] [Walters et al 2002] [Wang et al 2000] [Wanhill 2018] [Wasmi and Rahim 2016] [Wert et al 1983] [Whinery et al 1971] [Zhou et al 1991] [Zucca et al 2018]

Human supervisory control and the span of control

This is the cluster the fan-out relation comes from and it is not an aeronautical literature at all. Supervisory control of one and of many unmanned vehicles, operator workload and situation awareness, levels of automation, trust in automation, ground control stations and teleoperation. No title in the survey names the fan-out relation or neglect time, as Thin Subjects records, so the relation rests on the previous article and on the models of supervisory control gathered here rather than on a literature that uses its name.

82 records. [Aldridge et al 2011] [Alexander et al 2000] [Alzahrani] [Avdonin et al 2016] [Badole et al 2022] [Bostock et al 2024] [Brooks 1989] [Buchner et al 2013] [Calhoun et al 2017] [Chen et al 2011] [Clare et al 2010] [Clare et al 2012] [Clauss and Schulte 2014] [Cuevas and Aguiar 2017] [Cummings and Guerlain 2007] [Cummings and Mitchell 2007] [Cummings et al 2013] [Doane 2003] [Donmez and Cummings 2009] [Donmez and Cummings 2010] [Donmez et al 2009] [Draper 2008] [Fan Liu and Narayanan 2011] [Flach et al 2013] [Friedrich and Vollrath 2022] [Friedrich et al 2022] [Fuchs et al 2013] [Ghofur et al 2020] [Ground Control Station 2020] [Haber and Chung 2016] [Hawley and Mares 2006] [Healey and Kim 2005] [Hughes et al 2012] [Hunt et al 2026] [Johnson et al 2005] [Johnson et al 2007] [Kamel] [Kidwell et al 2012] [Kilgore et al 2009] [Lim et al 2018] [Lin et al 2015] [Lintern and Hughes 2008] [Liu 2023] [Liu et al 2017] [Luo Jun et al] [Lysaght et al 1989] [McKendrick et al 2013] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [McLeod 2025] [Measurement of Operator Workload 1988] [Mekdeci and Cummings 2009] [Miller 2013] [Mir et al 2024] [Nelson and Bolia 2006] [Nelson et al 2006] [Nicolás et al 2009] [Oliver 2012] [Parasuraman et al 2013] [Patzek et al 2013] [Poma et al 2024] [Pomranky and Wojciechowski 2007] [Rasmussen 1979] [Rencken and Durrant-Whyte] [Roltgen and Gilbert 2010] [Ruff et al 2002] [Sadraey 2017] [Sheridan and Hennessy 1984] [Shigekuni et al 2015] [Stephenson et al 2026] [Terwilliger and Ison 2014] [Uhrich and Walton 1995] [Wang et al 2025] [Wewrinke 1974] [Widiyanti et al 2022] [Williams 2012] [Wolf 1978] [Zak et al 2018] [Zeng 2011] [Zhang et al 2008]

Stall, dynamic stall and high-incidence aerodynamics

What happens at and beyond the maximum lift coefficient. Stall and its control, dynamic stall of pitching wings, abrupt wing stall, deep stall, wing rock and departure. The maximum lift coefficient is where the carrier constraint enters this article, through the approach speed relation in The Carrier Constraint.

73 records. [Andreu Angulo and Ansell 2018] [Anılır and Kurtuluş 2023] [Auerswald and Bange 2015] [Basescu and Moore 2020] [Bowman 1965] [Buzica and Breitsamter 2017] [Chanez Dozal et al 2024] [Cook et al 2005] [Coton and Galbraith 2003] [Currao and Jiang 2026] [Daniel and Traub 2013] [De Voogt and Ganapathisubramani 2022] [De Voogt and Ganapathisubramani 2022] [Ekaterinaris 1995] [Ericsson 1996] [Ericsson 1997] [Ericsson 1998] [Fricke et al 2015] [Funda and Anlr 2022] [Garmann and Visbal 2023] [Go and Ramnath 2001] [Green and Ott 2003] [Green and Ott 2005] [Gross et al 2016] [Hall 2005] [Hall and Woodson 2003] [Hall et al 2003] [Hammer et al 2021] [Hammer et al 2021] [Jamwal et al 2018] [Jiang et al 2024] [Kaufmann et al 2016] [Kleinert et al 2023] [Kokolios et al 2003] [Kumar et al 2025] [Kölzsch et al 2016] [Lee and Gross 2024] [Li et al 2023] [Lindsay 2021] [Lohry et al 2013] [Lorber 1992] [McMillin et al 2003] [Midhat 2017] [Nial 1972] [Niewoehner and Filbey 2005] [Pabla 2021] [Paranjape 2022] [Patel and Smith 1996] [Pietrzak and Piechna 2013] [Planeaux and Barth 1988] [Pulimeno et al 2025] [Ramirez Zeigler and Avery 2026] [Rawlins 2005] [Rohlmann 2015] [Salahudden et al 2020] [Salari and Roache 1990] [Salmon and Ahmed 2004] [Tan et al 2018] [Turner et al 2025] [Ullah et al 2022] [Visbal 2012] [Visbal 2017] [Visbal and Garmann 2016] [Visbal and Garmann 2017] [Visbal and Garmann 2017] [Visbal and Garmann 2019] [Wang 1979] [Wang 1984] [Wang and Zhao 2019] [Winkelmann 1989] [Yang and Przekwas 1993] [Zhang et al 2021] [Zhou and Wu 2025]

Internal weapons carriage and store separation

A bay is a hole in a low observable aeroplane and opening it is the moment it stops being one. Weapons bay flow and acoustics, cavity flow, internal carriage and store separation. The UCAV-N requirement the X-46A answered was a payload of four thousand pounds, and the X-45C that absorbed it was announced as carrying that payload as two two-thousand-pound Joint Direct Attack Munitions.

57 records. [American Airpower in World 2008] [Anderson and Teope 2017] [Bacci and Saddington 2022] [Bacci and Saddington 2024] [Ben-Gida 2022] [Ben-Gida 2023] [Beuerlein 1968] [Bi et al 2025] [Boman 2009] [Cain et al 1999] [Cavallo et al 1999] [Cenko 2009] [Cenko et al 1981] [Clark 1975] [Davis et al 2009] [Flotten 2005] [Gong and Wang 2019] [Gough and Carlson 1979] [Johnson et al 2008] [Jolly and Coley 2026] [Kim et al 2015] [Kugler 2007] [Lackey et al 2011] [Le et al 2005] [Lee 2010] [Loupy et al 2018] [Mills et al 2002] [Nichols 2008] [Nichols and Westmoreland 2006] [Nichols and Westmoreland 2007] [Rokita et al 2012] [Sainio and Krandel 1993] [Schmit and Raman 2006] [Schmit et al 2005] [Seiner et al 2008] [Shaw and McGrath 1996] [Shaw and Smith 1977] [Shaw et al 1987] [Shaw et al 1988] [Sheta et al 2015] [Sheta et al 2017] [Sinha et al 2000] [Sinha et al 2001] [Smith et al 2002] [Song and Ai 2021] [Stanek 2002] [Stanek 2003] [Stanek 2007] [Tait et al 2009] [Teng and Yu 2023] [Weapons Carriage and Guidance 2006] [Welterlen 2000] [Wolfe et al 2024] [Yoo and Meade 2005] [Yu et al 2021] [Zhu et al 2018] [Zhu et al 2021]

The atmosphere and the flight condition

The article displays a relation that uses this literature. The standard atmosphere, atmospheric property tables, the tropopause and the speed of sound. The cruise analysis holds the temperature constant above the tropopause, which is the standard atmosphere’s model, and the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1976 is cited for it.

48 records. [A Properties of Standard 2006] [Air Force Test Pilot School Edwards Afb Ca 1962] [Andrews 2019] [Appendix A. The Standard 2011] [Appendix B International Standard 2013] [Atmosphere Model 1993] [Atmospheric Structure with Altitude] [Bass et al 2007] [Brown 2012] [Dean 1979] [Definition of the standard 1954] [Diehl 1926] [Fels 1986] [Galeriu 2022] [Gregg 1923] [Groves 1977] [Guide Guide to Reference 2010] [Imanov 2025] [Ismanto et al 2023] [Kang et al 2023] [Kirtskhalia 2012] [Kirtskhalia 2021] [Kumar 2025] [Kurzke and Halliwell 2018] [Li et al 2017] [Minzner 1967] [Minzner et al 1976] [Ouseph and Link 1984] [Peters 1977] [Report No. 538, altitude-pressure 1935] [Standard Atmosphere - Tables 1955] [Standard Atmospheric Profilesa aSource 2002] [Standard Atmospheric Properties at 1977] [Stratospheric Aircraft, Blimps, Balloons 1997] [Turns and Kraige] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements 1966] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962] [U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976] [US Standard Atmosphere Model 2014] [Vaquero et al 2004] [Vaughan 2003] [Vaughan 2015] [Brombacher 1926] [Brombacher 1935] [Webster 1947] [Worland and Wilson 1999] [Yager 2013] [Zuppardo 1993]

Landing gear, wheels, tyres and brakes

The undercarriage that an arrested descent sizes. Landing gear design and landing loads, tyres, wheels and brakes, and air cushion landing systems. The Research Question names landing gear sized for an arrested descent among the masses a carrier aeroplane carries for reasons unrelated to its mission.

40 records. [Aircraft Landing Measurement System 1971] [Aircraft TIRE Condition Monitoring] [Aircraft Tire Pressure Monitoring] [Aircraft Tire-to-Wheel Performance Characteristics] [Aircraft tyres and rims] [Aircraft. Tow bar attachment] [Anderson 1973] [Anggoro 2021] [Beaulieu et al 2007] [Blinkhorn 1958] [Case 1965] [Castrichini et al 2017] [Castrichini et al 2018] [Chester 2002] [Clarke and Merson 1979] [Design and Implementation of 2014] [Dickinson and Goggin 2000] [Digges 1971] [Douglas Aircraft Co Long Beach Ca 1962] [Gamon 1979] [Kandarpa et al 1992] [Kidwell 1963] [Lloyd et al 1978] [Moore et al 1979] [Muehter 1974] [null] [Pond 1973] [Pressure Die Cast Aircraft] [Recommended Practice for Measurement] [Reinbold 1954] [RlDHA 1969] [Rotorcraft Application of Existing] [TAIL Bumpers for Piloted] [Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems] [Wei and Nie 2005] [Wheel and Brake Design] [Wheel and Brake Design] [Wheel and Hydraulically Actuated] [Wheels and Brakes Minimum] [Zhao et al 2024]

Verification, validation and the certification of autonomous software

The reason an autonomous combat aircraft is hard to field rather than hard to fly. Airworthiness and certification of unmanned and manned aircraft, verification and validation of flight software, fault tolerance and redundancy management, and a study of safety cases. A demonstrator may fly on a waiver and a fielded aeroplane may not, and the X-46A reached neither state, since no airframe was built.

36 records. [Aircraft Design and Certification 2014] [Airworthiness Considerations for Airframe 2016] [Almendra and Silva 2022] [Ashforth and Ilcewicz 2022] [Ashton and Skaperdas 2019] [Bellocq et al 2015] [Breunig 2017] [Bryant et al 1984] [Classification for Unmanned Aircraft] [Cook 2024] [Cook and King 2018] [Corwin et al 1989] [Della Vecchia et al 2025] [Galea and Rajic 2015] [Gao et al 2021] [Gómez-Rodríguez et al 2024] [Halefom et al 2021] [Jian and Yao 2011] [Ko and Kim 2016] [Krishnamoorthy] [Li and Tiniakov 2026] [Lochow et al 2025] [Marx et al 1990] [Masters 1993] [Methodology to Aircraft Design 2010] [Mutuel 2015] [Panchal et al 2024] [Practices for Unmanned Aircraft] [Ricciardi et al 2013] [Schmollgruber] [Shriwastav and Song 2020] [Tao et al 2011] [Thipphavong et al 2017] [Xiao and Li 2024] [Xie et al 2022] [Xie et al 2023]

Programme, acquisition and the cost of a demonstrator

Programmes, demonstrators and what they cost. Technology demonstrators and their flight test programmes, aircraft programme histories and acquisition, programme management, and life cycle and unit cost estimation. The X-46A was terminated as redundant in April 2003 before any airframe had been built, after a decision in December 2002 to merge the Air Force and Navy programmes.

33 records. [Alexander 1979] [Alley et al 2010] [Bell 1993] [Blackwell and Eastlake] [DeCAMP and Hardy 1981] [Design of the circulation 1979] [Draper et al 1983] [ECO Demonstrator Begins Flight 2018] [Elena 2026] [Flight Test Programme 1970] [Fuel cell demonstrator aeroplane 2007] [Gilge 2010] [Henley 2020] [Holubik 1988] [Integrated wing research programme 2006] [Judas and Deligiannidis 2013] [Malone et al 2013] [Marx et al 1995] [Nippress and Wilson 1992] [Olejnik et al 2019] [Parametric Flyaway Cost Estimating 2024] [Reed et al 1982] [Shane 1992] [Shanks et al 1993] [Shawler 1981] [Simpson et al 2005] [Smith et al 1987] [Tirovolis and Serghides 2005] [UAV demonstrator opens up 2006] [UAV demonstrator opens up 2007] [Verma 2018] [Wang 2026] [Yates 1976]

Low observable design and signature

Why a configuration of this class is chosen for signature before it is chosen for aerodynamics. Radar cross section and its shaping, absorbing materials, low observable intakes, infrared signatures of plumes and airframes, and the survivability these buy. The premise is taken from this literature and nothing in it is computed here.

29 records. [Altman 2008] [Andersson 2017] [Bacci and Vagias 2023] [Baranwal and Mahulikar 2021] [Brown 1993] [Cho et al 2015] [Coiro 2013] [Design for Stealth 2010] [Edefur and Tormalm 2018] [Fry 2008] [Gaitanakis et al 2020] [Guy et al 1995] [Haoqin et al 2015] [Hitzel 1988] [Jeong et al 2018] [Lee et al 2018] [Lu 2026] [Orhan 2020] [Papageorgiou et al 2018] [Paterson 1999] [Paterson and Paterson 1997] [Rao 2011] [Rao and Mahulikar 2005] [Strattan 1978] [Sutrakar et al 2026] [Varney 1979] [Vinayak and Mahulikar 2024] [Vinh et al 1997] [Zhang et al 2026]

Infrared, acoustic and visual signature and detectability

The signatures other than radar. Infrared, acoustic, visual and magnetic signatures of aircraft, their detection by sensors and by observers, and countermeasures, which complement the radar signature records of the low observable cluster.

29 records. [Barbarosou et al 2016] [Bezandry et al 2016] [Bishop 1991] [Bullard and Dowdy] [Bursać 1999] [Chen 1995] [Childers and Condon 2004] [Forrester] [Frederickson et al 1967] [Garnet and Altman 2009] [Hept 2002] [JanakiRam and Scruggs 1982] [Kurdyla 1963] [Lindsey et al 2000] [Mahulikar et al 2022] [Marcus 2020] [Minwalla et al 2016] [Nieuwoudt 2000] [Nieuwoudt and Botha] [Pham and Sim 2002] [Quaranta and Dimino 2007] [Saravanakumar and Senthilkumar 2014] [Siegel and Lanterman 1963] [Thomas 2003] [Wallace and Vance 2019] [Walters] [Welch 1989] [White 2012] [Wright 1966]

Datalink, latency and beyond-line-of-sight command

The link is what makes supervision possible and what makes it fragile. Command and control links for unmanned aircraft, their spectrum and capacity, data link design and network-centric command. A small cluster for a large subject, and the latency term of the fan-out relation is thinner still, as Thin Subjects records.

21 records. [Box et al 2016] [Box et al 2018] [Carney 2008] [Diepstraten] [Girard 1990] [Gray 2015] [Havir and Durbin 2004] [Henriksen 2007] [Hunn 2005] [Jain et al 2011] [Pugh et al 2020] [Reichstein et al 2022] [Specification for Design of] [Spura et al 2005] [Van Dyke et al 1990] [Vidal et al 2014] [Wang et al 2017] [Yuan et al 2026] [Zhang et al 2024] [Zolanvari et al 2018] [Çuhadar and Dursun 2016]

Suppression of enemy air defences and time-critical targeting

A mission of the vehicle class and not one the open record assigns to the X-46A, whose requirement states a payload, a radius, a loiter time and carrier operation and no target set. Suppression of enemy air defences, the air defence systems a strike aircraft must penetrate, and unmanned aircraft in that role. A mobile emitter that shuts down sets a deadline, and whether the loop closes inside it is the question the mission poses to the autonomy.

20 records. [Al-Rabi 1990] [APPENDIX 1. The Suppression 2017] [Army War Coll Carlisle Barracks Pa 1982] [Barkdoll et al 2002] [Bronk 2024] [Chen and Liu 2012] [Gaver and Jacobs 1998] [Hazinedar 2015] [Heilenday 2000] [Horrigan 1990] [Khurramov and Bobomurodov 2021] [Mustopa 2022] [Sands 2009] [Smith et al 1999] [Stegall 2001] [Suminsby 2002] [Sutton 2005] [Sutton 2006] [Wiler and White 1985] [Zhang et al 2025]

Other aeronautical and autonomy literature

The residual, reported and not hidden. A record is placed here only when its title bears on a subject the argument uses and names none of the literatures above, and nine records meet that rule. They are flight testing, aviation hazards and human error, a decision aid, an advisory, the steering of a variable-bend body, and the future of electric aviation.

9 records. [Bailey et al 1962] [Hightower 1985] [Human Error in Aviation 2016] [Larkin and Thomas 1978] [Ralles 1966] [Singer 2011] [System In-Flight Testing 2010] [The Future of Electric 2025] [Vick and Carter 1963]

Where the Framing Breaks Down

Five places.

Sizing a requirement is not the same as describing an aeroplane, and the article’s central number is an inference. The empty-weight fraction of 0.3485 is what the requirement demands under the stated assumptions. It is not a measurement of anything, no Boeing document is known to state it, and if the twelve-hour and six-hundred-and-fifty-mile figures are not simultaneous then the number describes a mission nobody intended to fly.

The inherited payload fraction is the weakest load-bearing assumption, and the survey can be measured on the point. It is drawn from two aircraft, and the previous article was careful to say that their agreement is a fact about a held mission fraction rather than about geometry. Only three cited research titles contain the phrase payload fraction, so the constant every mass figure here depends on is supported by a pair of measurements and not by a literature. A naval variant might not hold it, because carrier equipment is charged to empty weight and a designer under that pressure may well give up payload fraction to avoid a larger aeroplane.

The comparison aircraft are all manned and all older. The A-6E entered service in 1970, the S-3A in 1974 and the F/A-18E in 1999 [Grumman A-6 Intruder] [Lockheed S-3 Viking] [Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet], and structural materials moved considerably across that span. A modern composite airframe should do better than any row in the table, so the nine-point gap overstates the difficulty by an unknown amount. The comparison establishes that the requirement is demanding, not by how much.

The Breguet relations assume a constant lift to drag ratio and a constant specific fuel consumption over each segment, and neither is constant. The relations used above are the closed-form solution of the fuel-flow equation [Anderson, Aircraft performance and design] [Torenbeek, Synthesis of subsonic airplane design],

\[\frac{dW}{dt} = - c \, T = - c \, \frac{W}{L/D}\]

under exactly that assumption, and a real analysis would integrate

\[E = \int_{W_{1}}^{W_{0}} \frac{L/D}{c \, W} \, dW\]

with the ratio and the consumption varying along the path. Over a twelve-hour loiter the aircraft becomes much lighter and its best lift to drag ratio moves. The error is in the direction of pessimism, since an aircraft flown at its optimum as it lightens does better than one flown at a fixed condition, so the demanded empty fraction is if anything a little less severe than stated.

The carrier span agreement is the weakest attractive result in the article. Three free parameters were chosen and one combination reproduced the built span to within half a percent. A calculation with three free parameters can be made to hit almost any target, so it is reported as a consistency check and should be read as nothing more.

The Source Base

The research survey is drawn from the Technical Reports Server of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, from the Defense Technical Information Center and from the Crossref index of the journal and conference literature, and it holds 6,252 records. Each is on this article’s subject by its title, and every one of them is cited in a cluster row of The Contemporary Literature. Of the 5,868 records that carry a year, 2,566, or 43.7 percent, date from 2015 or later, 1,725 predate 2000, and the median publication year is 2012.

The argument rests on five documents and none of them is a Boeing engineering report.

One carries the programme. The specialist designation directory gives the contract award, the designations, the relationship to the X-45B, the termination and the statement that Boeing disclosed minimal information [Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles]. It is a secondary source and it is the best one available, and apart from one compilation that prints the aeroplane’s dimensions on the authority of a single unnamed report [X-46, GlobalSecurity], it is the only source consulted that describes the aeroplane’s shape at all.

One carries the requirement. The UCAV-N payload, radius and endurance come from one account of the programme [Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone], which one compilation repeats as the X-46’s own capability on the authority of a single unnamed report [X-46, GlobalSecurity], and the carrier constraint comes from the open programme literature [Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle, GlobalSecurity]. This article’s entire analysis rests on those four figures, which is a narrower foundation than any other article in this series has used.

One carries the ending. The Boeing announcement of 29 April 2003 states what replaced the X-45B, what the naval variant required, and what payload it would carry [Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations]. It is a primary source in the strict sense, being the manufacturer’s own contemporaneous statement, and its silence about the X-46 is itself evidence.

One carries the date that is usually wrong. The Congressional Research Service report places the decision to merge in December 2002 [Unmanned vehicles for U.S. naval forces, Congressional Research Service RS21294], where most accounts give only the April 2003 formal combination.

One carries the competitor. The Northrop Grumman announcement of the X-47A first flight establishes that the naval competition had flying hardware on the other side [Northrop Grumman’s X-47A Pegasus first flight achieves milestone in autonomous control].

No primary programme document for the X-46A was located. No design report, no weight statement, no wind tunnel data and no requirements document has been found in the open literature. The analysis is built so that none of its results depends on one, resting on a published requirement, a payload fraction measured from two other aircraft, and textbook relations.

The Definition of Primary

Two definitions of primary are used, and both count a record by its identifier. A report primary is a NASA Technical Reports Server record or a Defense Technical Information Center record, which Crossref registers under the 10.21236 prefix, and the survey holds 806 of them, which is 12.9 percent. The broader definition is fitted to a subject that is conceptual design rather than flight test. It also counts a paper of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, SAE International, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or the Association for Computing Machinery as primary, because aircraft sizing, weight estimation and carrier suitability were published in those venues rather than in journals, and on that definition 3,920 records, or 62.7 percent, are primary.

Two foundational primaries anchor the flight condition, being the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of 1976, which is the model behind every altitude figure here, and a performance flight test volume of the Air Force Test Pilot School that shows how a test discipline actually uses it.

Thin Subjects

Six subjects that this article’s derivations depend on have thin literatures. Each count below is the number of research records in this survey whose title carries at least one of the listed terms, with a hyphen read as a space. Where a row joins two groups of terms with the word together, a title must carry a term from each group.

Subject	Title terms counted	Records
the payload fraction a family of aircraft holds	payload fraction	3
the weight penalty of carrier suitability	carrier, naval, shipboard, deck together with weight, mass	0
the weight of a crew and its equipment	crew, cockpit, ejection, pilot together with weight, mass	0
approach speed as a carrier design constraint	approach speed, approach speeds	1
the fan-out relation	fan out, neglect time	0
latency in the supervision of unmanned aircraft	latency, delay, delays, delayed, other than titles on stall, pitch up or eddy simulation	6

The payload fraction is the thinnest support in the survey and it should be said plainly. The single constant this article inherits, and the one every mass figure in Sizing From First Principles depends on, appears as the phrase payload fraction in only three cited research titles. Beyond those three, the cited titles reach the concept only indirectly, through the payload-range diagram of transport aircraft and payload and range trade studies in conceptual design, and the argument rests on two aircraft measured in the previous article rather than on a literature. That is stated in Where the Framing Breaks Down and it is repeated here because it is the analysis’s weakest joint.

The penalty for carrier suitability is not published as its own subject. No title joins a carrier term to a weight term. It is a term inside a weight equation, so the field’s words for it are structural weight estimation, wing weight equations and component weight methods.

The literature of crew systems is present and the weight of the crew is not. The 163 records of Crew stations, escape and life support treat cockpits, ejection seats, oxygen and pressurisation, and 69 titles treat manned and unmanned aircraft together, but no title puts a weight on the crew and its equipment. The article’s central claim, that the gap between what carrier aircraft weigh and what the requirement demands is the crew, is therefore an attribution by subtraction, which the survey can describe but does not measure.

Approach speed is named once, as the effect of wind over the deck on carrier approach speeds. No title treats it as the constraint on wing loading that The Carrier Constraint derives, and the 22 titles that name wing loading and the 26 that name maximum lift treat each without the other.

The fan-out relation has no title of its own, and latency has six. The relation in The Link and the Autonomy comes from the previous article and from the models of supervisory control gathered in that cluster, and the six titles on latency or delay treat teleoperation, the control of formations and swarms, remote piloting and detect and avoid rather than the fan-out of a supervising operator.

The relation this article displays for installed thrust is a definition rather than a result, and a definition does not have a literature of its own. The engine literature is the propulsion cluster of 530 records, and the constraint-analysis literature that selects a thrust to weight ratio sits inside aircraft sizing.

One claim stands on the documents rather than on the survey, because it belongs to another discipline. The claim that a published figure can be a requirement standing in for a measurement is a claim about documentation practice, and its literature is data provenance and bibliographic accuracy, which belongs to information science rather than to aeronautics. In aircraft titles the word specification names component specifications and design standards, such as specifications for crew interfaces, oxygen systems and small unmanned aircraft, which specify hardware rather than describe how specifications are recorded. The claim therefore rests on the documents themselves.

What the Survey Admits

A record is admitted only when a person reading its title finds it on this article’s subject, which here means that the title bears on a subject the argument uses. Those subjects are sizing, weight and performance, propulsion, aerodynamics and stall, carrier operation and recovery, landing gear, flight dynamics and control, airframe structure and loads, aircraft subsystems and crew stations, unmanned aircraft and their autonomy, guidance, supervision and links, airspace and certification, programmes and cost, the atmosphere, weapons carriage, signature, and the strike and suppression missions.

A record that shares only a word with this subject is excluded, and this subject’s words are unusually common outside aeronautics. Loiter also names an everyday act in poetry and sociology, Breguet also names the horologist, high altitude also names a setting in medicine, climatology and limnology, fuel consumption also names road and marine engines, furnaces, boilers and power stations, design space exploration also names a method of computing hardware design, conceptual design also names products, plants and structures that are not aircraft, unmanned also names tests of diving apparatus and marine hardware, the speed of sound is also measured in seawater, in tissue and in salt mixtures, and thrust deduction belongs to ship propellers. A low observable target is also a dim radar return in sea clutter, a mission profile life test is also the life test of an ion thruster, and thrust also names a bearing, a geological fault and the push of a masonry arch. Bird, bat and insect flight, ships and shipboard equipment, and earth and life science studies that use an unmanned aircraft only as an instrument are excluded for the same reason. Correction, retraction and withdrawal notices, figures and supplementary files, peer-review reports and decision letters, and journal indexes and calls for papers are excluded as well, because the survey counts research records and those are parts of works or editorial events rather than works. Book reviews, unsigned news items and encyclopedia and dictionary entries of two pages or fewer are not admitted either, nor is the record of a whole conference volume, which lists a meeting’s papers rather than reporting work, and nor is a second deposit of a document already held, such as a report-server copy of a meeting paper whose publisher record is kept, because counting it would count one work twice.

Aeronautical subjects that the argument does not use are excluded too. They are aircraft noise, icing and de-icing, air traffic management and airline operations, airports and ground equipment, supersonic cruise and sonic boom, hypersonic flight, rockets, spacecraft and missiles in their own right, balloons and airships, rotor blade dynamics, training and personnel selection, parts, quality and management standards, and military doctrine, force structure and unit history.

Some records of doubtful relevance are kept. Studies of the autonomy and supervisory control of undersea, ground and space vehicles share the supervision problem this article treats, measurements of the speed of sound in the open atmosphere share its flight condition, aircraft designed for flight at Mars share the sizing of a long-endurance aircraft, and bare titles such as Conceptual Design are kept as chapters of aircraft design texts, so each is kept and a reader may weigh it accordingly.

The residual cluster, Other aeronautical and autonomy literature, admits a record only when its title bears on a subject the argument uses and names none of the other thirty-three literatures, and it holds 9 records, which is 0.1 percent of the survey.

Every research title has been read for relevance, so the off-topic share that remains is a matter of reading judgement. A reading of titles cannot show that a work is relevant in substance, so this is a statement about titles only.

Epistemic State

Historical Fact

In June 2000 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency awarded study contracts for a carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft to Boeing and to Northrop Grumman, and the resulting designs received the designations X-46A and X-47A.

The Department of Defense decided in December 2002 to merge the Air Force and Navy programmes, and the formal combination into the Joint Unmanned Combat Air System followed in April 2003.

The X-45B and X-46A were terminated before any airframe had been built.

Boeing announced the X-45C on 29 April 2003 as a single design serving both services, with a naval variant adding structural changes, landing gear, a tailhook and precision approach and landing avionics.

The X-47A flew once, on 23 February 2003.

The Navy selected the X-47B in August 2007.

Verified by Independent Derivation

The two X-45 payload fractions are 0.12297 and 0.12289 and their mean is 0.12293, recomputed here from the published masses rather than carried across from the previous article.

A four thousand pound payload at that fraction gives a gross mass of 32,539 pounds, which is 14,760 kilograms and 11.1 percent below the X-45C.

The mission fuel fraction is 0.5285 and the demanded empty-weight fraction is 0.3485 under the stated cruise, loiter and consumption assumptions, and the sensitivity table brackets the latter between 0.2816 and 0.4302.

The empty-weight fractions of the three comparison aircraft are 0.441, 0.486 and 0.506, computed from published weights that were checked against their sources before use.

Analysis

The requirement demands an empty-weight fraction below that of every manned carrier aeroplane examined, and the margin is the crew and its supporting structure.

The three requirement numbers cannot hold simultaneously in an aircraft of the size Boeing was building. Read as one profile they imply a gross mass of about seventy-eight thousand pounds.

At a plausible unmanned empty-weight fraction of 0.42 the aircraft holds about eleven hours on station at the full radius, one hour short of the requirement.

Inference

The wing planform is the reason the naval variant needed a separate designation at all, inferred from the directory’s statement that this was the only difference from the X-45B and from the fact that both the approach constraint and the fuel volume are wing problems.

The published X-46 payload and radius figures are the requirement rather than a specification, inferred from their exact agreement with the UCAV-N requirement and from the absence of any measured vehicle.

What the Record Does Not Settle

Whether the twelve-hour loiter and the six-hundred-and-fifty-mile radius were meant to be flown in one sortie. Every quantitative result in this article depends on that reading and the sources do not resolve it.

What the X-46A weighed, spanned or was powered by. No weight or engine figure has been found, and the one reported span comes from a single unnamed report.

Whether Boeing’s design met the requirement. The company never published a weight statement and the aircraft was never built.

Why the X-46 is absent from the announcement of its replacement. The document names the X-45B and not the X-46A, and whether that reflects contractual structure, classification or presentation is not answered in the record.

On Sources Used With Reservation

Two of the five load-bearing sources are secondary compilations. The designation directory is written by a specialist and is careful about its uncertainty, but it is not a programme document. The requirement figures are presented as a requirement by one account only, and the one compilation that repeats them attributes them to the aircraft and to a single unnamed report, so the requirement on which every derivation here depends rests on a single secondary source.

The circulating specification figures are used only as evidence about the requirement and never as evidence about the aeroplane.

Out of Scope

The X-47 and the X-47A Pegasus, which are treated where the series reaches them, and which are cited here only for the competition’s dates.

The carrier suitability of unmanned aircraft in operational detail, including deck handling, the recovery bandwidth and the wave-off logic, which the survey covers and which no released X-46A figure supports.

The Joint Unmanned Combat Air System programme as an acquisition case, which spans three services and two contractors and deserves separate treatment.

Autonomous carrier landing, which was eventually demonstrated by a different aircraft and belongs to that article.

Conclusion

No programme source publishes a specification for the Boeing X-46.

The record contains a requirement instead of a vehicle, so this article sizes the requirement. A four thousand pound payload at the manufacturer’s own measured payload fraction of 0.12293 implies a gross mass of 32,539 pounds, and a mission of six hundred and fifty nautical miles out, twelve hours on station and six hundred and fifty back consumes 0.5285 of that in fuel. What is left for the airframe is an empty-weight fraction of 0.3485, and no manned carrier aeroplane examined achieves better than 0.441. The gap is the crew, and the requirement is a bet on its size.

The three numbers do not hold at once. Read as a single profile they imply an aeroplane of seventy-eight thousand pounds, which is heavier at takeoff than an F/A-18E and is not a demonstrator anybody was proposing to land on a deck. Read as separate capability points they are demanding and achievable, and at an empty-weight fraction of 0.42 the aircraft holds eleven hours at the full radius against a requirement of twelve.

The clearest surviving trace of this aeroplane is in another one. The directory’s single physical statement is that the X-46A differed from the X-45B by a new wing planform, and the X-45C took a planform similar to it. The X-45C prototype was built and later became the basis of Boeing’s Phantom Ray [Boeing X-45]. A wing of that planform was built. The aircraft it was drawn for was not.

The requirement outlived the designation more completely than that. The X-45C carried two two-thousand-pound weapons, which is the naval payload requirement exactly, and the carrier demonstration the X-46A was contracted to work toward was performed in the next decade by the competing contractor, whose X-47A had flown once in February 2003 while this aeroplane was still drawings.

Boeing’s announcement of the replacement does not mention the X-46. For an aircraft that was never built, that absence is the most precise description of what happened to it that the record contains.

References

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• Anderson, Aircraft performance and design
• Etkin and Reid, Dynamics of flight
• Knott, Shaeffer and Tuley, Radar cross section
• Nicolai and Carichner, Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design
• Raymer, Aircraft design, a conceptual approach
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• Wooldridge, Winged wonders, the story of the flying wings

Reference

• Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
• Boeing to develop new X-45C UCAV for Air Force and Navy demonstrations
• Boeing X-45
• Boeing X-46
• Chronicle of the Salty Dogs, Center for the Study of the Drone
• Grumman A-6 Intruder
• Lockheed S-3 Viking
• Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle, GlobalSecurity
• Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus
• Northrop Grumman X-47B
• Northrop Grumman’s X-47A Pegasus first flight achieves milestone in autonomous control
• Parsch, Boeing X-45 and X-46, Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
• Unmanned combat aerial vehicle
• Unmanned vehicles for U.S. naval forces, Congressional Research Service RS21294
• X-46, GlobalSecurity

Related Post

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• X-Planes: Scaled Composites X-38
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• X-Planes: X-39, Reserved but Never Assigned
• X-Planes: X-41 Common Aero Vehicle
• X-Planes: X-44, One Designation and Two Aircraft

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• Appendix A. The Standard 2011
• Appendix B Aircraft models
• Appendix B International Standard 2013
• Appendix C Aircraft Performance 1997
• Appendix C Gas Turbine 2002
• Appendix E Aircraft Engine 2002
• Appendix E. Airframe Parameters 2012
• Appendix G Aerodynamic Data 2010
• Appendix H Aerodynamics of 2010
• Appendix I Mixed Flow 2002
• Appendix K Turboprop Engine 2002
• Appleman 1957
• Application of dynamic flight
• Approach to Landing Guidance
• Aprovitola et al 2021
• Arace et al 2026
• Aragon
• Ardema 2003
• Aremu et al 2026
• Argrow 2016
• Arhami et al 2010
• Army Aviation Materiel Labs Fort Eustis Va 1963
• Army Service Forces Washington Dc 1940
• Army War Coll Carlisle Barracks Pa 1982
• Arnould and Laurendeau 2026
• Arogeti and Ailon 2023
• Aronson 1983
• Arora et al 2022
• Arrieta and Striz 2000
• Arthur et al 2023
• Arthurs and Valasek 2016
• Aryaman et al 2023
• Arık and Bilgiç 2022
• Asbury and Yetter 1998
• Ascani 1974
• Asfour et al 2025
• Asgari and Henke 2024
• Ashburn et al 1970
• Ashenberg and Weihs 1984
• Ashforth and Ilcewicz 2022
• Ashkenas and Klyde 1989
• Ashokkumar 2023
• Ashton and Skaperdas 2019
• Ashwood 1972
• Ashwood 1973
• Aslan and Erkin 2023
• Aslan and Oktay 2023
• Aspects of Airframe Design 2010
• Ast and Green 1981
• Asyraf and Omar 2026
• Atasoy and Cetek 2020
• Atay et al 2021
• Ates et al
• Atkinson 2009
• Atmaca et al 2026
• Atmosphere Model 1993
• Atmospheric Structure with Altitude
• Atreya et al 2005
• Attinello 1956
• Aubeelack
• Aubert et al 2016
• Auborn et al 2003
• Auerswald and Bange 2015
• Austin 2010
• Austin and William H. 1964
• Austin Jr 1965
• Automated Design Process of 2024
• Automatic Pilots Turbine Powered
• Automation and Autonomy in 2016
• Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2012
• Autonomous Control of Unmanned 2019
• Autonomous unmanned aircraft RandD 1994
• Autopilot Design Using Successive 2012
• Autopilot Design Using Successive 2012
• Autopilot, Flight Director, and
• Autry and Victorazzo 2019
• Avanzini and Giulietti 2013
• Avdonin et al 2016
• Aviation And Troop Command Army St Louis Mo 1995
• Aviation History and UAS
• Avionics, Flight Software, and 2012
• Axelson 1975
• Axelson 1977
• Ayar and Karakoc 2023
• Ayar et al 2023
• Aydın et al 2025
• Aydın et al 2025
• Aygun 2023
• Aygun 2024
• Aygun and Turan 2020
• Aygun and Turan 2023
• Aygün et al 2014
• Ayhan et al 2016
• Azad et al 2024
• Azimov and Allen 2017
• Aziz Alaoui
• Azizi et al 2024
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• Babitha Kodavanla et al. 2018
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• Bacchini et al 2021
• Bacci and Saddington 2022
• Bacci and Saddington 2024
• Bacci and Vagias 2023
• Bach et al 2016
• Bachman 1988
• Bachman et al 1961
• Bacic 2008
• Badole et al 2022
• Badyagin et al 1979
• Baek and York 2020
• Baer-Riedhart 1982
• Bagby and Andersen 1966
• Bagdatli et al 2019
• Bageshwar 2017
• Bagy
• Bahamonde Jacome and Elham 2017
• Bahar et al 2003
• Bai et al 2022
• Bai et al 2022
• Baig et al 2024
• Bailey 2008
• Bailey et al 1962
• Baily and Gilbertson 1980
• Bajurko 2019
• Bakar et al 2021
• Baker 1955
• Baker 2006
• Baker and Wang 2018
• Baker et al 1998
• Baker et al 2000
• Baker et al 2002
• Bakirci and Ozer 2022
• Balachandran 2014
• Balaji et al 2020
• Baldock and Mokhtarzadeh-Dehghan 2006
• Baldwin and Blackshear 1958
• Ball 1966
• Ball and Atkinson 1998
• Ballard 1982
• Balli et al 2021
• Ballou 1963
• Balmer et al 2018
• Baluch et al 2007
• Balukjian and Gatzoulis 1976
• BAMS airframe risk reduction 2007
• Bando et al 1993
• Banerjee 1984
• Banerjee 1988
• Banerjee and Taneja 2025
• Banerjee and Taneja 2026
• Bangert et al 1983
• Banister and Hereford 1982
• Banks 2000
• Banks and Paulson 1985
• Bao et al 2026
• Baranwal and Mahulikar 2021
• Barbarosou et al 2016
• Barbaroux 2019
• Barbeau and Jacob 2017
• Barber 1963
• Barber and Lavi 1970
• Barbier and Chanthery 2004
• Bardell 2000
• Bardera et al 2019
• Bardhan et al 2017
• Barkdoll et al 2002
• Barker and Balas 1999
• Barlow 1929
• Barlow 1999
• Barlow 2004
• Barman and Erzberger 1976
• Barnard 1969
• Barnes 1968
• Barnett 1961
• Barnett and White 1963
• Barnewitz 2009
• Barnhart 2012
• Barra et al 2020
• Bartel and Young 2007
• Bartel and Young 2008
• Barth et al 2002
• Barton
• Barufaldi and Annes Da Silva 2020
• Barufaldi and Morales 2023
• Barufaldi et al 2022
• Basak and Akdemir 2024
• Basescu and Moore 2020
• Bashkirov et al 1997
• Basic Aircraft Oxygen Systems
• Basic Principles for the 2012
• Basis for Conceptual Design 2013
• Bass 2006
• Bass et al 2007
• Bassi 2008
• Bateman 1986
• Bateman et al 2007
• Batill and Bacarro 1988
• Batill et al 1999
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• Batra et al 2024
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• Baum 2021
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• Bayraktar et al 2004
• Bayramov and Hashimov 2019
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• Bean 1970
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• Beaufrere 1988
• Beaulieu et al 2007
• Becroft 2012
• Beebe 1968
• Beffert and Zell 2025
• Begin 1983
• Beh et al 2018
• Bejan 2010
• Bekesiene and Ruzgas 2020
• Belart 1938
• Belhafnaoui and Diouane 2026
• Bell 1964
• Bell 1993
• Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1955
• Bell Aerospace Co Buffalo Ny 1956
• Belland et al 2010
• Bellinger 2009
• Bellocq et al 2015
• Belta 2012
• Belta 2012
• Ben et al 2017
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• Benard and Oates 1981
• Benassi 2024
• Bendarkar et al 2013
• Benders 2018
• Benders and Koch 2019
• Benders et al 2018
• Benders et al 2020
• Benditt 1963
• Bendix Corp York Pa 1963
• Bennett
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• Bennett et al 2024
• Benouadah et al 2024
• Bentamy et al 2005
• Bents et al 1998
• Bentz and Panagou 2017
• Benyamen and Keshmiri 2022
• Berci and Torrigiani 2020
• Berens 2003
• Berenschot 2001
• Berger 2013
• Bergman
• Bergman 1979
• Berman 1974
• Berman 1997
• Bernardin 1961
• Berndt and Kuchar 1977
• Bernhard and Mokhoff 1981
• Bernstein 2000
• Beron 1979
• Berry 2000
• Berry and Gilyard 1973
• Berry and Powers 1970
• Bert 1981
• Bert 1999
• Berthomieu et al 2014
• Best 1986
• Bestaoui and Lakhlef 2013
• Beuerlein 1968
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• Bhat et al 2019
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• Bi et al 2005
• Bi et al 2021
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• Biber 2023
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• Bibin et al 2012
• Bierbaum et al 1987
• Biesiadny et al 1976
• Biezad 1999
• Bihrle 1969
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• Bihrle and Bowman 1981
• Bil 1989
• Bilimoria 1989
• Billec 1967
• Bindolino et al 2010
• Bingaman 2012
• Birch and Lee 2005
• Bird and Langelaan 2017
• Birnbaum et al 2014
• Birrenbach 2000
• Bishop 1961
• Bishop 1991
• Bishop et al 2000
• Bishop et al 2010
• Black 1968
• Black 2007
• Black and Thomas
• Blackman and Eigenmann 1981
• Blackwell and Eastlake
• Blakey et al 2011
• Blask 2002
• Blevins and Wagner 2000
• Blevins et al 1989
• Blidberg 2003
• Blight et al 2018
• Blinkhorn 1958
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• Blodgett and Lagor 2022
• Blomenhofer et al 1994
• Bly 2020
• Boals and Evans 2006
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• Boden and Burschyk 2026
• Bodonyl 1994
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• Bogos et al 2018
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• Bolds 1961
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• Bolohin and Bolohina 2024
• Bolonkin 2005
• Bolton and Rogers 1968
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• Bona and Risse 2018
• Bonnin and Hoogreef 2025
• Bonser and Mlinar 1977
• Boo et al 2015
• Booker et al 2004
• Bookstaber 2000
• Boothe 1971
• Booz 1998
• Booz-Allen And Hamilton Inc McLean Va 2000
• Booz-Allen And Hamilton Inc New York 1957
• Boraas and Ashby 1969
• Borden 2004
• Boretz 1984
• Boretz 1985
• Boretz 1985
• Borgmeyer 1979
• Borrelli et al 2006
• Borshchova and O’Young 2017
• Boscola 1973
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• Boskovic and Mehra 2000
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• Boskovic et al
• Bostian and Young 2011
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• Bostock et al 2024
• Botero and Smart 2024
• Botha et al 2015
• Bouadi
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• Boudreault 1983
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• Bovet 2005
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• Bowkett 1986
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• Box et al 2008
• Box et al 2016
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• Bridges 1988
• Bridges 2005
• Brigham et al 1973
• Brinker 2004
• Brinker and Wise 1998
• Brinker and Wise 1999
• Brinker and Wise 2000
• Brinker and Wise 2001
• British Aircraft Corporation 111 1961
• Broadley and Nabawy 2021
• Brockett et al 2002
• Brodersen and Sauer 1992
• Brodsky and Luby 2013
• Brodzinsky 1959
• Brombacher 1926
• Brombacher 1935
• Bronk 2024
• Bronstein et al 2015
• Bronz
• Bronz 2019
• Brooks 1989
• Brooks 1990
• Brown 1950
• Brown 1965
• Brown 1978
• Brown 1979
• Brown 1980
• Brown 1987
• Brown 1989
• Brown 1993
• Brown 1998
• Brown 2009
• Brown 2010
• Brown 2012
• Brown and Anderson 2020
• Brown and Holzäpfel 2026
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• Bui 2013
• Bui 2016
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• Bulka et al 2022
• Bullard and Dowdy
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• Burgers 2016
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• Burke 2019
• Burkhalter et al 1992
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• Burova 2025
• Burova and Pikov 2023
• Burova et al 2025
• Burris and Bender 1969
• Burris and Hutchins 1970
• Bursać 1999
• Burton and Hoburg 2017
• Burton and Hoburg 2018
• Bushey
• Butler 1970
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• Butler 1998
• Butler et al 1999
• Buzica and Breitsamter 2017
• Buzzelli and Lauer
• Bye 1993
• C Aircraft Symmetric Flexible 2014
• C Selected Aircraft Data 2006
• Caballero et al
• Cabarbaye et al 2016
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• Cabin air requirements for 1972
• Cai et al 2018
• Cai et al 2018
• Cai et al 2019
• Cai et al 2022
• Cai et al 2023
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• Cai et al 2026
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• Caleb
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• Cao et al 2024
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• Cao et al 2026
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• Carlyle 1976
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• Carreyette 1950
• Carrier et al 2021
• Carrier et al 2022
• Carson 1980
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• Casartelli et al 1997
• Case 1965
• Case Study Micro Tactical 2007
• Casey-Maslen 2018
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• Casey-Maslen 2018
• Casey-Maslen 2018
• Casey-Maslen et al 2018
• Cass and Ball 1988
• Cassão Gatelli et al 2018
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• Castrillo et al 2017
• Castrillo et al 2018
• Catalano and Fremaux 1987
• Catalano and Stollery 1993
• Catchpole 1990
• Categorization and classification of
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• Cavagna et al 2009
• Cavagna et al 2010
• Cavagna et al 2011
• Cavalcante et al 2025
• Cavallo et al 1999
• Cavcar 2006
• Cavcar 2006
• Cavcar and Cavcar 2003
• Cavcar and Cavcar 2004
• Cavcar and Cavcar 2005
• Cawthorne and Devos 2020
• Cea and Palacios 2021
• Celestine 2021
• Cen et al 2018
• Cenko 2009
• Cenko et al 1981
• Center 1975
• Centracchio et al 2018
• Ceren and Altuğ 2011
• Cerezo Magaña 2025
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• Cetin and Yilmaz 2013
• Cetin and Yilmaz 2014
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• Cha et al 2016
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• Chaari and Al-Maadeed 2021
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• Chakrabarty et al 2016
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• Chakraborty and Mishra 2022
• Chakraborty and Mishra 2023
• Chakraborty and Mishra 2023
• Chakraborty et al 2014
• Chakraborty et al 2022
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• Chaloff et al 1974
• Chamchalaem and Drake 2016
• Chan and Hsiao 2011
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• Chandler et al 1993
• Chandra and Ghosh 2019
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• Chang 2006
• Chang and Laliberté 2023
• Chang et al 2022
• Chang et al 2022
• Chang et al 2026
• Chao et al 2007
• Chapa 2013
• Chaplin and Birch 2012
• Chapman
• Chapman 2023
• Chapman et al 2024
• Chapter 1 Overview of 2021
• CHAPTER SEVEN. Wings of 1990
• Characteristics of Aircraft Types 2010
• Chase 1944
• Chatterjee and Basak 2021
• Chattot 2005
• Chattot 2006
• Chau and Duensing 2024
• Chau and Zingg 2022
• Chau et al 2026
• Chauhan and Lyshevski 2012
• Chauhan and Lyshevski 2012
• Chaussee and Dervault 2013
• Chawla and Alexander
• Chen 1995
• Chen 2021
• Chen 2023
• Chen 2025
• Chen 2025
• Chen and Cenko 1990
• Chen and Chen 2026
• Chen and Duan 2016
• Chen and Hu 2012
• Chen and Hubner 2021
• Chen and Liu 2012
• Chen and Molnar 2002
• Chen and Qin 2013
• Chen and Wang 2014
• Chen and Yong 2023
• Chen and Zhao 2017
• Chen et al 2003
• Chen et al 2011
• Chen et al 2013
• Chen et al 2015
• Chen et al 2015
• Chen et al 2015
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• Chen et al 2018
• Chen et al 2020
• Chen et al 2021
• Chen et al 2021
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• Chen et al 2024
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• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
• Chen et al 2026
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• Cheney and Holzer 1987
• Cheng and Chen 2021
• Cheng and Nicol 2023
• Cheng and Pei 2020
• Cheng and Pei 2021
• Cheng and Wang 2018
• Cheng et al 2014
• Cheng et al 2024
• Cheng et al 2026
• Chernenko and Burnashev 2022
• Cherry 1975
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• Chiu 2010
• Cho 2017
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• Chodnicki et al 2024
• Choi 2026
• Choi and Hwang 2024
• Choi et al 2010
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• Chu 2017
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• Cinar et al 2022
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• Cipolla et al 2022
• Civil Regulation Of Autonomous 2024
• Clare et al 2010
• Clare et al 2012
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• Clare et al 2012
• Clark 1964
• Clark 1965
• Clark 1975
• Clark 1975
• Clark 2013
• Clark and Hallow 1972
• Clark et al 2019
• Clark et al 2023
• Clarke and Merson 1979
• Classification for Unmanned Aircraft
• Clauss and Schulte 2014
• Clayton
• Clayton 1970
• Cleveland 1970
• Climb Performance 2012
• Clothier and Walker 2014
• Clough
• Coales 1931
• Coalson and Csavina 1976
• Coanda 1960
• Coates et al 2019
• Cockpit Crew Oxygen Equipment
• Cockpit Visibility for Commercial
• Coder 2015
• Coder and Ortiz-Melendez 2019
• Coen and Foss 1985
• Coen and Foss 1986
• Cohen 1984
• Cohen and Jones 1960
• Coirier et al 2014
• Coiro 2013
• Coiro and Nicolosi 2001
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• Collares
• Collins 1982
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• Collins et al 2025
• Collins Jr 2005
• Collyer et al 1980
• Colonius et al 2010
• Colozza 1990
• Combined environmental control and 2001
• Commercial Aircraft Hydraulic System
• Compass, Magnetic, Non-Stabilized TYPE
• Competence of Unmanned Aircraft 2018
• Compton and Burgess 2021
• Computational aerodynamic analysis of 1994
• Computer-Aided System of Aircraft 2018
• Concepts and Computational Models 2021
• Conceptual Design 1998
• Conceptual Design 2024
• Conceptual Design 285 1998
• Conceptual Design 301 1998
• Conceptual Design and Execution 2019
• Conceptual Design Examples 2024
• Conceptual Design of a 2026
• Conducting Unmanned Aircraft Flight 2015
• Configuration Development and Flying 2021
• Configuring Aircraft 2010
• Conlon and Bowles 1977
• Connelly 1982
• Connelly 1983
• Conners 1989
• Connor 2020
• Considerations for Requirements, Specifications
• Considerations for Safe Store
• Constant 1937
• Constantin et al 2023
• Conte et al 2019
• Continuous Flow Aviation Oxygen
• Control authority assessment in 1993
• Control for Wireless Charging 2025
• Control of cooperative unmanned
• Control Surface Loads and 1996
• Control Surface Sizing Criteria 2010
• Convenient Location of Oxygen
• Coogan 2016
• Cook 1964
• Cook 2024
• Cook and Hauser 2018
• Cook and King 2018
• Cook et al 1975
• Cook et al 2005
• Cookerly 1988
• Coombes et al 2013
• Coombes et al 2015
• Coombes et al 2017
• Cooper and Ravela 2024
• Cooper and Schierman 2014
• Cooperative Communications in UAV 2020
• Coordinating Research Council Inc Atlanta Ga 1988
• Cordero et al 2014
• Corman et al 2014
• Corrosion of Low-Embrittling Cadmium
• Corwin et al 1989
• Cosenza and Vos 2017
• Cosenzo 2010
• Cosmin 2011
• Cost-Estimating Relationships for Aircraft 1972
• Costa et al 2023
• Costello 2009
• Cosyn and Vierendeels 2006
• Cote 2015
• Coton and Galbraith 1989
• Coton and Galbraith 2003
• Cottrell 1988
• Coupling of Structural and 2014
• Cour-Harbo 2018
• Cour-Harbo 2020
• Cousin and Metcalfe 1990
• Coutard and Chaumette 2011
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• Coward 1955
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• Cox 2009
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• Cox et al 2009
• Cox et al 2010
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• Crain et al 2024
• Cramer et al 1993
• Crandall 1999
• Crashworthy landing gear for 1998
• Crassidis and Mook 1991
• Crassidis et al 1993
• Crespo et al 2010
• Crew Compartment and Aircraft 1965
• Crew escape propulsion system 2003
• Crew Safety Provision for
• Crew Safety Provisions for
• Crew Station Lighting
• Crewmember Demand Oxygen MASK
• Critchfield and Ning 2026
• Criteria-Based Modeling of Shipboard 2020
• Cromwell and Koven 1965
• Cronk 2007
• Cross
• Crossley
• Crossley 2004
• Crossley and Rutherford 1995
• Crossley et al 2011
• Crouse 2007
• Crouse and Sash 2004
• Cruise 1995
• Cruise and Drag Performance 2021
• Cruise Performance 2012
• Cruise Performance 2022
• Cruise Performance and Flight 2021
• Crump et al 2002
• Cruz Marquez
• Csank et al 2019
• Cuerno-Rejado and Sanchez-Carmona 2016
• Cuevas and Aguiar 2017
• Cui et al 2020
• Cui et al 2022
• Cuifeng and Wenqiang 2016
• Cullom and Johnsen 1977
• Cullom and Johnson 1977
• Cullom et al 1981
• Cully and Boller 1973
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• Cummings 2014
• Cummings and Guerlain 2007
• Cummings and Mitchell 2007
• Cummings and Schütte 2012
• Cummings et al 2003
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• Cummings et al 2013
• Cummings et al 2018
• Cun Shi et al 2018
• Cunis
• Cunningham 1976
• Cunningham 1981
• Cunningham and den Boer 1990
• Curnock et al 2001
• Currao and Jiang 2026
• Current Manned Aviation Regulation
• Currey 1988
• Curtiss 1970
• Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2006
• Cusher and Gopalarathnam 2012
• Cutler et al 2010
• Cwojdziński et al 2012
• Cyrus 1986
• Cyrus 1995
• Cyrus 1996
• Cyrus and Fogarty 1979
• Czinczenheim 1977
• Cäsar et al 2025
• D’Andrea 2008
• D’Urso 1990
• D’Vari and Baker 1999
• da Fonseca Filho et al 2019
• Dahleh and Tsitsiklis 2002
• Dahlin 1984
• Dahms and Bardenhagen 2019
• Dai and Cochran 2009
• Dai et al 1985
• Dai et al 2015
• Daidzic and Simones 2010
• Dailey 1955
• Dakhno et al 2021
• Dakka and Johnson 2019
• Dal’Carobo and Fensterseifer 2010
• Dalamagkidis 2014
• Dalamagkidis et al 2012
• Dalamagkidis et al 2012
• Dalamagkidis et al 2012
• Daly 1994
• Dam et al 2022
• Dana 1993
• Dang 2025
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